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List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

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This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited as a city. The age claims listed are generally disputed. Differences in opinion can result from different definitions of "city" as well as "continuous habitation", and historical evidence is often disputed. Caveats (and sources) to the validity of each claim are discussed in the "Notes" column.

Africa

[edit]

North and Northeast Africa

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
Girga (asThinis)Ancient Egypt Egyptc. 3273 BCSettlement served as the capital of the first Pharaoh of Egypt,Narmer (c. 3273–2987 BC)[1]
Faiyum (asShedet)Ancient Egypt Egyptc. 2181 BCSettlement established by theOld Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC)[1]
Luxor (asWaset, better known by its Greek nameThebes)Ancient Egypt Egyptc. 2150 BC[citation needed]First established as capital ofUpper Egypt, Thebes later became the religious capital of the nation until its decline in the Roman period.
Aswan (asSwenett)Ancient Egypt Egyptc. 650 BCGained prominence in theLate Period (664–332 BC).[2]
Benghazi (asEuesperides)Cyrenaica Libyac. 525 BCFounded in the 5th century BC, by theGreeks.[3]
AlexandriaAncient Egypt Egyptc. 332 BCFounded byAlexander the Great on the town ofRhacotis, which dates back to the Old Kingdom[4][5]
SuakinAncientSudan Sudanc. 11th century[6]First occupied in the 11th century, Suakin developed into a major Islamic port city, remaining inhabited through Ottoman, Funj, Mahdist, and colonial periods. Excavations confirm architectural and trade activity from the medieval period onward.[6][7]

East Africa

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
AksumKingdom of Axum Ethiopiac. 400 BCAncient capital of the Kingdom of Axum.[8]
Zeila (asAvalites)Bilad al-Barbar Somaliac. 100 ADMajor trading city in theHorn of Africa.[9]
AntananarivoMerina Kingdom Madagascar1610 AD[10] or 1625 AD[11]Founded by the Merina KingAndrianjaka, it is the oldest city in Madagascar.

West Africa

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
GaoGao Empire,Songhai Empire Malic. 600 ADGao-Saney called al-kawkaw, Gaw-Gaw[12] by ancient Arab chroniclers is the first site of Gao, founded in the7th century, it was the capital of theGao Empire ofZa Dynasty.[13] Amarble palace,stelae, houses and cemeteries dating from this period were discovered by archaeologists.[14][15][16] The currentGao built on a site near Gao-Saney, was the capital of theSonghai Empire (1464–1591),[17] destroyed during theinvasion of Songhai by the Saadians. It is today the regional capital of the Gao regions in Mali.
Benin CityKingdom of Benin Nigeriac. 1000 ADCity of Benin, the oldest city in Nigeria.
AgadezSonghai Empire Niger11th century ADFounded in the 11th century, Agadez was an important stop for caravans crossing theSaharan Desert for centuries. Agadez was captured by the Songhai empire in 1515, and controlled by Bornu in the 17th century.[18]
KanoKingdom of Kano Nigeria11th century ADThe foundation for the construction of Kano City Walls was laid by SakriGijimasu at some point between 1095 and 1134, and was completed in the middle of the 14th century during the reign ofUsman Zamnagawa.[19]
TimbuktuMali Empire,Songhai Empire Mali11th century ADSettled by Tuareg traders as an outpost, its incorporation into theMali Empire andSonghai, Mande, and Soninke settlement from the 13th century rapidly developed the town.[20]
Cidade Velha (asRibeira Grande)Santiago Island Cape Verde1462 ADThe first European settlement in West Africa.[21]
LagosKingdom of Benin Nigeria16th century ADInitially established as a war camp for soldiers from the Kingdom of Benin.[22]
OuidahKingdom of Whydah Benin16th century ADThe primary port of theKingdom of Whydah, originally called Glehue by the Fon inhabitants. The town was conquered by theKingdom of Dahomey in the 18th century.[23]

Central Africa

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
M'banza-KongoKongo Empire Angolac. 1390 ADCapital of the Kongo Empire, founded by the Kongo people in present-day Angola.[24]
Luanda (asSão Paulo da Assunção de Loanda)Portuguese Empire Angola1576 ADFounded by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais on 25 January 1576 as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda".[25]

Southern Africa

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
Cape TownDutch East India Company South Africa1652 ADFounded by Dutch colonists fromDutch East India Company and is the oldest recorded city in South Africa.

Americas

[edit]
Further information:List of cities in the Americas by year of foundation

North America

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
CholulaOldCholula Mexicoc. 1000[26] – c. 500 BC[27][need quotation to verify]Pre-Columbian Cholula grew from a small village to a regional center during the 7th century. The city was the site of theMassacre of Cholula during the military campaign of Hernán Cortés.
FloresMaya civilization, thenNew Spain Guatemala900–600 BC[28]FormerlyNojpetén, the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times.[29] Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD.[30] Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD.[31]
IzamalMaya civilization, thenNew Spain Mexico700–450 BC[32]Also known as the Yellow City. Small city in the Mexicanstate of Yucatán, 72 kilometres east of state capitalMérida. Izamal is an importantarchaeological site of thePre-ColumbianMaya civilization. Continuously occupied until the Spanish Conquest. The most important pre-Hispanic constructive activity occurred during the early and late classical periods. It was partially abandoned with the rise of a group that hailed fromChichen Itza, probably around the final classical period (800–1000 AD).
Monte Albán-Zaachila-Oaxaca CityZapotec civilisation (Otomí people),Mixtec civilisation (Otomí people) Mexico500 BC c. 500 BC[33][better source needed][34][failed verification]The valley of modernOaxaca City, founded by the Spanish in 1532, has been continuously inhabited by theOto-Manguean peoples of Mesoamerica since ancient times. The outskirts of Oaxaca City host the ruins ofMonte Albán, once the capital of the Zapotecs for around 1000 years. Although Monte Albán proper was abandoned around 1000 AD, the city ofZaachila next to it rose in its place and was continuously inhabited until the arrival of Europeans.
TututepecMixtec civilization Mexicoc. 400 BC[35][page range too broad]First Tututepec settlements date to 400 BC, the site was nearly abandoned by 800 CE until Eight Deer brought a migration of Mixtecs to the site and made the location the capital of a new empire in 1083 CE, the city persists beyond Spanish conquest in 1522 into present day.[35]
Toluca-CalixtlahuacaOtomí peoples Mexico0400 c. 400 – c. 200 BC[36][37]Toluca, in theState of Mexico, has been continuously inhabited at least since the 8th century BC.[38][dubious –discuss] The oldest sedentary remains (Calixtlahuaca) date from around the 600 BC to 400 BC.[citation needed]
Papantla /El TajínTotonac people Mexicoc. 1st century AD[39][need quotation to verify]The town ofPapantla in the state ofVeracruz was founded by theTotonac people around the 13th century AD.[40] The neighboring monumental city ofEl Tajín was settled around the 1st century AD[41][39] until it was destroyed around the same time Papantla was founded.[39][40]
OraibiPuebloan peoples United Statesc. 1100 AD[42]
Cuernavaca (Cuauhnahuac)-TeopanzolcoNahuan peoples Mexico1200 AD c. 1200 AD[43]Founded by the Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico with the name Cuauhnahuac. The ruins ofTeopanzolco, now in downtown Cuernavaca, are thought to be the downtown of Cuauhnahuac, which was sieged and occupied by the Spanish in 1521, who renamed it to Cuernavaca.
TucsonHohokam United Statesc. 1300 AD[44]Hohokam village founded at the base ofSentinel Peak, laterTohono O'odam. Afterwards, became a Spanishpresidio.[45]
Mexico CityMexica culture (Nahuan peoples) Mexico1325 ADFounded as twin citiesTenōchtitlān (1325) andTlāltelōlco (1337) by theMexica. Name changed to Ciudad de México (Mexico City) after theSpanish conquest of the city in 1521. Several otherpre-Columbian towns such asAzcapotzalco,Tlatelolco,Xochimilco andCoyoacán have been engulfed by the still growing metropolis and are now part of modern Mexico City. Oldest capital city in the Americas.
Santo DomingoNew Spain Dominican Republic1496 ADOldest European settlement in theNew World.
San JuanNew Spain Puerto Rico1508 ADOldest continuously inhabited city in aU.S. territory.
Nombre de Dios, ColónNew Spain Panama1510 ADOldest continuously inhabited European settlement in continental America.
BaracoaNew Spain Cuba1511 ADOldest European settlement in Cuba.
HavanaNew Spain Cuba1519 ADOldest major city in Cuba, established 1515, granted city status in 1592 byPhilip II of Spain as "Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies".
VeracruzNew Spain Mexico1519 AD[46]The actual location of the settlement known as Veracruz changed multiple times. Originally established byHernán Cortés in April 1519 – near where he made landfall[a] – as theVilla Rica de la Vera Cruz,[b] it was moved within a month toTotonac Quiahuiztlan. This location lay further inland and required a long overland trek from the port atSan Juan de Ulúa to unload cargo, due to which the settlement was again moved in 1525, this time to the present-day location ofLa Antigua. Veracruz remained there until 1599, when pressure from mercantile elites inSeville,Mexico City, andPuebla de los Ángeles to relocate the settlement closer to the port to speed and secure trade caused it to be refounded at its present location asNuevo Veracruz.[46]
Panama CityCueva Civilisation. After European colonisation:New Spain Panama1519 AD[47]Oldest European settlement on the Pacific.
TaxcoNew Spain Mexico1529 AD[48][better source needed]
CompostelaNew Spain Mexico1530 AD[49][better source needed]
QuerétaroNew Spain,Otomi people,Purépecha people Mexico1531 AD[50]
PueblaNew Spain Mexico1531 AD[51]
TepicNew Spain Mexico1531 AD[52][better source needed]
CuliacánNew Spain Mexico1531 AD[53][better source needed]
CampecheNew Spain Mexico1540 AD[54]
MoreliaNew Spain Mexico1541 AD[55]
GuadalajaraNew Spain Mexico1542 AD[56][better source needed]
MéridaMaya civilization,New Spain Mexico1542 AD (as the Spanish city)[57]It was previously known asT'ho by the Maya.
ZacatecasNew Spain Mexico1548 AD[58][better source needed]
GuanajuatoNew Spain Mexico1548 AD[59][better source needed]
AcapulcoNew Spain Mexico1550 AD[60]
CartagoNew Spain Costa Rica1563 ADOldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Costa Rica.
St. AugustineNew Spain United States1565 ADOldest continuously inhabited European-founded city of the current 50 U.S. states.
Santa FeNew Spain United States1607 ADOldest continuously inhabited state or territorial capital in the continental United States.
Quebec CityNew France Canada1608 ADOldest city in Canada and oldest French-speaking city in the Americas.
St. John'sNewfoundland Canadac. 1610 ADOn 5 August 1583, SirHumphrey Gilbert claimed the area as England's first overseas colony under aroyal charter byQueen Elizabeth I.[61] Some claim[citation needed] to being the oldest city in Canada. Incorporated in 1883; inhabited continuously since sometime after 1610.[citation needed]
HopewellVirginia Company United States1613 ADFounded as Bermuda City in 1613 and later known asCity Point, Virginia, this location has undergone several name changes but has remained continuously inhabited.
AlbanyNew Netherlands United States1614 ADFollowed byJersey City, New Jersey (Communipaw) in 1617 and New York City (asNew Amsterdam) in1624. (Note: While there was an abandonment in 1617 or 1618 of the Albany settlement, it was re-established within a few years; also, the Jersey City settlement was afactorij or trading post in the 1610s and did not become a "homestead" (bouwerij) until the 1630s. Settlements inNew Netherlands sometimes moved around in the early years.)
PlymouthPlymouth Colony United States1620 ADFourth-oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city in the United States[62]
New York CityNew Amsterdam United States1624 ADFounded in 1624 as New Amsterdam. Was renamed New York City in 1667. Is the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States[63]
BostonMassachusetts Bay Colony United States1625 ADSettled in 1625 and established in 1630, the city ofBoston, Massachusetts, was established as the capital of theMassachusetts Bay Colony on theShawmut Peninsula. It is one of the oldest major cities of theUnited States.Boston was a key city in the earlyAmerican Revolution against theBritish Empire, eventually becoming the first city free of British rule in the United States.Boston is still one of the wealthiest and most important cities in theUnited States.
Port Royal-Annapolis RoyalNew France Canada1629 AD[64]Oldest continuously inhabited settlement incorporated as a Town in North America. Initial settlement was 1605, with confirmed continuous settlement since at least 1629.
Saint JohnNew France Canada1631 ADOldest incorporated city in Canada.
Trois-RivièresNew France Canada1634 ADFourth-oldest city in Canada.
MontrealNew France Canada1642 ADFifth-oldest city in Canada.
Sault Ste. MarieNew France Canada and United States1668 ADA single settlement until 1817, when it was divided intoSault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada andSault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States. The latter is the oldest European-founded city in the Midwestern United States and third-oldest US city west of the Appalachian Mountains.
PhiladelphiaProvince of Pennsylvania United States1681 ADIn 1681, KingCharles II gaveWilliam Penn a large piece of his newly acquired American land holdings to repay a debt the king owed toAdmiral Sir William Penn, Penn's father. Afterwards, Penn founded Philadelphia with a core group of accompanyingQuakers and others seeking religious freedom on lands he purchased from the local chieftains of the Lenape orDelaware nation.[65]
NatchitochesNew France United States1699 ADNatchitoches was established in 1714 by French explorerLouis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent European settlement within the borders of the 1803Louisiana Purchase.[66] Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on theRed River for trade with Spanish-controlledMexico; French traders settled there as early as 1699.
DetroitNew France United States1701 ADFirst European settlement above tidewater in North America.
San AntonioNew Spain United States1718 ADFounded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718, the city in 1731 became the first chartered civil settlement in what is now present-day Texas.
New OrleansNew France United States1718 ADJean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1718 upon the slightly elevated banks of the Mississippi River approximately 95 miles (153 km) above its mouth.[citation needed]
WinnipegBritish America Canada1738 ADFounded asFort Rouge. Oldest city in theCanadian Prairies.
CharlotteProvince of North Carolina United States1768 ADArea said to have been pre-colonially settled by theCatawba tribe withrecords dating back to 1567.
San DiegoNew Spain United States1769 ADBirthplace ofCalifornia and oldest city on the West Coast of the United States.
TorontoUpper Canada Canada1793 ADFounded asYork, Upper Canada.
VictoriaColony of Vancouver Island Canada1843 ADOldest city on the West Coast of Canada.

South America

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
CuscoInca Empire Peruc. 1100 AD[dubious –discuss]TheKillke occupied the region from 900 to 1200, prior to the arrival of theIncas in the 13th century. Carbon-14 dating ofSacsayhuamán, the walled complex outside Cusco, has demonstrated that theKillke culture constructed the fortress about 1100.[67]
CumanáNew Granada Venezuela1515 ADOldest continuously inhabited, European-established settlement in the continent.
Santa MartaNew Granada Colombia1525 ADOldest still-inhabited city founded by Spaniards in Colombia.
São Vicente, São PauloGovernorate General of Brazil Brazil1532 ADFirstPortuguese city in the Americas.[68]
PiuraPeru Peru1532 ADOldest European-founded city in Peru.[69]
LimaPeru Peru1535 ADSecond-oldest continuously inhabited European-settled capital city in South America. The oldest being Quito.
Vila Velha, Espírito SantoGovernorate General of Brazil Brazil1535 ADSecond-oldest continuously inhabited Portuguese-settled village in South America. The oldest is São Vicente.
CaliNew Granada Colombia1536 ADOn 25 July 1536 Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali, first established a few kilometres north of the present location, near what are now the towns of Vijes and Riofrío.
AsunciónViceroyalty of Rio de la Plata Paraguay1537 ADJuan de Salazar y Espinoza, traversing the Paraguay River on his way fromBuenos Aires, stopped briefly at a bay in the left bank to resupply his ships. He found the natives friendly, and decided to found a fort there in August 1537. He named it Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción (Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption – the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15).
BogotáNew Granada Colombia1540 ADThe name of Bogotá, is derived from Bacatá, an indigenous area inhabitanted by the nativeMuisca encompassing what is presently the Colombian capital.
SantiagoCaptaincy General of Chile Chile1541 ADOldest continuously inhabited European established settlement inChile.
SalvadorGovernorate General of Brazil Brazil1549 ADFirstplanned city founded by Portuguese, and first capital ofBrazil.
Santiago del EsteroRío de la Plata Argentina1553 ADOldest continuously inhabited city inArgentina.
São PauloGovernorate General of Brazil Brazil1554 ADOn January 25, 1554, a group ofJesuit missionaries, led byFather Manuel da Nóbrega, settled on aplateau then called Piratininga, where they founded acollege dedicated to theevangelization of theAmerindian populations. The name São Paulo, initiallySão Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, was given to it because it was the day dedicated to theapostle with that name.[70]

Asia

[edit]

West Asia

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
DiyarbakırMesopotamia Turkeyc. 8000 BC[71][72]Within the city center lies the Amida Mound (Amida Höyük), with archaeological evidence of settlement dating back to around 8000 BC. Additionally, theÇayönü Mound, located within Diyarbakır's provincial borders, is considered one of the earliest known permanent human settlements.
AleppoLevant Syriac. 5000 BC[73]The site of Aleppo may have been inhabited since the 6th millennium BC.[74][75]
ByblosLevant Lebanonc. 5000 BC[76]Inhabited since Neolithic times, it has been closely linked to the legends and history of the Mediterranean region for thousands of years. Byblos is also directly associated with the history and diffusion of the Phoenician alphabet.
SidonLevant Lebanonc. 4000 BC[77][78]The old Sidon neighborhood has been continuously inhabited since 4000 BC.[78]
DamascusLevant Syriac. 3000 BC[79][80]Excavations on the outskirts of the city have revealed evidence of inhabitation as early as 8000 to 10,000 BC.[80][81]
JerusalemLevant
Israel andPalestine		c. 3000 BC[82][83]TheExecration Texts (c. 19th century BC), which refer to a city calledrwš3lmm, variously transcribed asRušalimum/Urušalimum/Rôsh-ramen[84][85] and theAmarna letters (c. 14th century BC) may be the earliest mention of the city.[86][87] Nadav Na'aman argues its fortification as the centre of a kingdom dates to around the 18th century BC.[88]
TyreLevant Lebanonc. 2750 BC[89][90][91]Tyre was founded as an island city around 2750 BC.[89]
JeninLevantPalestinec. 2450 BC[citation needed]Jenin's history goes back to 2450 BC, when it was built by theCanaanites. After 1244, Jenin flourished economically because of its location on the trade route, until a major earthquake completely destroyed the city.
HamaLevant Syriac. 2400 BC[92]
ErbilMesopotamia Iraqc. 2300 BC[93]TheCitadel of Erbil is a fortified settlement in Erbil, Iraq. The city corresponds to the ancient Assyrian city of Arbela. Settlement at Erbil can be dated back to possibly 6000 BC, but there was no urban life untilc. 2300 BC.[94][95]
AnkaraAnatolia Turkeyc. 2000 BC[96]The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to theHattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age.
JaffaLevant Israelc. 2000 BCArchaeological evidence shows habitation from 7500 BC.[97]
AcreLevant Israelc. 2000 BCThere were initial settlements in the Acre area dated around 3000 BC.[98]
JablehLevant Syria2nd millennium BC[99][100]There were initial settlements in the area of Jableh, such asTell Sukas, dated between the 6th-7th millennium BC, andTell Tweini.
BeirutLevant Lebanonc. 2000 – c. 1800 BC[101][better source needed]
LatakiaSyria Syria2nd millennium BC[102][103][better source needed]In the 2nd millennium BC, the city was the Canaanite port of Ramitha; it was part of the Kingdom of Ugarit, only a few miles further north.[104]
Dumat al-JandalAl-Jawf Saudi Arabiac. 1000 BCIt was named afterDumah, son ofIshmael and was the capital city of theQedarite Kingdom.
EskişehirAnatolia Turkeyc. 1000 BCThe city was founded by thePhrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4,000 years old. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city'sarcheological museum.
GazaLevantPalestinec. 1000 BCWhile evidence of habitation dates back at least 5,000 years, it is said to be continuously inhabited for a little more than 3,000 years.[105][106]
HebronLevantPalestineIron Age[107]
JerichoLevantPalestineearly 1st millennium BC[citation needed]Traces of habitation from c. 9000 BC.[108][109] Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city.[110]

Archaeological evidence indicates that the city was destroyed and abandoned several times (sometimes remaining uninhabited for hundreds of years at a time), with later rebuilding and expansion.[111][112]

MedinaHejaz Saudi Arabia9th century BC[113]Medina has been inhabited at least 1500 years before theHijra.[113]
VaniColchis Georgiabefore 8th century BC[114][115]
Hamadan (Ecbatana)Media Iranc. 800 BC[116]The capital city of theMedian Empire.
YerevanYerevan Armenia782 BC[117][118]What is now Yerevan has been settled since at least 3000 BC, at the site ofShengavit.[citation needed] Founded asErebuni Fortress by theUrartians[118] and most likely inhabited continuously thereafter; though, historical sources from the 5th century BC to the 7th century AD are lacking.[117]
TabrizMedia Iran714 B.C.[119]An important and prosperous city along thesilk road, it was made the capital city several times during various periods under various ruling dynasties of the region.
Istanbul (asByzantion)Thrace,Anatolia Turkey685 BC Anatolia; 660 BC Thrace[120]Founded as a colony ofMegara. Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC.
KutaisiColchis Georgia6th to 4th century BCArchaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom ofColchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC.[121]
BosraLevant Syriac. 500 BC[122][better source needed]

Central and South Asia

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
MultanPunjab Pakistan3000–2800 BC[123][better source needed]One of the oldest cities in South Asia. Also known as Mulasthana or Kashyapapura, this city was founded byKashyapa, according to Hindu Puranas.[124] The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of theIndus Valley Civilisation.
KandaharArachosiaAfghanistan3000–1500 BC[125][better source needed]Perhaps the oldest city inAfghanistan.Mundigak is an important archeological site and is located in the present dayKandahar Province.[126]
BalkhBactria Afghanistan2000-1000 BC[127]It was considered a major stop on theSilk Road as well as the birthplace ofZoroastrianism and was a major hub forBuddhism. Arab conquerors have called itUmm-al-belad, mother of cities.
DelhiIndraprastha India1200–900 BC[128][129][130]Established as the ancient city ofIndraprasthac. 1200 – c. 900 BC, the later capital of theKuru empire (afterHastinapura) by the rulingKuru dynasty, over theUpper Ganges-Yamuna doabs of Northern India.
VaranasiKashi Indiac. 1200 BC[131][132]Oldest continuously inhabited city in India. Finds its mention in Ancient Vedas.
SayramTransoxiana Kazakhstan1000 BC[133][better source needed]Oldest continuously inhabited city in Kazakhstan. The city of Sayram is believed by some historians to have been mentioned in theAvesta, with Sairima possibly meaning Sayram. Evidence of an early plumbing system has been found around Sayram and Transoxiana.
DushanbeAchaemenid Tajikistan1000 BC[134]Bronze Age burials were discovered dating from the end of the second to the beginning of the first millennium BC. Achaemenid dishes and ceramics were found 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Dushanbe in Qiblai, as the city was controlled by the Achaemenids from the sixth century BC.[135]
SamarkandSogdia Uzbekistan800–500 BC[136]Oldest continuously inhabited city in Uzbekistan.
UjjainMalwa Indiac. 600 BC[137]Rose to prominence in c. 600 BC as capital ofAvanti.[citation needed]
PeshawarGandhara Pakistan539 BC[138][better source needed]One of the oldest cities of Pakistan, the area was part ofPushkalavati, the capital ofGandhara.[139] During theKushan Empire, it was known as Purushapura.[140]
BukharaSogdia Uzbekistanc. 500 BC[141]Bhukara was an importantCentral Asian hub on theSilk Road. The name dates back to theSanskrit wordvihāra, orBuddhist monastery. The city was known for its manymadrasas and was the center of theKhanate of Bhukara, which dominated modern dayUzbekistan.[citation needed]
Sialkot (Sagala)Punjab Pakistan4th century BCThe first record of Sialkot dates from the invasion ofAlexander the Great, who conquered upper Punjab in 326 BCE.[142]
AnuradhapuraKingdom of Rajarata Sri Lanka4th century BC[143]
TamlukTamralipta India3rd century BC[144][better source needed]Tamluk or Tamralipta was an ancient port city inBengal, on theBay of Bengal.[144] According to ancientJain texts,Tamralipta was the capital of theVanga kingdom.[145] The Chinese pilgrimFaxian visited the city in the 5th century AD, andXuanzang visited it in the 7th century.[146]Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar was an independent parallel government established in the areas of Tamluk, during theQuit India Movement (1942–1944). It was the first people's government and only parallel government running independently for two years duringBritish Raj.[147]
MaduraiPandyan Kingdom India3rd century BCCarbon dating evidences of artefacts found at Vaigai Civilisation are found to be from 3rd century BC[148]Megasthenes may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BC, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.[149] The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city ofMathura, as it was a large and established city in theMauryan Empire.[150]
TiruchirappalliChola IndiaAt least from 200 BC[citation needed]Currently a major city inTamil Nadu
LahorePunjab Pakistanc. 1-7th century ADThe origin of Lahore can be traced back somewhere between 1st and 7th centuries A.D.[151] One of the oldest cities of South Asia. The first document that mentions Lahore by name is theHudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written by an unknown author in 982 AD.
Kathmandu-Lalitpur, NepalNepal Nepal2nd century AD[citation needed]The epigraphically attested history of Kathmandu valley begins in the 2nd century.

East Asia

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
Yanshi, Henan (Erlitou Site)Xia dynasty Chinac. 1900 BC[152]
Luoyang (asXibo, Luoyi, Zhongguo, Henan, Dongdu, Shendu)Shang dynasty Chinac. 1600 BC[153]
HandanJin,Zhao Chinac. 1080 BC[154]
Beijing (asJi, Youzhou, Fanyang, Yanjing, Zhongdu, Dadu)Ji,Yan Chinac. 1045 BCPaleolithicHomo sapiens lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.[155]
Zibo (asYingqiu, Linzi, Qiling, Zichuan, Boping)Qi Chinac. 1045 BC[156]The Lord of Qi, Jiang Ziya, set the capital of his manor at Yingqiu (营丘), which is today's Linzi District.
Jingzhou (asJinan, Yingdu, Jiangling, Jingsha, Nanjun)Chu Chinac. 689 BC[157]
Weinan (asDongfu)Qin Chinac. 668 BC
Hefei (asLuyi, Ruyin, Luzhou, Hezhou, Lujiang)Zhou dynasty Chinac. 650 BCThe Viscount of Lu was asked to set the capital of his manor at Luyi (庐邑), which is in the north of today's downtown Hefei.
Suzhou (asGusu, Wu, Pingjiang)Wu China514 BC
Taiyuan (asJinyang)Jin Chinac. 497 BC
Nanjing (asYecheng, Moling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jinling, Yingtian, Jiangning)Wu Chinac. 495 BCFu Chai, Lord of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area.
ChengduShu Chinac. 400 BCThe 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Changsha (asLinxiang, Xiangzhou, Tanzhou, Tianlin)Chu Chinac. 365 BC
Kaifeng (asDaliang, Bianzhou, Dongjing, Bianjing)Wei Chinac. 364 BCThe State of Wei founded a city called Daliang (大梁) as its capital in this area.
ChongqingBa Chinac. 316 BC
Liaoyang (asXiangping, Changping, Liaodong, Pingzhou, Liaozhou, Dongdu, Dongjing)Yan Chinac. 279 BC
Guangzhou (asPanyu)Qin dynasty China214 BC[158][159]Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign ofJi Yan,[160][161]king ofZhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[162][161]
KashgarShule Kingdom China2nd century BCThe city of Kashgar was the capital of the IranicShule Kingdom and served as a major hub of theSilk Road.[163]
Pyeongyang (asWanggeom-seong)Gojoseon North Korea194 BCBuilt as the capital city of Gojoseon in 194 BC.
GyeongjuSilla South Korea57 BCBuilt as the capital city of Silla in 57 BC.
Seoul (asWiryeseong)Baekje South Korea18 BCBuilt as the capital city of Baekjae in 18 BC.
Osaka (asOsumi)Japan Japan390 ADIt was inhabited as early at the 6th–5th centuries BC, and became a port city during theKofun period. It temporarily served as the capital of Japan from 645 to 655.
Nara (asHeijō)Japan Japan708 ADBuilt in 708 and became the capital city in 710 as Heijō-kyō.
Kyoto (asHeian, and sometimes known in the west asMiyako)Japan Japan710 ADShimogamo Shrine was built in the 6th century, but the city was officially founded as Heian in 710 and became the capital city in 794 as Heian-kyō.

Southeast Asia

[edit]
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
HanoiÂu Lạc Vietnam257 BCIn 257 BC, after defeating the lastHùng king,An Dương Vương merged Văn Lang and Nam Cương in to Âu Lạc and set the capital atCổ Loa citadel, nowadays Đông Anh district of Hanoi. It was also mentioned as Tống Bình in 454 AD and the Đại La citadel was built in 767 during the reign ofEmperor Daizong of Tang.Ly Cong Uan then renamed it Thăng Long in 1010.
HuếLâm Ấp Vietnam192 ADHuế was built under the name Kandarpapura and used for about 1 century from the beginning of the 4th century to the end of the 4th century (after 380) during the period when Hinayana Buddhism (Thevarada) and Hinduism heavily influenced Lâm Ấp.[164][165]
JakartaTarumanagara Indonesia417 AD[166]The present area ofJakarta is continuously inhabited as recorded in stone inscription at least since the 5th century CE. According to the 5th centuryTugu inscription, the coastal lands in present day Tugu village inNorth Jakarta, was settled as the capital ofTarumanagara kingdom. The city is continuously inhabited later asSunda Kelapa, the harbour ofSunda Kingdom (7th century to 1527), asJayakarta (1527–1619),Dutch port city ofBatavia (1610–1942), and Jakarta (1942–today).[167]
PyayPyu city-states Myanmar638 ADMuch debate surrounds the construction of Sri Ksetra.Htin Aung suggests that Pyu might have been founded in 78 CE, based on the Sanskrit / Pyu Era.D. G. E. Hall andGordon Luce, however, claim that civilisation of the Irrawaddy Valley could not have been possible before the 4th century, thus, attributing the founding of Sri Ksetra to 638, from which the current Burmese Kawza Era begins.
PalembangSrivijaya Indonesia683 AD[168]Believed to be the oldest city in the Malay realm, capital of theSrivijaya empire. According toKedukan Bukit inscription[168]Jayanasa established Srivijaya kingdom in Palembang area.
Luang PrabangMuang Sua Laos698 AD
YogyakartaMataram Kingdom Indonesia732 AD[169]The historic realm of Mataram of Southern Central Java region, which corresponds to today Yogyakarta city and its surrounding has its root in 8th century Mataram Kingdom. According toCanggal inscription dated 732, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of theMedang Kingdom, identified asMdang i Bhumi Mataram established byKing Sanjaya.[169] The city reestablished again as the capital ofMataram Sultanate in 1587, andYogyakarta Sultanate in 1755.
MalangKanjuruhan Kingdom Indonesia740 ADAccording to Dinoyo inscription, Malang in the past known as Kanjuruhan kingdom and badut temple dated 740 AD but the city itself established older than the temple and inscription. Today Malang Raya or Malang city is the 2nd largest city and metro area in east Java.
Nakhon Si ThammaratTambralinga Thailand775 ADAn inscription was found at Wat Sema Muang that bore: The king ofSrivijaya "had established a foothold on theMalay Peninsula at Ligor" by 775, where he "built various edifices, including a sanctuary dedicated to theBuddha and to theBodhisattvasPadmapani andVajrapani."[170]: 84–85, 91 
Siem ReapKhmer Empire Cambodia801 AD[171]Capital of theKhmer Empire.
LamphunHariphunchai Thailand896 AD
MagelangMataram Indonesia907 ADMagelang was established on 11 April 907. Magelang was then known as a village called Mantyasih, which is now known as Meteseh.[172]
Hưng YênTĩnh Hải quân Vietnam966 ADSet as the temporary capital of area controlled by warlordPhạm Bạch Hổ during theAnarchy of the 12 Warlords
Hoa LưĐại Cồ Việt Vietnam968 ADAfter reunifying Vietnam and ending theanarchy of the 12 warlords,Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was crowned Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt and set the capital atHoa Lư. The city lies in a mountainous area and had a defensive position that contributed to the victory of Đại Cồ Việt against the Song dynasty of China.
Bandar Seri BegawanPo-ni andBruneian Empire Brunei977 AD[173]Oldest city inBorneo.
ButuanRajahnate of Butuan Philippines1001 AD[174][175]Oldest continuously inhabited city inMindanao.
Bắc NinhĐại Cồ Việt Vietnam1009 ADIn 1009, Cổ Pháp village was converted into the city of Thiên Đức, nowadays Bắc Ninh city.
KediriKediri Kingdom Indonesia1042 AD[176]Along with changes in name, it is essentially a union of the two capitals ofPanjalu Kingdom andJanggala Kingdom. The settlements are always interspersed along both banks ofBrantas River. Administratively, the Government ofIndonesia divides Kediri into two political entities,Kediri Regency and the Town ofKediri which is located in the middle of the regency. Nevertheless, archaeological remains exist beyond administrative boundaries and settlements often spread disregarding administrative boundaries between both entities.
YangonKonbaung dynasty Myanmar1043 AD[177]Yangon was founded asDagon in the early 11th century (circa 1028–1043) by theMon but was renamed to "Yangon" afterKing Alaungpaya conquered Dagon.
SurabayaJanggala Kingdom Indonesia1045 AD[178]: 147 

The port city ofJanggala or Hujung Galuh was one of the twoJavanese capital city that was formed whenAirlangga abdicated his throne in 1045 in favour of his two sons.[178]: 147  The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of theKingdom of Kahuripan. The other Kingdom wasKediri. Derived its name from the words "suro" (shark) and "boyo" (crocodile), two creatures which are in a local myth.[179]

SingaporeKingdom of Singapura Singapore1170 AD[180]
SukhothaiLavo Kingdom Thailand1180 AD
SinghapalaRajahnate of Cebu Philippinesc. 1300 AD[181][182]Ancient city founded by Sri Rajahmura Lumaya orSri Lumay, a half TamilChola prince.[183] Now part of Barangay Mabolo in Northern district ofCebu City.[181][182]
Banda AcehAceh Sultanate Indonesia1205 AD

Originally named Kutaraja, which means "City of the King".

ManilaTondo andRajahnate of Maynila Philippines1258 AD[184]A settlement in the Manila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by Rajah Avirjirkaya whom described as a "Majapahit Suzerain". This settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Manila as a "Muslim principality".[184] By 1570, when theSpanish, led byMiguel López de Legazpi, arrived, it was still inhabited and led by at least oneLakan and severalRajahs.
Nam ĐịnhĐại Việt Vietnam1262 ADIn 1262, Tức Mặc village was converted into the city of Thiên Trường, nowadays Nam Định city.
Chiang RaiNgoenyang Thailand1262 AD
Chiang MaiLanna Kingdom Thailand1294 AD or 1296 ADMangrai founded Chiang Mai in 1294[185] or 1296[186]: 209  on a site that theLawa people called Wiang Nopburi.[187][188]
TaungooPagan Kingdom Myanmar1279 ADTaungoo was founded in 1279 in the waning days ofPagan as part of frontier expansion southwards.
SagaingSagaing Kingdom Myanmar1315 ADSagaing was the capital ofSagaing Kingdom (1315-1364), one of the minor kingdoms that rose up after the fall ofPagan dynasty, where one ofThihathu's sons, Athinkhaya, established himself.[170]: 227 
AyutthayaAyutthaya Kingdom Thailand1350 AD

Derived its name from the holy Hindu city ofAyodhya, it was the capital city of Siam from 1350 until 1767.

MuarMajapahit Malaysia1361 AD[189]
Phnom PenhKhmer Empire Cambodia1372 AD[190]
MalaccaMalacca Sultanate Malaysia1396[191]
BangkokAyutthaya Kingdom ThailandEarly 15th century ADThe history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, when it was a village on the west bank of theChao Phraya River, under the rule ofAyutthaya.[192]
Hải DươngĐại Việt Vietnam1469 AD[193]
Hội AnĐại Việt Vietnam1471 AD[194]
BogorSunda Kingdom Indonesia1482 AD

Europe

[edit]
NameHistorical region/periodPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
PlovdivNeolithic Europe,Iron Age Europe Bulgaria6000 BC[195][better source needed]Evidence of continuous settlement since 6000 BC.[196][195][better source needed] Later aThracian settlement in the Iron Age. In the 4th century BC, Philipopolis (Plovdiv) emerged as a city, founded as such byPhilip II of Macedon, the father ofAlexander the Great.[197][198]
ArgosNeolithic Europe,Mycenaean Greece Greece5000 BC[199][200]The city has been continuously inhabited mostly as an urban settlement for 7,000 years. Recorded history begins in mid 2nd millennium BC.
ChaniaCrete Greece4th millennium BC[201]Minoan foundation asKydonia.
ThebesAegean civilization Greecec. 3000 BC[202][203]Thebes was settled in prehistoric times, with evidence of settlement dating back to around 3000 BC. According to Greek mythology, the city was founded byCadmus, who sowed the teeth of a dragon into the ground, from which warriors sprang to build the city.
AthensAegean civilization Greece3rd millennium BC[204][205][206]Oldest recorded history begins at least from 1600 BC,[207] Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 5,000 years, making it the oldest European capital city.
ShkodraIllyria Albania2250–2000 BC[208]Continuously inhabited since the Early Bronze Age,[208] an urban settlement calledSkodra was founded by Illyrians in the 4th century BC and fortified inmoenia aeacia style,[209][210] it became the capital of theIllyrian kingdom under theArdiaei andLabeatae and was one of the most important cities of the Balkans in ancient times.[211]
LarisaAegean civilization Greecec. 2000 BC[212][213]Founded by thePelasgians, who are believed to have named the city in Thessaly asLarissa, a term that signifies 'citadel' or 'fortress'.[214]
NafplioMycenaean Greece GreeceEarly 14th century BC[215]Mentioned asNuplija, the port of Mycenae, in the "Aegean List" of theMortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, early 14th century BC.[215]
CádizPhoenicia Spainc. 1100 BC[216]Founded asGadir by thePhoenicians.
MateraPrehistoric Italy Italyc. 1000 BC[217]According to Leonardo A. Chisena, the area was first settled in thePalaeolithic (10th millennium BC).[218][verification needed] According to Anne Parmly Toxey, Matera has been "occupied continuously for at least three millennia".[217]
Zadar (as Zara)Liburnia Croatiac. 900 BC[219][220]Continuously inhabited since the 9th century BC, the district of present-day Zadar has been populated sinceprehistoric times. The earliest evidence of human life comes from theLate Stone Age, while numerous settlements have been dated as early as theNeolithic. TheLiburnians had settled by the 9th century BC. Its population at that time is estimated at 2,000.[221][222]
DerbentCaucasus Russia8th century BCContinuously inhabited since the 8th century BC, it was a part ofCaucasian Albania that became a satrap of the PersianAchaemenid Empire.[223]
LisbonLusitania Portugal8th century BC[224][225][226]Roman city ofOlisipo. Phoenician settlement since as early as 800 BC.[227][228][229][230]
MálagaPhoenicia Spain770 BC[231][page needed]Founded asMálaka by thePhoenicians.
MdinaAncient Malta Malta8th century BC[232][page needed]Founded asPhoenicianMelite.
RomeLatium Italyc. 753 BCThe traditional founding date is 753 BC. Archaeology shows that the site has been inhabited sincec. 1200 – c. 1000 BC, with urbanisation beginning around the mid-eighth century BC.[233]
Reggio di Calabria (as Rhegion)Magna Graecia Italy743 BC[234]
Catania (as Katane)Sicily,Magna Graecia Italy729 BC[235]Built at the foot ofMount Etna, the city has a seismic history and it was destroyed several times by earthquakes or by eruptions and lava flows; but every time it was rebuilt again. For this reason, Catania adopted the symbol of thePhoenix and theLatinmottoMelior de cinere surgo (I rise from my ashes in a better state than before).
Corfu (city) (as Kerkyra)Corfu Greecec. 709 BC.[236]Founded as a colony of the Greek city of Corinth
Istanbul (asByzantion)Thrace,Anatolia Turkey685 BC Anatolia; 660 BC Thrace[120]Founded as a colony ofMegara; Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC.
SyracuseSicily Italyca. 680-675 BC (traditionally 734 BC)[237][238][239]A colony of the Greek city ofCorinth.
NaplesMagna Graecia Italyc. 680 BC[240]Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, calledParthenope, was founded by settlers fromCumae. This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC.
DurrësIllyria Albania627–625 BC[241]Founded as the Greek colony ofEpidamnos in cooperation with the localIllyrianTaulantii.[242]
SozopolThrace Bulgaria610 BC[243]Founded byMilesian colonists around 610 BC, was named Apollonia Pontica in honour of the patron deity of Miletus – Apollo. The Ancient authors identify the philosopher named Anaximander as the founder of the city.
KerchCrimea Ukraine (Crimea is occupied by Russia since 2014)c. 610 BCFounded as an Ancient Greek colony known asPanticapaeum.[244]
Marseille (as Massalia)Archaic Greece France600 BC[245][246][247]Founded as a colony of the Greek city ofPhocaea.
ConstanțaDobruja Romaniac. 600 BC[248][249]Founded as the Greek colony of Tomis.[250]
Bilhorod-DnistrovskyiBudjak Ukraine6th century BC[251]Founded as an Ancient Greek colony ofTyras.[252][253]
NesebarThrace Bulgariabeginning of the 6th century BC[254]Originally aThracian settlement, known asMesembria, the town became aGreek colony when settled byDorians fromMegara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, then known as Mesembria. It was an important trading centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol). It remained the onlyDorian colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were typicalIonian colonies. At 425–424 BC the town joined theDelian League, under the leadership ofAthens.[254]
MangaliaDobruja Romaniamiddle or end of the 6th century BC[255][256]Founded as the Greek colony ofCallatis by the city ofHeraclea Pontica. The Greek colony was likely developed on the site of an earlierGetic settlement namedAcervetis orCarbatis.[257]
VarnaThrace Bulgaria585–570 BC[258]Founded asOdessos by settlers from the Greek city ofMiletus.[259]
SofiaMoesia Bulgaria4th century BC[260]Celtic foundation asSerdica.[261] Habitation in the area since 7000 BC,[262]
LezhëIllyria Albania4th century BCFounded byIllyrians in the 4th century BC as an urban settlement with the nameLissos, it became an important city in theIllyrian kingdom under theArdiaei andLabeatae.[263]: 177 [264][265][266]
Stara ZagoraThrace Bulgaria342 BC[267][268]It was called Beroe in ancient times and was founded byPhilip II of Macedon[267][269][270][268] although a Thracian settlement neolithic inhabitation have been discovered as well. It also has the oldest copper mines in Europe (5th millennium BC)
ThessalonikiMacedonia (ancient kingdom) Greece315 BC[271][272]Founded as a new city in the same place of the older cityTherme.
BeratIllyria Albania4th century BCFounded by Illyrians orCassander of Macedon asAntipatreia.[273][274]
BelgradeIllyria Serbia279 BC[275][better source needed]The present day territory of Belgrade has been continuously inhabited for more than 7000 years.Proto-urbanVinča culture prospered around Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. The fortified city of Belgrade founded around 279 BC asSingidunum.
BragaLusitania Portugalc. 16-15 BC[276]Bracara Augusta was founded in 16-15 BC under the order of the emperorAugustus.
StrasbourgGermania Superior France12 BCFirst official mention as the Roman camp ofArgentoratum. The area had been populated since theMiddle Paleolithic.[277]
ColchesterBritain United Kingdom20-10 BCConsidered to be the oldest recorded town in the United Kingdom. First British town to be given the statusColonia in the Roman empire, where it was known asCamulodunum and was recorded byPliny the Elder. The Celtic name of the city, Camulodunon appears on coins minted by tribal chieftain Tasciovanus in the period 20–10 BC. Before the Roman conquest of Britain, it was already a centre of power for Celtic kingCunobeline.[278]

Oceania

[edit]
Further information:List of towns and cities in Australia by year of settlement
NameHistorical regionPresent locationContinuously
inhabited since		Notes
HagåtñaCaptaincy General of the Philippines United States1668 ADFounded by Spanish Jesuit friarDiego Luis de San Vitores, originally achamorro settlement.[279][280]
SydneyNew South Wales Australia1788 ADOldest city in Australia.Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in theUpper Paleolithic period.[281][282] However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney'sfar western suburbs' gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought, although they lived exclusively ashunter-gatherer tribes until theearly British colonial period.[283][284][285] The first people to occupy the Sydney region were anIndigenous Australian group called theEora.[286][287]
HobartTasmania Australia1803 ADSecond-oldest city in Australia. Prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied for at least 8,000 years, but possibly for as long as 35,000 years,[288] by the semi-nomadicMouheneener tribe, a sub-group of theNuennone, or South-East tribe.[289]
George TownTasmania Australia1804 ADThird-oldest city in Australia.
NewcastleNew South Wales Australia1804 ADFourth-oldest city in Australia.
LauncestonTasmania Australia1806 ADFifth-oldest city in Australia.
PapeeteSociety IslandsFrance1818 ADEstablished by the British missionaryWilliam Pascoe Crook on the land of the rulingPōmare family.[290]
KerikeriNorthland New Zealandc. 1818 ADOldest European-founded settlement in New Zealand.
LevukaKubuna Fiji1820[291]Oldest European settlement inFiji.[291]
LahainaHawaiian Kingdom United States1823 ADStablished as the Hawaiian Kingdom's capital byKamehameha II in an already significantwhaling harbour where some of the firstAmerican missions where set.[292][293]
BluffSouthland New Zealand1824 ADPreviously known as Campbelltown, the oldest European-founded settlement in the South Island.
BrisbaneQueensland Australia1825 ADOldest city in Northern Australia, State Capital.
AlbanyWestern Australia Australia1826 ADOldest city on the West Coast of Australia.
PerthWestern Australia Australia1829 ADThe area had been inhabited by theWhadjukNoongar people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.[294]
MelbourneVictoria Australia1835 ADBefore the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years.[295] At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 20,000hunter-gatherers from threeindigenousregional tribes: theWurundjeri,Boonwurrung andWathaurong.[296][297]
KingscoteSouth Australia Australia1836 ADFirst official European settlement in South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. Situated onKangaroo Island, it was occupied by an Aboriginal group from as long as 16,000 years ago until their disappearance 2,000–4,000 years ago.
AdelaideSouth Australia Australia1836 ADState Capital of South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. European settlement began in 1836.
GeelongVictoria Australia1838 ADThe second-largest city in Victoria.
WellingtonWellington Region New Zealand1839 ADNew Zealand's capital city from 1865 until the present day.[298]
AucklandAuckland Region New Zealand1840 ADNew Zealand's capital city from 1841 to 1865. Prior to this, it was inhabited by Māori from about the 14th century.
DunedinOtago Region New Zealand1848 ADFirst New Zealand centre to be officially named a city (1865). Briefly the country's largest settlement.
BendigoVictoria Australia1851 ADFourth-largest city in Victoria.
DarwinNorthern Territory Australia1869 ADTerritory Capital. The area was inhabited by theLarrakia people before the Scottish explorerJohn Clements Wickham named the area Port Darwin in 1839. It was not permanently settled by Europeans until the current settlement started as Palmerston in 1869. The city was renamed to Darwin in 1911.
CanberraAustralian Capital Territory Australia1913 ADCapital city of Australia. Artifacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in Canberra dating at around 21,000 years ago.[299]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^It is salient to the discussion of continuous habitation that Cortés's initial founding of Veracruz was symbolic, rather than because he was actually establishing a permanent settlement. Founding a town allowed Cortés and his men to portray the land as not part of the Caribbean, thereby removing them from under the authority of the governor of Cuba,Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. Velázquez had revoked permission for the expedition before Cortés departed Cuba.[46]
  2. ^lit. Rich Town of the New Cross.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir (March 1983).Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Cultural Atlas). New York, NY: Facts On File Inc. p. 240.ISBN 9780871963345.
  3. ^Economou, Maria (August 1993)."Euesperides: A Devastated Site".Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics.1 (4). Digital Library and Archives,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved6 February 2009.
  4. ^Véron, A.; Goiran, J. P.; Morhange, C.; Marriner, N.; Empereur, J. Y. (2006)."Pollutant lead reveals the pre-Hellenistic occupation and ancient growth of Alexandria, Egypt".Geophysical Research Letters.33 (6) 2006GL025824.Bibcode:2006GeoRL..33.6409V.doi:10.1029/2006GL025824.S2CID 131190587.
  5. ^Jean-Daniel Stanley et al., "Alexandria, Egypt, before Alexander the Great: A multidisciplinary approach yields rich discoveries";GSA Today 17 (8), August 2007;doi:10.1130/GSAT01708A.1.
  6. ^abBreen, Colin; Forsythe, Wes; Smith, Laurence; Mallinson, Michael (2011)."Excavations at the medieval Red Sea port of Suakin, Sudan".Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa.46 (2): 205, 214, 217.doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580147.ISSN 0067-270X.
  7. ^Wyżgoł, Maciej (2024-12-11),"Archaeology of Postmedieval Sudan",Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History,doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1523,ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, retrieved2025-06-09
  8. ^S.C. Munro-Hay,Excavations at Aksum (London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989), pp. 12-25ISBN 0500970084
  9. ^Lee V. Cassanelli,The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p. 75.
  10. ^Desmonts (2004).Madagascar (in French). New York: Editions Olizane. pp. 114–115.ISBN 978-2-88086-387-6.
  11. ^Roman Adrian Cybriwsky,Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 15
  12. ^Cissé, M.; McIntosh, S.K.; Dussubieux, L.; Fenn, T.; Gallagher, D.; Chipps Smith, A. (2013), "Excavations at Gao Saney: new evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE",Journal of African Archaeology,11 (1):9–37,doi:10.3213/2191-5784-10233
  13. ^Bethwell A. Ogot,Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303.
  14. ^Sauvaget, J. (1950), "Les épitaphes royales de Gao",Bulletin de l'Ifan,XII (2):418–440
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  16. ^Lange, Dierk (1991), "Les rois de Gao-Sané et les Almoravides",Journal of African History (in French),32 (2):251–275,doi:10.1017/s002185370002572x,JSTOR 182617,S2CID 162674956
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  24. ^Centre, UNESCO World Heritage."Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo".UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved2024-02-27.
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  26. ^McCafferty, Geoffrey G. (1996)."The Ceramics and Chronology of Cholula, Mexico".Ancient Mesoamerica.7 (2):299–323.doi:10.1017/S0956536100001486.ISSN 1469-1787.Cholula is one of the oldest continuously occupied centers in Mesoamerica, with settlement dating back at least into the Middle Formative period (ca. 1000 B.C.).
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  32. ^Millet Cámara, Luis (2009)."Notes on Izamal City of Three Cultures"(PDF).Voices of Mexico.
  33. ^"Oaxaca | Mexico, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2024-03-05.Oaxaca, city, capital of Oaxaca estado (state), southern Mexico, lying in the fertile Oaxaca Valley, 5,085 feet (1,550 metres) above sea level. The city site, which has been inhabited for thousands of years, was important to numerous pre-Columbian civilizations, as evidenced by the Zapotec ruins at Monte Albán,
  34. ^Spencer, Charles S.; Redmond, Elsa M. (2001-06-01)."Multilevel Selection and Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500–100 B.C.".Journal of Anthropological Archaeology.20 (2):195–229.doi:10.1006/jaar.2000.0371.ISSN 0278-4165.
  35. ^abJoyce, Arthur A.; Workinger, Andrew G.; Hamann, Byron; Kroefges, Peter; Oland, Maxine; King, Stacie M. (2004-09-01)."Lord 8 Deer "Jaguar Claw" and the Land of the Sky: The Archaeology and History of Tututepec".Latin American Antiquity.15 (3):273–297.doi:10.2307/4141575.ISSN 1045-6635.JSTOR 4141575.
  36. ^Carbajal Correa, María del Carmen (2018)."Four Archaeological Sites in the State of Mexico"(PDF).Voices of Mexico:92–94.From the late pre-classical period (400 B.C. to A.D. 200) on, there were organized settlements with Olmec influence in the Valley of Toluca.
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  43. ^Valencia Valera, Víctor Hugo (2022)."Zona Arqueológica Teopanzolco" (in Spanish).Teopanzolco es una zona arqueológica del Valle de Morelos, cuyas evidencias más tempranas de ocupación se remontan al Posclásico Medio. Las excavaciones arqueológicas confirman que hubo por lo menos tres etapas constructivas de este asentamiento; en cada una de ellas se destruían parcialmente los edificios antiguos y sobre sus restos, se levantaban nuevos, a veces con una distribución distinta. Bajo el piso de la gran plaza se encuentran sepultados restos de los desplantes de los viejos muros y al interior de los basamentos, hay evidencias de la presencia de otros, más antiguos. Los primeros pobladores de Teopanzolco posiblemente eran los Tlahuicas, como lo mencionan las fuentes escritas del siglo XVI. A la llegada de los mexicas que conquistaron esta región y lo incluyeran a su imperio, Teopanzolco estaba en apogeo de su desarrollo. Los renovados templos, basamentos, casas y palacio, tuvieron que impresionar a los mexicas, sobre todo el imponente basamento de los templos de Tlaloc y Huitzilopochtli. En su interior estaban ocultos todavía dos templos más antiguos, que vieron luz hasta los años 1921 y 2018, respectivamente. Desafortunadamente el crecimiento de la moderna ciudad de Cuernavaca, borro muchas evidencias sobre la extensión original de este asentamiento y de la magnitud de sus construcciones durante el apogeo de su desarrollo. En los predios colindantes con la zona arqueológica se han detectado huellas de muros y materiales arqueológicos que nos amplían información sobre la historia de este lugar en época prehispánica. Ubicación cronológica principal: Posclásico Medio y Tardío, 1200 a 1521 d.C.
  44. ^Thiel, J. Homer.Cultural History of the Tucson Basin and the Project Area. pp. 7–11.
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  109. ^Martell, Hazel Mary (2001)."The Fertile Crescent".The Kingfisher Book of the Ancient World: From the Ice Age to the Fall of Rome. Kingfisher Publications. p. 18.ISBN 0-7534-5397-5.People first settled there from around 9000 B.C., and by 8000 B.C., the community was organised enough to build a stone wall to defend the city.
  110. ^Michal Strutin,Discovering Natural Israel (2001), p. 4.
  111. ^Ryan, Donald P. (1999)."Digging up the Bible".The Complete Idiot's Guide to Lost Civilizations. Alpha Books. p. [1].ISBN 0-02-862954-X.Archived from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved2020-04-23.The city was walled during much of its history and the evidence indicates that it was abandoned several times, and later expanded and rebuilt several times.
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  117. ^abHarootunian, N.V. (1959)."К датировке основания города Еревана" [On the date of the foundation of Yerevan].Historical-Philological Journal (in Russian) (2–3):94–96. Archived fromthe original on 19 August 2014.[С]тановится вполне ясным, что время основания этого города падает на 782 год до нашей эры. ... [А]рхеологический материал, происходивший из раскопок Эребуни-Еревана, с достаточной достоверностью показывает, что этот город продолжал свое существование не только в последний период урартского владычества ... но и после него, т.е. в VI-V вв. до нашей еры. О дальнейшей судьбе Еревана, вплоть до начала VII века нашей эры, история, к сожалению, умалчивает. После потери своего первенствующего значения еще в эпоху Урарту, он, по всей вероятности, свыше десяти веков продолжал оставаться одним из многочисленных рядовых поселков («аван»-ов) исторической Армении. С начала же VII века нашей эры Ереван снова начинает приобретать удельный вес и фигурирует снова в «Книге посланий» а затем — в «Истоии» Себеоса. В дальнейшем название Еревана все чаще и чаще упоминается в средневековых армянских источниках ... [ [I]t becomes quite clear that the founding of this city falls on 782 BC. ... [A]rcheological material originating from the excavations at Erebuni-Yerevan shows with sufficient credibility that this city continued to exist not only in the final period of Urartian rule ... but also after it, i.e. in the 6th–5th centuries BC. Regarding the subsequent fate of Erevan, history is unfortunately silent until the beginning of the 7th century AD. After losing its foremost significance all the way back in the era of Urartu, it most likely continued to be one of the many rank-and-file villages ('avans') of historical Armenia. Then, from the beginning of the 7th century AD Erevan once again begins to acquire particular weight and appears for the first time in theBook of Messages, then in Sebeos'sHistory. Thereafter the name of Erevan is mentioned with increasing frequency in medieval Armenian sources ...]
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  119. ^"Introduction to Tabriz city" (in Persian). University of Tabriz. Archived fromthe original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved2013-02-11.
  120. ^abBloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009).The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque. Oxford University Press. p. 1.ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved11 April 2013.Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BC.
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  252. ^An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 941
  253. ^Kryzhytskyi, Serhiy.Iсторична довiдка [Historical reference].Official website of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (in Ukrainian).
  254. ^abPetropoulos, Ilias."Mesembria (Antiquity)".Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Εύξεινος Πόντος.Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved8 June 2011.
  255. ^Stanecka, Ewa (2013)."Callatis as a seaport".Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization.17 (17).Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka:326–327.doi:10.12797/SAAC.17.2013.17.28.
  256. ^Maxim, Juliana (2023)."Emblems of Socialism: Romania's Black Sea Resorts, 1950s–60s". In Bozdoğan, Sibel; Pyla, Panayiota; Phokaides, Petros (eds.).Coastal Architectures and Politics of Tourism: Leisurescapes in the Global Sunbelt.Routledge. p. 82.ISBN 9781032147192.
  257. ^"KALLATIS (Mangalia) SE Romania".Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved30 June 2024.
  258. ^Carro, Luis (2018)."Varna: la capital de la costa del Mar Negro".Senderismoeuropa.com.Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved2021-04-23.
  259. ^An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 936
  260. ^Carro, Luis (2020)."La capital de Bulgaria: Sofía".Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved2021-04-23.
  261. ^The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond,ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin."
  262. ^Ghodsee, Kristen (2005).The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea.Duke University Press. p. 21.ISBN 0822387174.Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved2021-09-28.
  263. ^Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". InTsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.).Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 155–186.ISBN 9789047442448.
  264. ^Sedlar, Jean W. (2013).East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. p. 111.ISBN 9780295800646.
  265. ^Shehi, Eduard (2015).Terra sigillata en Illyrie méridionale et en Chaonie: importations et productions locales (IIe S. AV. J.-C. -IIe S. AP. J.-C.). Col·lecció Instrumenta (in French). Vol. 48. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Publicacions i Edicions. p. 34.ISBN 978-84-475-4238-3.Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved2023-04-11.
  266. ^Shpuza, Saimir (2014). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). "Iron Age Fortifications and the Origin of the City in the Territory of Scodra".Novensia.25. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 106,116–118.ISBN 978-83-934239-96.ISSN 0860-5777.
  267. ^abWomen and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations by Sandra Rae Joshel,Sheila Murnaghan, 1998, page 214, "Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace."
  268. ^abThe cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials) by Velizar Iv Velkov,1977, page 128, "Founded by Philipp II on the site of an old Thracian settlement, it has existed without interruption from that time."
  269. ^Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region by Lynda Mulvin, 2002, page 19, "Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon)",
  270. ^Philip of Macedon by Louïza D. Loukopoulou, 1980, page 98, "Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv)."
  271. ^Bastéa, Eleni; Hastaoglou-Martinidis, Vilma (2020). "Urban change and the persistence of memory in modern Thessaloniki". In Keridis, Dimitris; Kiesling, John Brady (eds.).Thessaloniki: A City in Transition, 1912–2012.Routledge. pp. 260–261.ISBN 978-0-429-51366-4.Archived from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved2023-08-28.
  272. ^Evangelidis, Vassilis (2022).The Archaeology of Roman Macedonia: Urban and Rural Environments. Oxbow Books. p. 106.ISBN 978-1-78925-802-8.Archived from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved2023-08-26.... especially in continuously inhabited cities like Thessaloniki or Beroia ...
  273. ^Fiedler, M.; Lahi, B.; Shehi, E.; Pánczél, S.-P.; Velo, K.; Döhner, Gregor (2021). "Ausgrabungen in der Kleinsiedlung Babunjë bei Apollonia (Albanien) Bericht zu den Kampagnen 2018–2019".Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung.127: 137.Die Illyrier durchliefen eine dynamische Ent-wicklung mit Gründung eigener Städte wohl ab dem mittleren 4. Jh. v. Chr. wie Dimal und Byllis68. Ob hierzu auch Antipatreia (Berat)69 am östlichen Eingang zur Myzeqe-Ebene nur 40 km von Babunjë entfernt gehörte oder die Stadt erst durch Kassander (neu?) gegründet wurde, ist derzeit offen.
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  276. ^Morais, Rui."Transition from the Pre-Roman World to the Roman World in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula: The Example of Bracara Augusta"(PDF).Repositorio UP.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-03-06. Retrieved2022-03-06.
  277. ^"Du Paléolithique au Néolithique". Musées de la ville de Strasbourg.Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved3 September 2018.
  278. ^"Boudica and the Slaughter at Camulodunum".Archived from the original on 2022-10-22. Retrieved2022-10-22.
  279. ^Guijo, Javier Galván (1998-06-17)."La presencia española en Micronesia. San Ignacio de Agaña, primera ciudad de Oceanía".Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales (in Spanish):429–448.ISSN 2659-3254.
  280. ^Herman, Doug."A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam".Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved2025-08-17.
  281. ^Macey, Richard (2007)."Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years".The Sydney Morning Herald.Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved5 July 2014.
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  283. ^Attenbrow, Val (2010).Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records. Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 152–153.ISBN 978-1-74223-116-7.Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved11 Nov 2013.
  284. ^Stockton, Eugene D.; Nanson, Gerald C. (April 2004). "Cranebrook Terrace Revisited".Archaeology in Oceania.39 (1):59–60.doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2004.tb00560.x.JSTOR 40387277.
  285. ^International, Survival."Aboriginal peoples".www.survivalinternational.org. Retrieved2024-03-20.
  286. ^Geoffrey Blainey; A Very Short History of the World; Penguin Books; 2004;ISBN 978-0-14-300559-9
  287. ^Mulvaney, D J and White, Peter, 1987, Australians to 1788, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, Sydney
  288. ^"Encyclopaedia Britannica – History of Tasmania".Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved17 July 2008.
  289. ^The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia. (ed.) David Horton. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 1994 [2 vols] (see: Vol. 2, pp. 1008–10 [with map]; individual tribal entries; and the 'Further Reading' section on pp. 1245–72).
  290. ^"Histoire de Papeete".Ville de Papeete (in French). 2025-08-11. Retrieved2025-08-18.
  291. ^abCentre, UNESCO World Heritage."Levuka Historical Port Town".UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved2023-11-23.
  292. ^"Lahaina | Whaling Town, Maui Island, Pacific Ocean, & 2023 Fire | Britannica".www.britannica.com. 2025-08-17. Retrieved2025-08-17.
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  294. ^Sandra Bowdler."The Pleistocene Pacific".archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au.University of Western Australia. Archived fromthe original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved26 February 2008. Published in 'Human settlement',D. Denoon, ed. (1997).The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–50.ISBN 9780521441957.
  295. ^Gary Presland,The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997.ISBN 0-646-33150-7. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in theMaribyrnong River valley, near present dayKeilor, about 40,000 years ago."
  296. ^Gary Presland,Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People, Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994,ISBN 0-9577004-2-3. This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management, particularly the period from the flooding of Bass Strait and Port Phillip from about 7–10,000 years ago, up to the European colonisation in the nineteenth century.
  297. ^Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen,People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001ISBN 0-9577728-0-7
  298. ^"Wellington New Zealand History Information, Historical Places in Wellington NZ". New Zealand Tourism Guide. 10 April 1968.Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved16 February 2023.
  299. ^Flood, J. M.; David, B.; Magee, J.; English, B. (1987), "Birrigai: a Pleistocene site in the south eastern highlands",Archaeology in Oceania,22:9–22,doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1987.tb00159.x

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