Chinstrap penguin Penguins are birds in thefamily Spheniscidae in themonotypic order Sphenisciformes.[ 1] equator is theGalapagos penguin .[ 2] [ 3] ratites to be entirely flightless, penguins are extremely adapted to their aquatic lifestyle, with a streamlined shape that minimizes drag,countershaded dark-and-whiteplumage ,[ 3] [ 2] [ 3]
There are currently 18 extantspecies of penguins recognised by theInternational Ornithologists' Union , distributed among six genera.[ 1] Paleocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[ 4]
Conservation status codes listed follow theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species . Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the penguin's range is provided. Ranges are based on theIOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.
This list follows thetaxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[ 1] [ a] The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World ,[ 6]
TheInternational Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 18 species of penguins in six genera. This list does not includehybrid species , extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.
Family Spheniscidae
GenusAptenodytes Miller, J. F. , 1778 Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population King penguin
A. patagonicus Miller, J. F. , 1778Subantarctic islands LC [ 7]
Emperor penguin
A. forsteri Gray, G. R. , 1884Antarctic sea ice NT [ 8]
GenusPygoscelis Wagler , 1832 Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population Adélie penguin
P. adeliae (Hombron andJacquinot , 1841) Antarctica and surrounding islands LC [ 9]
Chinstrap penguin
P. antarcticus (Forster, J. R. , 1781) Antarctic Peninsula andBalleny Islands LC [ 10]
Gentoo penguin
P. papua (Forster, J. R. , 1781) P. p. taeniata P. p. papua P. p. ellsworthi P. p. poncetii Subantarctic islands and locally in Antarctica LC [ 11]
GenusEudyptula Bonaparte , 1856 Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population Little penguin
E. minor (Forster, J. R. , 1781) E. m. novaehollandiae E. m. iredalei E. m. variabilis E. m. minor E. m. albosignata E. m. chathamensis Australia and New Zealand LC [ 12]
GenusSpheniscus Brisson , 1760 Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population Galapagos penguin
S. mendiculus Sundevall , 1871Galápagos Islands EN [ 13]
Humboldt penguin
S. humboldti Meyen , 1834South America VU [ 14]
Magellanic penguin
S. magellanicus (Forster, J. R. , 1781) South America LC [ 15]
African penguin
S. demersus (Linnaeus , 1758) Coasts ofSouthern Africa CR [ 16]
GenusEudyptes Vieillot , 1816 Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population Macaroni penguin
E. chrysolophus (Brandt, J. F. , 1837) Antarctic Peninsula , South America, andsubantarctic islands in South Atlantic and Indian Oceans VU [ 18]
Royal penguin
E. schlegeli Finsch , 1876Macquarie Island and nearby islands LC [ 19]
Northern rockhopper penguin
E. moseleyi Mathews &Iredale , 1921Tristan da Cunha ,Amsterdam Island , andSt. Paul Island (yellow) EN [ 20]
Southern rockhopper penguin
E. chrysocome (Forster, J. R. , 1781) E. c. filholi E. c. chrysocome South America andsubantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean and New Zealand (green and blue) VU [ 21]
Fiordland penguin
E. pachyrhynchus Gray, G. R. , 1845New Zealand NT [ 22]
Snares penguin
E. robustus Oliver , 1953Snares Islands VU [ 23]
Erect-crested penguin
E. sclateri Buller , 1888Bounty andAntipodes Islands EN [ 24]
Basal sphenisciformes [ edit ] Advanced sphenisciformes [ edit ] Species Notes Source Anthropornis nordenskjoldii Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Anthropornis grandis Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 UCMP 321023 (Anthropornis sp. ) Ksepka & Clarke, 2010 Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Palaeeudyptes marplesi Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Palaeeudyptes gunnari May represent the opposite sex of P. klekowskii[1] Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Chilean Palaeeudyptes Burnside "Palaeeudyptes" Ksepka & Clarke, 2010 Duntroon "Palaeeudyptes" Ksepka & Clarke, 2010 Archaeospheniscus lowei Giovanardi et al. 2021 Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Giovanardi et al. 2021 Notodyptes wimani FormerlyArchaeospheniscus Giovanardi et al. 2021 Delphinornis larseni Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Delphinornis gracilis Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Delphinornis arctowskii Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Mesetaornis polaris Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Marambiornis exilis Jadwiszczak et al. 2002 Aprosdokitos mikrotero Hospitaleche et al. 2017 Perudyptes devriesi Ksepka & Clarke, 2010 Eretiscus tonni Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008 Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008 Palaeospheniscus bilocular Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008 Palaeospheniscus bergi Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008 Paraptenodytes antarcticus Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008 Arthrodytes andrewsi Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008 Madrynornis mirandus [ 25] Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008 Pachydyptes simpsoni Park & Fitzgerald, 2012 Pachydyptes ponderosus Giovanardi et al. 2021 Anthropodyptes gilli Park & Fitzgerald, 2012 Pseudaptenodytes macraei Park & Fitzgerald, 2012 Marambiornopsis sobrali Jadwiszczak et al. 2021 Icadyptes salasi Clarke et al. 2007 Kairuku waewaeroa Giovanardi et al. 2021 Kairuku grebneffi Giovanardi et al. 2021 Kairuku waitaki Giovanardi et al. 2021 Glen MurrayKairuku sp. Giovanardi et al. 2021 Platydyptes novaezealandiae Giovanardi et al. 2021 Platydyptes marplesi Giovanardi et al. 2021 Inkayacu paracasensis Clarke et al. 2010 Pakudyptes hakataramea Ando et al. 2024
Extinct species of extant genera [ edit ] Poorly understood taxa [ edit ] TheEarly Oligocene genusCruschedula Accipitridae .[ 26] incertae sedis .[ 27]
^a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023)."Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins" .IOC World Bird List . v 13.2. Retrieved11 September 2023 . ^a b Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.),"Penguins (Spheniscidae)" Birds of the World ,Cornell Lab of Ornithology ,doi :10.2173/bow.spheni1.01 , retrieved27 September 2023 ^a b c Davies, Lloyd S. (2010).The Penguins 15– 17.ISBN 978-1-4081-3330-9 ^ "Fossilworks: Spheniscidae" .Paleobiology Database University of Wisconsin–Madison . Retrieved11 September 2023 .^ "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7" . HBW and BirdLife International. 2022.Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved11 September 2023 .^ Clements, James F. ; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2022)."The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022" .Clements Checklist . Retrieved7 September 2023 .^ BirdLife International (2020)."Aptenodytes patagonicus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697748A184637776.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697748A184637776.en . Retrieved11 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Aptenodytes forsteri " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697752A157658053.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697752A157658053.en . Retrieved19 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Pygoscelis adeliae " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697758A157660553.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697758A157660553.en . Retrieved12 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Pygoscelis antarcticus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697761A184807209.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en . Retrieved12 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Pygoscelis papua " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697755A157664581.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697755A157664581.en . Retrieved18 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Eudyptula minor " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697805A202126091.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697805A202126091.en . Retrieved13 November 2021 . ^ Bird life International (2020)."Spheniscus mendiculus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697825A182729677.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697825A182729677.en . Retrieved25 September 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Spheniscus humboldti " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697817A182714418.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697817A182714418.en . Retrieved13 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Spheniscus magellanicus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697822A157428850.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697822A157428850.en . Retrieved19 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Spheniscus demersus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697810A157423361.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en . Retrieved11 September 2023 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Megadyptes antipodes " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697800A182703046.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697800A182703046.en . Retrieved12 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Eudyptes chrysolophus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697793A184720991.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697793A184720991.en . Retrieved12 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2022)."Eudyptes schlegeli " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e.T22697797A210894343. Retrieved23 July 2022 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Eudyptes moseleyi " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22734408A184698049.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22734408A184698049.en . Retrieved11 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Eudyptes chrysocome " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22735250A182762377.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22735250A182762377.en . Retrieved20 February 2022 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Eudyptes pachyrhynchus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697776A182279725.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697776A182279725.en . Retrieved19 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2018)."Eudyptes robustus " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e.T22697782A132602343.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697782A132602343.en . Retrieved11 November 2021 . ^ BirdLife International (2020)."Eudyptes sclateri " .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e.T22697789A131879000.doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697789A131879000.en . Retrieved13 November 2021 . ^ Acosta Hospitaleche; Tambussi; M. Donato; M. Cozzuol (2007)."A new Miocene penguin from Patagonia and its phylogenetic relationships" (PDF) .Acta Palaeontologica Polonica .52 (2):299– 314. ^ Simpson, G.G. (1946)."Fossil penguins" (PDF) .Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History .81 .Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved25 September 2010 . ^ Olson, S.L. (1985)."Faunal Turnover in South American Fossil Avifaunas: The Insufficiencies of the Fossil Record" (PDF) .Evolution .39 (5):1174– 1177.doi :10.2307/2408747 .JSTOR 2408747 .PMID 28561505 .Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved25 September 2010 .
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