This article is part of a series on the
Politics of Indonesia
National government Pancasila (national ideology) Constitution Law
Legislature People's Consultative Assembly Speaker:Ahmad Muzani (Gerindra) House of Representatives Speaker:Puan Maharani (PDI-P) Regional Representative Council Speaker:Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin (Bengkulu)
Executive President of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto (Gerindra) Vice President of Indonesia Gibran Rakabuming Raka (Ind.) Cabinet Governor Regent or mayor
Judiciary Supreme Court of Indonesia Chief Justice:Sunarto Constitutional Court of Indonesia Chief Justice:Suhartoyo Judicial Commission of Indonesia Chairman: Amzulian Rifai
Elections Law Electoral districts General Elections Commission Presidential elections 1945 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Legislative elections 1955 (Const.) 1955 1971 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 List of political parties
Foreign relations Diplomatic missions of Indonesia Diplomatic missions in Indonesia
Indonesia portal Politics portal
v t e

Since 1999,Indonesia has had amulti-party system.^[1] In the sixlegislative elections since the fall of theNew Order regime, nopolitical party has won an overall majority of seats, resulting incoalition governments.

Pursuant to the Indonesian political parties act,^[2] political parties' ideologies "must not be againstPancasila" and "is an explanation of Pancasila".

The Indonesian political party system is regulated by Act No. 2 of 2008 on Political Parties.^[3] The law defines political party as "a national organisation founded by like-minded Indonesian citizens with common goals to fulfill common interests and to defend the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as based onPancasila and the1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia".

Political parties must register themselves with theMinistry of Law and Human Rights to be recognised by the authority. The law dictates that political parties' registration criteria shall include anotarial act recognising the party establishment and party constitution; a document describing party symbols; address of party headquarters and proof of distribution of party local offices in provinces, and cities and regencies; and a proof of party bank account.^[4][3] The law also dictates minimum membership of new political parties on 50 persons, with the percentage of woman members and allocation of woman members to party offices are set on a minimum of 30%.^{[citation needed]}

The party must undergo another registration process in order to participate innational elections; the registration shall be submitted to theGeneral Elections Commission (KPU).^[5] Several criteria are required by the KPU, namely related to the party's presence in Indonesia's regions:^[6]

Political parties who have had their registration declined by the electoral commission due to failure to satisfy administrative criteria or other reasons are able to appeal their rejection to theGeneral Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU).^[7] Specifically for regional political parties inAceh, the first requirement is waived, while the second and third requirements are set at two-thirds of the regencies/cities and districts.^[8]

Indonesian political parties should recognise the superiority ofPancasila and the national constitution, but Indonesian law tolerates the practice of other ideologies not in violation of the Pancasila and the constitution.^[1] A 1966Provisional People's Consultative Assembly resolution still in force today, however, explicitly prohibits establishment of acommunist party, and political parties are banned from adopting "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" (sic; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ...Stalin,Mao Tse Tunget cetera") as the party ideology.^[3]

In essence, Indonesian political parties differs little on party policy and ideology. The only major difference between Indonesian parties is their position as to how major a roleIslam, by far the nation's majority religion, should play in public affairs.^[9] This tendency resulting in several Indonesian political parties to brand itself as the part ofnationalist-religiousbroad coalition in order to attract potential voters from both Muslim orIslamist andsecular nationalist groups.^[1] Thus, for instance, (1) theDemocratic Party (Demokrat),Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) andIndonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) are identified as the secular, (2) theNational Awakening Party (PKB) andNational Mandate Party (PAN) as the Muslim, but not Islamist, and (3) theProsperous Justice Party (PKS) andUnited Development Party (PPP) as the Islamist.^[1]

The language of theleft–right political spectrum is seldom used in Indonesia, in contrast with other countries. This tendency arose as the result of theNew Order regime underSuharto which was anathema to left-wing policies after the1965–66 Indonesian mass killings of members and supporters of theCommunist Party of Indonesia.^[9] The New Order regime further stigmatised left-wing ideals as those espoused only bycommunists, discouraging Indonesian political parties from identifying themselves as left-wing movements lest they lose potential voters and be accused as communist. This tendency has survived even after the1998 Reforms, partly due to the new regime's insistence on keeping anti-communist legislation in force. In addition, due to how widely presidents shared power, Indonesianparty cartelization differs significantly from canonicalelectoral alliances in Europe.^[10]

Political parties which won seats in the national or regional parliaments are eligible for funding from the central or local governments, based on number of votes received in the relevant legislative elections. The funding amount is set for Rp 1,000 per vote received at the national level, Rp 1,200 at the provincial level, and Rp 1,500 at the city/regency level.^[11] Local government can opt to allocate more funding to political parties -Jakarta, for example, paid in 2021 Rp 5,000 per vote received.^[12] After the2019 election, this amounted to Rp 126 billion (USD 8 million) from the central government on an annual basis.^[13] This payout only made up a small proportion of party revenues – theIndonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, for example, raised just 1.5 percent of its reported revenue from government funding. Donations and fees from elected officials made up a larger proportion of income.^[14]

Logo	Name				Leader	Year		Status in theDPR		Provincial DPRD seats	City/regency DPRD seats
						Est.	First election	Seats	Status
		PDI-P		Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan	Megawati Sukarnoputri	1999[nb 1][15][16][17]	1999	110 / 580	Confidence and supply	389 / 2,372	2,810 / 17,510
		Golkar		Party of Functional Groups Partai Golongan Karya	Bahlil Lahadalia	1964[18][19][17]	1971	102 / 580	Government	365 / 2,372	2,521 / 17,510
		Gerindra		Great Indonesia Movement Party Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya	Prabowo Subianto	2008[17]	2009	86 / 580	Government	323 / 2,372	2,120 / 17,510
		NasDem		NasDem Party Partai NasDem	Surya Paloh	2011[17]	2014	69 / 580	Confidence and supply	265 / 2,372	1,849 / 17,510
		PKB		National Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa	Muhaimin Iskandar	1998[1][17]	1999	68 / 580	Government	220 / 2,372	1,833 / 17,510
		PKS		Prosperous Justice Party Partai Keadilan Sejahtera	Al Muzzammil Yusuf	1999[nb 2][20][21][17][22][23]	1999	53 / 580	Confidence and supply	210 / 2,372	1,312 / 17,510
		PAN		National Mandate Party Partai Amanat Nasional	Zulkifli Hasan	1998[24][17]	1999	48 / 580	Government	160 / 2,372	1,236 / 17,510
		Demokrat		Democratic Party Partai Demokrat	Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono	2001[25][1][17]	2004	44 / 580	Government	206 / 2,372	1,479 / 17,510

These parties participated in the 2024 elections but failed to attain a single seat in the nationalHouse of Representatives after winning less than theparliamentary threshold of 4% of the popular vote.^[26] Notable failures were of theUnited Development Party, which lost all its seats in the2024 election after having been represented in DPR since 1977, andHanura, which won DPR seats in 2009 and 2014 but lost them in 2019 and failed to recover their seats in 2024.

Despite electoral failure in the DPR, these parties successfully gained seat inregional parliaments (DPRD). Although, these political parties, along with otherextra-parliamentary parties, are sometimes referred aspartai gurem.

Aceh's special autonomy statutes allowed formation of local political parties to compete only in theAceh House of Representatives. Although the party number is serialised from the national list, Aceh local parties only appeared inballot paper circulating in Aceh province.^[1][27]

Logo	Name				Leader	Year		Provincial DPRD seats	City/regency DPRD seats
						Est.	First election
		PPP		United Development Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan	Muhamad Mardiono	1973[28][17]	1977	83 / 2,372	850 / 17,510
		Hanura		People's Conscience Party Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat	Oesman Sapta Odang	2006[17]	2009	42 / 2,372	486 / 17,510
		PSI		Indonesian Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Indonesia	Kaesang Pangarep	2014	2019	33 / 2,372	149 / 17,510
		Perindo		Indonesian Unity Party Partai Persatuan Indonesia	Angela Tanoesoedibjo	2015	2019	31 / 2,372	349 / 17,510
		PBB		Crescent Star Party Partai Bulan Bintang	Gugum Ridho Putra	1998[17]	1999	12 / 2,372	164 / 17,510
		PKN		Nusantara Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Nusantara	Anas Urbaningrum	2022	2024	4 / 2,372	52 / 17,510
		Garuda		Change Indonesia Guardian Party Partai Garda Perubahan Indonesia	Ahmad Ridha Sabana	2015	2019	3 / 2,372	34 / 17,510
		Gelora		Indonesian People's Wave Party Partai Gelombang Rakyat Indonesia	Anis Matta	2019	2024	1 / 2,372	72 / 17,510
		Ummat		Ummah Party Partai Ummat	Ridho Rahmadi	2021	2024	0 / 2,372	20 / 17,510
		PB		Labour Party Partai Buruh	Said Iqbal	2021	2024	0 / 2,372	11 / 17,510
Parties represented only inAceh
		PA		Aceh Party Partai Aceh	Muzakir Manaf	2007	2009[29]	20 / 81	116 / 665
		PAS Aceh		Aceh Just and Prosperous Party Partai Adil Sejahtera Aceh	Tu Bulqaini Tanjongan	2023	2024	3 / 81	16 / 665
		PNA		Nanggroe Aceh Party Partai Nanggroe Aceh	Irwandi Yusuf	2011	2014[30]	1 / 81	21 / 665
		PDA		Aceh Abode Party Partai Darul Aceh	Muhibbussabri A. Wahab	2007[nb 3]	2009[31]	1 / 81	7 / 665
		SIRA		Independent Solidity of the Acehnese Party Partai Soliditas Independen Rakyat Aceh	Muslim Syamsuddin	2007	2009[32]	0 / 81	3 / 665

These political parties have no representation in either national or regional parliaments.

The term"partai gurem" (minor party, literally "tropical fowl mite party" referring to the small size) is commonly used by Indonesian media to refer to these political parties. The term initially referred to political parties that won a very small number of parliamentary seat, but after the2004 election, to political parties that have no chance of surpassing theparliamentary threshold (currently 4%) necessary to gain representation on theHouse of Representatives.^[33] These political parties are often perceived to be lacking in organisational structure, their leaders seemingly interested solely in attracting media attention.^[33]

These parties often have their attempts at registering for elections turned down by the KPU due to the parties' failure to satisfy registration criteria set by the commission, which includes completeness of party documents, a permanent physical party headquarters, minimum membership and minimum percentage of woman members.^[34][35] Parties that had their registration rejected often resort to appealing their rejection to theBawaslu, with varied success.^[36]

Logo	Name[nb 4]			Leader	Year
					Est.	Contested elections
		PKP	Justice and Unity Party Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan	Yussuf Solichien	1999[37][17]	2019
		Berkarya	Party of Functional Banyan Partai Beringin Karya	Muchdi Purwopranjono	2016	2019
		PKDI	Indonesian Dharma Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Dharma Indonesia	Ngurah Arya	2007[38]	2009[38]
		Republik	Republican Party Partai Republik	Suharno Prawiro	1998[39]	1999
		Parsindo	Indonesian People's Voice Party Partai Swara Rakyat Indonesia	M Jusuf Rizal	2013
		PBI	Indonesian Bhinneka Party Partai Bhinneka Indonesia	Nurdin Purnomo	1998[nb 5][40]	1999
		Reformasi	Reform Party Partai Reformasi	Syamsahril Kamal	2000
		PPB	National Unity Party Partai Pemersatu Bangsa	Eggi Sudjana	2001
		Pakar	Republican Functional Party Partai Karya Republik	Ari Sigit	2012
		Rakyat	People's Party Partai Rakyat	Arvindo Noviar	2014
		PDRI	Indonesian People's Democracy Party Partai Demokrasi Rakyat Indonesia	Ambarwati Santoso	2015[nb 6][41]
		Pandai	Indonesian Sovereign Nation Party Partai Negeri Daulat Indonesia	Farhat Abbas	2020
		Masyumi	Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi	Ahmad Yani	2020[nb 7]
		PRIMA	Just and Prosperous People's Party Partai Rakyat Adil Makmur	Agus Jabo Priyono	2021
		PPB	National Guide Party Partai Pandu Bangsa	Widyanto Kurniawan	2021
		Perkasa	Village Awakening Movement Party Partai Pergerakan Kebangkitan Desa	Eko Santjojo	2021[nb 8]
		PKR	People's Sovereignty Party Partai Kedaulatan Rakyat	Tuntas Subagyo	2021
		PMI	Indonesian Students Party Partai Mahasiswa Indonesia	Eko Pratama	2021
		IBU	Awaken and United Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Bangkit Bersatu	Zulki Zulkifli Noor	2021
		PDSP	Prosperous Peace Party of Renewal Partai Damai Sejahtera Pembaharuan	Hendrik RE Assa	2021[nb 9]
		PDKB	National Peace and Love Party Partai Damai Kasih Bangsa	Apri Hananto Sukandar	2021
		Pelita	Pelita Party Partai Pelita	Ari Chandra Kurniawan	2022
		Republiku	Indonesian Republiku Party Partai Republiku Indonesia	Ramses David Simandjuntak
		PRS	One Republic Party Partai Republik Satu	D Yusad Siregar
		Kongres	Congress Party Partai Kongres	Zakariani Santoso
		PP	Party of Change Partai Perubahan	Robi Nurhadi	2024
Parties that are not registered in the KPU RI Political Party Registration System
		SRI	Union of Independent People Serikat Rakyat Independen	Damianus Taufan	2011
		PHI	Green Party of Indonesia Partai Hijau Indonesia	Collective leadership	2012	[nb 10]

Outside of the Suharto period, no political parties controlled a majority of the Indonesian parliament, necessitating the formation of coalitions.^[42][43] Coalitions may also be required to nominate candidates to executive office elections (i.e. President, Governors,Regents, Mayors and their deputies), and political parties often form coalitions for regional elections with parties which are on opposing coalitions at the national level.^[44][45]

Logo	Name			Active period	Status	Presidential candidate	Election	DPR seats
									Formed	Disbanded
		PPPKI	Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian People Pemufakatan Perhimpunan-Perhimpunan Politik Kebangsaan Indonesia[46]	1927–1942	Disbanded	—			17–18 December 1927	20 March 1942
		GAPI	Indonesian Political Federation Gabungan Politik Indonesia[47]	1939–1942	Disbanded	—			21 May 1939	20 March 1942
		PT	Central Axis Poros Tengah	1999–2004	Disbanded	Abdurrahman Wahid	1999	163 / 462	7 October 1999	20 October 2004[48]
		Bangsa	National Coalition Koalisi Kebangsaan	2004–2009	Disbanded	Megawati Sukarnoputri	2004	307 / 550	19 August 2004[49]	16 May 2009[50]
		Rakyat	People's Coalition Koalisi Kerakyatan	2004–2009	Continued (Joint Secretariat of the Government-Supporting Coalition Parties)	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	2004	278 / 550	28 August 2004	16 May 2009
		SetGab	Joint Secretariat of the Government-Supporting Coalition Parties Sekretariat Gabungan Partai Koalisi Pendukung Pemerintahan	2009–2014	Disbanded	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	2009	317 / 560	16 May 2009	20 October 2014
		KIH	Great Indonesia Coalition Koalisi Indonesia Hebat[10]	2014–2018	Continued (Onward Indonesia Coalition)	Joko Widodo	2014	207 / 560	19 May 2014	10 August 2018
		KMP	Red-White Coalition Koalisi Merah Putih[10]	2014–2018	Disbanded	Prabowo Subianto	2014	292 / 560	14 July 2014	18 September 2018
		KIM	Onward Indonesia Coalition Koalisi Indonesia Maju	2018–2024	Disbanded	Joko Widodo	2019	349 / 575	10 August 2018	20 October 2024
		KIAM	Just and Prosperous Indonesia Coalition Koalisi Indonesia Adil Makmur	2018–2019	Disbanded	Prabowo Subianto	2019	226 / 575	18 September 2018	28 June 2019
		KIM	Advanced Indonesia Coalition Koalisi Indonesia Maju	since 2022	Active	Prabowo Subianto	2024	280 / 580	13 August 2022
		KP	Coalition of Change Koalisi Perubahan	2023–2024	Disbanded	Anies Baswedan	2024	190 / 580	24 March 2023	30 April 2024
		KSPP	Alliance of Political Parties Supporting Ganjar Pranowo Kerja Sama Partai Politik Pengusung Ganjar Pranowo	2023–2024	Disbanded	Ganjar Pranowo	2024	110 / 580	30 April 2023	6 May 2024

In the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the DutchEthical Policy, which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people of theDutch East Indies, the Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian society.^[51] Through this, the Dutch allowed the creation of education societies and funded its creation. Dutch educatedIntelligentsias' would establish schools and education across the Dutch East Indies. Whilst the policy attempted to raise awareness among the natives of the need to break free from the shackles of thefeudal system and develop along Western lines and were concerned about the native population's social and cultural conditions, it spearheaded the spread of IndonesianNational Revivalism, allowing people to silently organize and articulate their objections to colonial rule.^[52] TheBudi Utomo was considered the first nationalist society (not party yet) in the Dutch East Indies, initiated theIndonesian National Awakening.^[53] Among other political organizations were theIndo Europeesch Verbond (Indo-European Alliance) andIndonesia Arab Association.^[54] Over time organizations turned into political parties, such how Budi Utomo turned intoParindra^[55][56] andSarekat Islam intoIndonesian Islamic Union Party. TheIndische Partij is considered the first Indonesian political party.^[57] Years of campaigning by various political organizations across the Dutch East Indies eventually compelled the Dutch Government to recognize the need for concessions. As a result, on 16 December 1916, Governor-GeneralJ.P. van Limburg Stirum, in collaboration with the DutchMinister of Colonial Affairs,Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte, sanctioned the establishment of a legislative assembly designed to represent the people of the Dutch East Indies. This assembly was named theVolksraad.^[58][59]

TheJapanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies began when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies throughTarakan, Kalimantan, on 8 March 1942. By the Japanese Government, parties that were based onIndonesian nationalism and wanted to fight forIndonesian Independence were dissolved and banned from political activities on 20 March 1942.^[60]

Theelection in 1955 was the first national election held since the end of theIndonesian National Revolution, and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations, with more than 30 parties participating. Due to the numerous political parties participating in the election, the result was inconclusive, with no party receiving a clear mandate.^[71][72][73] The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved byPresidentSukarno in 1959, throughPresidential Decree number 150. Later on, after the take over by the New Order regime, only 10 parties was allowed to participate in the1971 legislative election.^[74][73]

Logo	Name[75][76]		Established	Dissolved	Contested elections
					1955		1971
					DPR	Constituency[77]
	Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Serikat Islam Indonesia	PSII	1923 1947[78]	1973
	Indonesian National Party Partai Nasional Indonesia	PNI	1946[79]	1973
	Communist Party of Indonesia Partai Komunis Indonesia	PKI	1914	1966[80] Banned
	Masyumi Party Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia	Masyumi	1943[nb 14] 1945[nb 15][78][81][82][83]	1960[84][85] Banned Revived in 2020[86]
	Islamic Education Movement Pergerakan Tarbijah Islamijah	Perti	1928[nb 16] 1945[nb 17][78][87]	1973
	Nahdhatul Ulama	NU	1952[78][88]	1973 Still active as religious organisation
	Indonesian Christian Party Partai Kristen Indonesia	Parkindo	1945[89]	1973
	Catholic Party Partai Katolik		1923	1973
	Socialist Party of Indonesia Partai Sosialis Indonesia	PSI	1945[89]	1960 Banned
	Indonesian Marhaen People's Union Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia	Permai	1945[89]
	Popular Consultative Party Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak	Murba	1948	1973 Revived in 1998[90]
	Labour Party Partai Buruh		1949
	National People's Party Partai Rakyat Nasional	PRN	1950
	Indonesian People's Party Partai Rakyat Indonesia	PRI	1950[91]
	League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia	IPKI	1954[92]	1973 Revived in 1998[93]
	Pancasila Defender Movement Gerakan Pembela Pantja Sila	GPPS	1955
	Police Employee Association of the Republic of Indonesia Persatuan Pegawai Polisi Republik Indonesia	P3RI	1955
	Indonesian Citizenship Consultative Assembly Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia	Baperki	1954
	Great Indonesia Unity Party Wongsonegoro Partai Indonesia Raya Wongsonegoro	PIR/W	1948 Split in 1954[94]
	Great Indonesia Unity Party Hazairin Partai Indonesia Raya Hazairin	PIR/RIN
	Great Indonesia Unity Party West Nusa Tenggara Partai Indonesia Raya Nusa Tenggara Barat	PIR/NTB
	Indonesian Movement Gerakan Indonesia	Grinda	1955
	Dayak Unity Party Partai Persatuan Dayak	PPD	1946	1959 Banned
	Islamic Tharikah Unity Party Partai Persatuan Tharikah Islam	PPTI
	Islamic Victory Force Angkatan Kemenangan Umat Islam	AKUI
	Village People's Union Persatuan Rakjat Desa	PRD
	Party of the People of Free Indonesia Partai Rakjat Indonesia Merdeka	PRIM
	Young Communist Force Angkatan Communis Muda	Acoma	1952	1965 Banned
	Muslim Party of Indonesia Partai Muslimin Indonesia	Parmusi	1967[95]	1973
	R. Soedjono Prawirosoedarso R. Soedjono Prawirosoedarso		1955[96]	1957[97]
	Sundanese Choice Movement Gerakan Pilihan Sunda	Gerpis
	Indonesian Peasants Party Partai Tani Indonesia	PTI	1945[98]
	King of Keprabohan Radja Keprabonan		1955[99]
	Indonesian Republican Bull Movement Gerakan Banteng Republik Indonesia	GBRI
	Centre for the Candidacy Movement ofLa Ode M. Effendi Pusat Penggerak PentjalonanLa Ode M. Effendi	L.M. Idrus Effendi	1955[4]
Parties that failed to enter or lost contested elections
	People's Heritage Party Partai Adat Rakyat	PAR	1950	1959

After his rise into power, PresidentSuharto expressed his discontent regarding multiple political parties, arguing that the failure ofKonstituante in 1955–1959 was caused by party deadlock — unacceptable in his regime.^[100] He proposed that existing political parties unite based on their ideological essence — eitherspiritual (religious) ormaterialist (secular nationalist) — in order to cripple the resulting umbrella parties with infighting. Political parties' reaction to Suharto's propositions was generally positive, with Islamic parties claiming that party fusion was in line with their last National Islamic Congress resolution agreed in 1969. Apolitical alliance dubbed the "Democratic Development Group" was formed by thePNI, theIPKI,Parkindo, theMurba Party, and theCatholic Party to compete in 1971 election.^[101]

After1971 election,New Order regime reiterated its call for political parties to fuse, and aMPR ordinance regulating political parties grouping issued in 1973 further pressured political parties to merge.^[73] All Islamic political parties merged to form theUnited Development Party (PPP) on 5 January 1973, and the remaining nationalist and non-Islamic political parties united to form theIndonesian Democratic Party (PDI) on 10 January 1973.^[102]Golkar, officially a "federation of public organisations" but effectively a political party, remained dominant for the entirety of the New Order. From 1985, all political parties were required to declare national ideology Pancasila as their "one and only ideological basis".

The parties participated for the last time in the1997 election, and the three-party system survived until the collapse of the New Order in1998 Reformasi. Ensuing political liberalisation allowed establishment of multitudes of new political parties, with the number of political parties participating in1999 election jumping substantially to 48 parties.

Logo		Name		Established	Fate
		Party of Functional Groups Partai Golongan Karya	Golkar	1964	Active
		Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Indonesia	PDI	1973[103]	Disbanded in 2003 succeeded byPPDI[104]
		United Development Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan	PPP	1973[105]	Active

Prior to the end of the New Order era, there was a time where several political activists and student movements established small political parties in the early 1990s. Sensing the near fall of the New Order, the formation of these newly unregistered and unrecognized political parties was based on opposition to the New Order government and positioned themselves as theopposition and played a crucial part in the fall of the new order. The new parties then and only participated in the1999 elections.

Whilst theNew Masyumi Party predates the wave of the new opposition parties, theIndonesian Democratic Union Party (PUDI) was considered as the first genuine opposition party. As PUDI was upfront and outspoken in their political opposition as a party against the New Order regime, the first out of many.^[106] At one point, fielding both presidential and vice-presidential candidates, PUDI was considered a challenger to Suharto's rule.^[107][108] Emboldened by the success of PUDI, the Democratic People's Association (PRD) organisation declared itself thePeople's Democratic Party (also abbreviated as PRD). On 22 July 1996, the PRD was officially declared to the public and announced its political manifesto.^[109]

Logo		Name		Established	Fate
		League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia	IPKI	1994/1998[110][39][nb 18]	Non-active
		Indonesian National Party – Supeni Partai Nasional Indonesia – Supeni	PNI-Supeni	1995[nb 19]/1998[111][nb 20]	Disbanded in 2002. Merged to form theIndonesian National Party Marhaenism
		New Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi Baru		1995[111]	Non-active
		Indonesian Democratic Union Party Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia	PUDI	1996[40]	Non-active
		People's Democratic Party Partai Rakyat Demokratik	PRD	1996[111]	Disbanded in 2021 Merged with theJust and Prosperous People's Party

Following political liberalisation after the collapse of theNew Order regime in1998 Reformasi, registration for new political parties jumped significantly. As the result, the following1999 election had 148 registered political parties^[112] and 48 of them competing for DPR seats,^{[1][112][111][39][40]} compared to the previous 1997 election that saw only 2 political parties plusGolkar.

After the Reform, the PPP survived and continues to participate in all following elections after 1999, albeit with much of its membership having broken off from it and founded their own parties. Golkar too was made a proper party and exists to this day.^[18] The PDI failed to imitate the post-Suharto successes of the PPP and Golkar after the government intervened and unseated ChairmanMegawati Soekarnoputri, causing PDI support to collapse in the 1997 election. PDI votes further eroded as support instead went to its breakawayIndonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati in the post-Suharto 1999 election, resulting in the party winning only two seats in contrast to the PDI-P's 153 seats.^[37] After poor electoral performance and failure to register for the2004 election, PDI rebranded itself as theIndonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (PPDI) in 2003.^[37][104]

Several parties claimed inheritance from former political parties existing prior to the New Order era, resulting in parties sharing similar political party names, with faction names as the only characteristics that made those parties distinct from each other. Example on this case was on claimants to the heritage of the formerIndonesian National Party (PNI),Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII),League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI),Masyumi Party, andMurba Party.

Most of the parties failed to gain even a single seat due to lack of votes.^[113][73] After the new electoral law authorised the use of aparliamentary threshold to determine the division of DPR seats, those parties were forced to reorganise themselves in order to be able to register for the next2004 election.^[114]

Below is the list of political parties participating only in the1999 election which failed to participate in the next2004 election.

Logo	Name		Established
	Aceh Orphans' Foundation Party Partai Abul Yatama	PAY	1999[111]
	All-Indonesia Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia	PSPSI	1998[40]
	Democratic Catholic Party Partai Katolik Demokrat	PKD	1998[39]
	Democratic Islamic Party Partai Islam Demokrat	PID	1998[39]
	Democratic National Party Partai Nasional Demokrat	PND	1998[40]
	Familial Consultative Party of Mutual Assistance Partai Musyawarah Kekeluargaan Gotong Royong	MKGR	1998[40]
	Indonesian Democratic Alliance Party Partai Aliansi Demokrat Indonesia	PADI	1998[111]
	Indonesian Democratic Union Party Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia	PUDI	1996[40]
	Indonesian Islamic Political Party "Masyumi" Partai Politik Islam Indonesia "Masyumi"		1998[39][nb 7]
	Indonesian Islamic Ummah Party Partai Umat Muslimin Indonesia	PUMI	1998[40]
	Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia	PSII	1998[111][nb 21]
	Indonesian Islamic Union Party 1905 Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia 1905	PSII 1905	1998[39][nb 21]
	Indonesian Muslim Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Muslim Indonesia	KAMI	1998[111]
	Indonesian National Christian Party Partai Kristen Nasional Indonesia	Krisna	1998[111]
	Indonesian National Party – Marhaenist Front Partai Nasional Indonesia – Front Marhaenis	PNI-FM	1999[39][nb 20]
	Indonesian National Party – Marhaen Masses Partai Nasional Indonesia – Massa Marhaen	PNI-MM	1998[39][nb 20]
	Indonesian National Party – Supeni Partai Nasional Indonesia – Supeni	PNI-Supeni	1995 / 1998[111][nb 20]
	Indonesian National Union Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Uni Nasional Indonesia	SUNI	1998[40]
	Indonesian People's Party Partai Rakyat Indonesia	Pari	1998[39]
	Indonesian Workers' Party Partai Pekerja Indonesia	PPI	1998[40]
	Islamic Ummah Party Partai Ummat Islam	PUI	1998[111]
	League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia	IPKI	1994 / 1998[110][39][nb 18]
	Love and Peace Party Partai Cinta Damai	PCD	1998[40]
	Murba Party Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak	Murba	1998[39][nb 22]
	National Freedom Party Partai Kebangsaan Merdeka	PKM	1998[111]
	National Love Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa	PDKB	1998[111]
	National Party of the Indonesian Nation Partai Nasional Bangsa Indonesia	PNBI	1998[40]
	New Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Baru	PIB	1999[111]
	New Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi Baru		1995[111]
	People's Choice Party Partai Pilihan Rakyat	Pilar	1998[39]
	People's Sovereignty Party Partai Daulat Rakyat	PDR	1999[40]
	Justice Party Partai Keadilan	PK	1999[20][22][23]
	United Party Partai Persatuan	PP	1999[40]
	Ummah Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Umat	PKU	1998[111]
	Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja	PSP	1999[40]
	People's Democratic Party Partai Rakyat Demokratik	PRD	1996[111]

After the 1999 legislative election, 150 parties were registered with theMinistry of Law and Human Rights. However, after a review by the newly formedGeneral Election Commission, this number was reduced to 50, and then to 24.^[1][115][73] This decrease from the 48 parties that ran in the 1999 legislative election was primarily due to a new election law that allowed only parties that had won 2% of DPR seats or 3% of seats in provincial and regental legislatures in half of the provinces to run in the 2004 election. Only six parties met this criterion, and the others were forced to merge or reorganize into a new party.^[116]

In 2009, introduction of a parliamentary threshold also meant that only parties receiving more than 2.5% of the popular vote would be seated in the DPR.^[117] This threshold was raised to 3.5% in 2014,^[118] then finally to 4% in 2017 as a way to cut election costs and ensure stability.^[119] As a result small parties have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold.

Below is the list of political parties participating in the2004 and2009 elections which failed to participate in the next2014 election.

Name[120][121][122]		Established	Dissolved	Contested elections
				2004	2009
Labour Party Partai Buruh	PB	1998 As "National Labour Party"[40]	2021 Reformed into theLabour Party
Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion Partai Kasih Demokrasi Indonesia	PKDI	1998	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party[123]
Patriot Party Partai Patriot		1998	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party[123]
Ulema National Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama	PKNU	2000s	2022 Merged into the People's Sovereignty Party (PKR)[124]
Archipelago Republic Party Partai Republika Nusantara	RepublikaN	2001	2013 Merged into thePeople's Conscience Party[125]
Prosperous Peace Party Partai Damai Sejahtera	PDS	2001	2013 Merged into thePeople's Conscience Party[125]
Indonesian National Party Marhaenism Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme	PNIM	2002[20] Merger of PNI–Supeni and PNI–MM
Pioneers' Party Partai Pelopor	PP	2002[126]	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party[123]
Reform Star Party Partai Bintang Reformasi	PBR	2002	2011 Merged into theGerindra Party[127]
Regional Unity Party Partai Persatuan Daerah	PPD	2002	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party[123]
New Indonesia Association Party Partai Perhimpunan Indonesia Baru	PPIB	2002	2012 Merged to form Concern for the Nation Functional Party[128]
Concern for the Nation Functional Party Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa	PKPB	2002
Democratic Nationhood Party Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan	PDK	2002	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party[123]
Freedom Party Partai Merdeka	PM	2002	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party[123]
Indonesian Unity Party Partai Sarikat Indonesia	PSI	2002	2005 Merged into theNational Mandate Party[129]
Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia	PPNUI	2003
Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia	PPDI	2003[37]	2011 Merged to form the National Unity Party[123]

Below is the list of defunct political parties established in a period from 2005 to present.

Logo	Name		Established	Dissolved	Notes
	Partai Kemerdekaan Indonesia Irian Indonesian Irian Independence Party	PKII	1946	1962	Founded inNetherlands New Guinea, advocated integration ofWestern New Guinea into Indonesia.
	Associação Popular Democrática Timorense Timorese Popular Democratic Association	APODETI	1974	2007	Founded inPortuguese Timor, advocated integration ofEast Timor into Indonesia.

• Politics of Indonesia
• List of political parties by country
• List of youth wings of political parties in Indonesia

• Lists of political parties by country
• Political parties in Indonesia
• Indonesia politics-related lists
• Lists of organizations based in Indonesia
• Lists of political parties in Southeast Asia

• CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)
• CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use British English from September 2015
• All Wikipedia articles written in British English
• Use dmy dates from September 2015
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025
• Articles containing Indonesian-language text
• Dynamic lists