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Hong Kong has amulti-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party was allowed to gain power by controlling theLegislative Council. TheChief Executive is appointed by thePremier of the People's Republic of China based on an indirectly electedElection Committee and isde factopro-Beijing butde jure is said to benonpartisan as specified in the Chief Executive Election Ordinance. Once selected, theChief Executive forms an unelectedgovernment which superficially has to rely onpolitical parties in thelegislature for support, but thelegislature has been deliberately designed and redesigned to be apro-Beijingrubber stamp body.[1][2]
Hong Kong has no legislation for political parties; thus, it has no legal definition for what a political party is. Most political parties and political groups registered either as limited companies or societies.
In Hong Kong, there were two main political ideological blocs, which presents topro-democracy camp (includelocalists) andpro-Beijing camp. Under the newly introduced electoral system since 2021, only government-approved candidates may run, effectively disqualifying any candidates who are not from thepro-Beijing camp or approved by Beijing. Most of thepro-democracy camp Legislative Councillors from the previousLegCo have been jailed by the Hong Kong government and are therefore disqualified from participating in elections without the need for government vetting.
There are 9 major political groups represented in the Legislative Council, includingtrade unions,professional associations andpressure groups. 2 further political groups (New Territories Association of Societies andCivil Force) are represented by those members.[3]
Other parties and groups without any representation that have participated in the elections include:
The following are political parties or groups that have won at least a seat in legislative or municipal elections and have been dissolved.
| Party | Founded | Dissolved | Camp | Ideology | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 123 Democratic Alliance (一二三民主聯盟) | 20 March 1994 | 3 December 2000 | Pro-Taiwan camp | |||
| Basic Law Article 45 Concern Group (《基本法》四十五條關注組) | 2003 | 19 March 2006 (2006-03-19) | Pro-democracy | Transformed intoCivic Party | ||
| Co-operative Resources Centre (啟聯資源中心) | 12 December 1991 | 31 March 1993 | Conservatives | Transformed intoLiberal Party | ||
| Citizens Party (民權黨) | 4 May 1997 | 9 May 2008 | Pro-democracy | |||
| Civic Party (公民黨) | 19 March 2006 | 27 May 2023 | Pro-democracy | |||
| Civic Passion (熱血公民) | 29 February 2012 | 3 September 2021 | Localists | |||
| Democratic Party (民主黨) | 2 October 1994 | Expected 2025 | Pro-democracy | Liberalism (HK) | ||
| Demosistō (香港眾志) | 10 April 2016 | 30 June 2020 | Pro-democracy | Dissolved after national security law imposed | ||
| Economic Synergy (經濟動力) | 16 June 2009 | October 2012 | Pro-Beijing | Transformed intoBusiness and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong and effectively dissolved | ||
| Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong (穩定香港協會) | 16 May 1991 | 4 June 2010 | Pro-Beijing | Conservatism (HK) | Merged into Hong Kong Progressive Alliance | |
| Hong Kong Affairs Society (太平山學會) | February 1984 | April 1990 | Liberals | Liberalism (HK) | Merged intoUnited Democrats of Hong Kong | |
| Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (香港職工會聯盟) | 29 July 1990 | 3 October 2021 | Pro-democracy | |||
| Hong Kong People's Council on Housing Policy (香港房屋政策評議會) | 1978 | 9 June 2019 | Pro-democracy | Pressure group | ||
| Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (香港教育專業人員協會) | 1973 | 11 September 2021 | Pro-democracy | Teacher's union | ||
| Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (香港協進聯盟) | 7 July 1994 | 16 February 2005 | Pro-Beijing | Merged intoDemocratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong | ||
| League of Social Democrats (社會民主連線) | 1 October 2006 | 29 June 2025 | Pro-democracy | |||
| Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong (香港自由民主聯會) | 6 November 1990 | 26 May 1997 | Conservatives | Merged intoHong Kong Progressive Alliance | ||
| Meeting Point (匯點) | 9 January 1983 | 2 October 1994 | Liberals | Merged intoDemocratic Party | ||
| Neo Democrats (新民主同盟) | 2 October 2010 | 26 June 2021 | Pro-democracy | |||
| New Hong Kong Alliance (新香港聯盟) | 1 May 1989 | 1999 | Conservatives | |||
| Progressive Hong Kong Society (香港勵進會) | 14 February 1985 | 6 November 1990 | Conservatives | Conservatism (HK) | Merged intoLiberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong | |
| Reform Club of Hong Kong (香港革新會) | 20 January 1949 | 1995 | Liberalism (HK) | Effectively dissolved | ||
| The Frontier (前綫) | 26 August 1996 | 23 November 2008 | Pro-democracy | Merged intoDemocratic Party | ||
| United Ants (蟻聯) | ||||||
| United Democrats of Hong Kong (香港民主同盟) | 23 April 1990 | 2 October 1994 | Liberals | Liberalism (HK) | Merged intoDemocratic Party | |
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| States with limited recognition | |
| Dependencies and other territories | |
