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List of nearest exoplanets

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Epsilon Indi Ab, 12 light-years away, with its parent starEpsilon Indi A blacked out, as pictured byJWST in 2023.[1]
Distribution of nearest known exoplanets as of March 2018

There are 6,128 knownexoplanets, or planets outside theSolar System that orbit a star, as of October 30, 2025; only a small fraction of these are located in the vicinity of the Solar System.[2] Within 10parsecs (32.6light-years), there are 106 exoplanets listed as confirmed by theNASA Exoplanet Archive.[note 1][3] Among the over 500 known stars andbrown dwarfs within 10 parsecs,[4][note 2] around 60 have been confirmed to have planetary systems; 51 stars in this range are visible to the naked eye,[note 3][6] eight of which have planetary systems.

The first report of an exoplanet within this range was in 1998 for a planet orbiting aroundGliese 876 (15.3 light-years (ly) away), and the latest as of 2025 is a system aroundBarnard's Star (6.0 ly). The closest exoplanets are those found orbiting the star closest to the Solar System, which isProxima Centauri 4.25 light-years away. The first confirmed exoplanet discovered in the Proxima Centauri system wasProxima Centauri b, in 2016.HD 219134 (21.6 ly) has six exoplanets, the highest number discovered for any star within this range.

Most known nearby exoplanets orbit close to their stars. A majority are significantly larger than Earth, but a few have similar masses, including planets aroundYZ Ceti,Gliese 367, Proxima Centauri, andBarnard's Star which may be less massive than Earth. Several confirmed exoplanets are hypothesized to bepotentially habitable, with Proxima Centauri b andGJ 1002 b (15.8 ly) considered among the most likely candidates.[7] TheInternational Astronomical Union has assigned proper names to some known extrasolar bodies, including nearby exoplanets, through theNameExoWorlds project. Planets named in the 2015 event include the planets aroundEpsilon Eridani (10.5 ly) andFomalhaut,[note 4][10] while planets named in the 2022 event include those aroundGliese 436,Gliese 486, andGliese 367.[11]

Exoplanets within 10 parsecs

[edit]
Key to colors
°Mercury,Earth andJupiter (for comparison purposes)
#Confirmedmultiplanetary systems
↑Exoplanets believed to bepotentially habitable[7]
Confirmed exoplanets[3]
Host star systemCompanion exoplanet (in order from star)Notes and additional planetary observations
NameDistance
(ly)
Apparent
magnitude
(V)		Mass
(M☉)
Label
[note 5]		Mass
(M🜨)[note 6]
Radius
(R🜨)
Semi-major axis
(AU)
Orbital period
(days)
Eccentricity
Inclination
(°)
Discovery
method		Discovery year
Sun°0.000016−26.71Mercury0.0550.38290.38788.00.2053.38——For comparison purposes. One candidate planet
Earth111365.30.01677.25——
Jupiter317.810.9735.204,3330.04886.09——
Proxima Centauri#4.246511.130.123d≥0.26~0.81 ± 0.080.02895.1220.04—RV2025[13][14][15] one disputed candidate (c)[16][17][18][19]
b↑≥1.070.94 – 1.40.048611.190.02—RV2016
Barnard's Star#5.96299.510.162d≥0.26—0.01882.3400.04—RV2025[20]
b≥0.30—0.02293.1540.03—RV2024
c≥0.34—0.02744.1240.08—RV2025
e≥0.19—0.03816.7390.04—RV2025
Lalande 21185#8.3047.520.46b≥2.69—0.078812.940.06—RV20191 candidate[21]
c≥13.6—2.942,9460.13—RV2021
Epsilon Eridani10.5013.730.82Ægir318—3.532,6800.0640RV2000[22] 1 inferred planet, 1 or possibly 2 inner debris discs, and an outerdisc[23]
Lacaille 9352#10.7247.340.489b≥4.2—0.0689.2620.03—RV20191 candidate[24][25]
c≥7.6—0.12021.790.03—RV2019
Ross 12811.00711.10.168b↑≥1.40—0.04969.8660.12—RV2017[26]
Gliese 725 A11.4918.940.330b≥2.78—0.06811.22010.0—RV2024[27]
Groombridge 34 A#11.6198.10.38b≥3.03—0.07211.440.09~54?RV2014[28][29]
c≥36—5.47,6000.27~54?RV2018
Epsilon Indi A11.8674.830.762b2005—28.463,4000.40103.7RV2018nearest exoplanet directly imaged[30][31]
GJ 1061#11.9847.520.113b≥1.37—0.0213.204<0.31—RV2019two solutions for d's orbit[32]
c↑≥1.74—0.0356.689<0.29—RV2019
d↑≥1.64—0.05413.03<0.53—RV2019
YZ Ceti#12.12212.10.130b≥0.70—0.01632.0210.06—RV2017[33]
c≥1.14—0.02163.0600.0—RV2017
d≥1.09—0.02854.6560.07—RV2017
Luyten's Star#12.34811.940.29c≥1.18—0.03654.7230.10—RV20172 candidates[34][24]
b↑≥2.89—0.091118.650.17—RV2017
Teegarden's Star#12.49715.400.08b↑≥1.16—0.02594.9060.03—RV2019[35][36]
c↑≥1.05—0.045511.420.04—RV2019
d≥0.82—0.079126.130.07—RV2024
Wolf 1061#14.05010.10.25b≥1.91—0.03754.8870.15—RV2015[34]
c↑≥3.41—0.089017.870.11—RV2015
d≥7.7—0.4702170.55—RV2015
TZ Arietis14.57812.300.14b≥67—0.887710.46—RV20192 refuted candidates[24][37][38]
Gliese 687#14.8399.150.41b≥17.2—0.16338.140.17—RV2014[24][37]
c≥16.0—1.1657280.40—RV2019
Gliese 67414.8499.380.35b≥11.1—0.0394.6940.20—RV2007[39]
Gliese 876#15.23810.20.33d6.68—0.02101.9380.0456.7RV2005[40]
c235—0.130930.100.2656.7RV2000
b749—0.209861.100.0356.7RV1998
e16—0.3355123.60.0556.7RV2010
GJ 1002#15.80613.840.12b↑≥1.08—0.045710.35——RV2022[41]
c↑≥1.36—0.073821.2——RV2022
Gliese 83216.2008.670.45b315—3.73,8530.0551 or 134RV20081 refuted candidate[42][43]
GJ 3323#17.53112.20.164b≥2.0—0.03285.360.2—RV2017[34]
c≥2.3—0.12640.50.2—RV2017
Gliese 25118.2159.650.372b≥4.0—0.081814.20.10—RV2020[44]
Gliese 752 A19.2929.130.46b≥12.2—0.3431060.10—RV2018[45][46]
82 G. Eridani#19.7044.260.79b≥2.15—0.12618.30.06—RV2011[47]
c≥2.98—0.36389.70.08—RV2011
d↑≥5.82—1.3546480.45—RV2023
HN Librae20.39511.320.29b≥5.5—0.14236.10.08—RV20231 candidate[48]
EQ Pegasi A20.40010.380.436b718—0.6432840.3569.2Astrometry2022[49]
Gliese 581#20.54910.50.295e2.5—0.02803.150.0147RV20093 refuted candidates and adisc[50]
b20.5—0.03995.370.0347RV2005
c6.8—0.071812.90.0347RV2007
Gliese 338 B20.6587.00.64b≥10.3—0.14124.50.11—RV2020[51]
Gliese 62521.13110.20.30b≥2.8—0.078414.6~0.1—RV2017[52]
HD 219134#21.3365.570.78b4.71.600.03883.09~085.05RV2015[53][54][55]
c4.41.510.0656.770.06287.28RV2015
f≥7.3—0.14622.70.148~87?RV2015
d≥16—0.23746.90.138~87?RV2015
g≥11—0.37594.20~87?RV2015
h (e)≥108—3.112,2470.06~87?RV2015
LTT 1445 A#22.38710.530.26c1.541.150.02663.12<0.2287.43Transit20211 candidate[56][57][58]
b2.871.300.03815.36<0.1189.68Transit2019
Gliese 39322.9538.650.41b≥1.71—0.05407.030.00—RV2019[24][59]
Gliese 667 C#23.62310.20.33b≥5.4—0.0497.200.13~52?RV20095 dubious candidates
[60][7][61][62][24]
c↑≥3.9—0.125128.20.03~52?RV2011
Gliese 51424.8789.030.53b≥5.2—0.4211400.45—RV2022[63]
GJ 115126.23114.010.164c≥10.6—0.571390——RV20231 refuted candidate[64][65][66][67]
Gliese 48626.35111.3950.32Su2.81.310.01731.47<0.0588.4Transit2021[68]
Gliese 68626.6139.580.42b≥7.1—0.09715.50.04—RV2019[69][24]
GJ 128927.27512.67[70]0.21b≥6.3—0.271120—RV2024[71]
61 Virginis#27.8364.740.95b≥6.1—0.054.220.05~77?RV2009a debrisdisc[72]
c≥17.9—0.2238.10.06~77?RV2009
d≥10.5—0.471230.12~77?RV2009
CD Ceti28.05214.0010.161b≥3.95—0.01852.290—RV2020[73]
Gliese 785#28.7396.130.78b≥17—0.32750.13—RV2010[74]
c≥24—1.18530~0.3—RV2011
Gliese 849#28.75010.40.49b≥270—2.261,9100.05—RV2006[75][24]
c≥300—4.825,5200.087—RV2006
Gliese 433#29.6059.790.48b≥6.0—0.0627.370.04—RV2009[76][24][77]
d≥5.2—0.17836.10.07—RV2020
c≥32—4.825,0900.12—RV2012


Gliese 367#30.7199.980.45Tahay0.630.700.00710.3220.0679.89Transit2021[78][79]
c≥4.1—0.07711.50.09~80?RV2023
d≥6.0—0.15934.40.14~80?RV2023
Gliese 357#30.77610.90.34b6.11.170.0353.930.0288.92Transit2019[80][24]
c≥3.6—0.0619.130.04~89?RV2019
d↑≥7.7—0.20455.70.03~89?RV2019
Gliese 17630.93710.10.45b≥8.0—0.0668.770.08—RV20071 disputed candidate[81][82][24]
GJ 3512#30.97615.10.123b≥147—0.3382040.44—RV2019[83][84]
c≥143—1.7222,350——RV2020
G 192-15#31.07514.50.132b≥1.03—0.01722.2750—RV2025[84]
c≥14.3—1.1371,2190.68—RV2025
Wolf 106931.22913.990.167b↑≥1.26—0.067215.56——RV2023[85]
AU Microscopii#31.6838.630.50b174.380.06458.4630.1089.03Transit20202 candidates[86][87][88][89]
c<283.510.110118.86088.62Transit2020
Gliese 43631.88210.670.41Awohali21.44.330.02802.640.1585.8RV2004[90][91] One dubious candidate (UCF-1.01)[92]
G 268-11031.88814.50.137b≥1.52—0.01281.4330—RV2025[84]
Gliese 4932.1588.90.57b≥16.4—0.10617.30.03—RV2019[93]
GJ 398832.31613.60.184b≥3.7—0.04056.9440—RV2023[94]
HD 260655#32.6089.770.439b2.141.2400.02932.7800.03987.35Transit2022[95]
c3.091.5330.04755.7060.03887.79Transit2022

Excluded objects

[edit]

Unlike for bodies within theSolar System, there is no clearly established method for officially recognizing an exoplanet. According to theInternational Astronomical Union, an exoplanet should be considered confirmed if it has not been disputed for five years after its discovery.[96] There have been examples where the existence of exoplanets has been proposed, but even after follow-up studies their existence is still considered doubtful by some astronomers. Such cases includeWolf 359 (7.9 ly, in 2019),[24]Tau Ceti (11.9 ly, in 2012 & 2017),[97]Gliese 682 (16.3 ly, in 2014),[77]andHD 102365 A (30.4 ly, in 2011).[97]There are also several instances where proposed exoplanets were later disproved by subsequent studies, including candidates aroundAlpha Centauri B (4.36 ly),[98]Kapteyn's Star (12.8 ly),[99]Van Maanen 2 (14.1 ly),[100]Groombridge 1618 (15.9 ly),[101]AD Leonis (16.2 ly),[102]40 Eridani A (16.3 ly),[103][104]Gliese 229 A (18.8 ly),[105]VB 10 (19.3 ly),[106] andFomalhaut (25.1 ly).[107]

A candidate planet aroundLHS 288 was proposed in 2007, but it has not been confirmed.[108] In 2021, a candidate planet was detected aroundVega, though it has yet to be confirmed.[109] Another candidate planet,Candidate 1, was directly imaged aroundAlpha Centauri A, though it may also be a clump of asteroids or an artifact of the discovery mechanism.[110] Candidate planets aroundLuyten 726-8 (8.77 ly), GJ 3378 (25.2 ly) andAchird (19.3 ly) were reported in 2024, 2024 and 2025, respectively.[111][71][112]

The Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union adopted in 2003 a working definition on the upper limit for what constitutes a planet: not being massive enough to sustain thermonuclear fusion ofdeuterium. Some studies have calculated this to be somewhere around 13 times themass of Jupiter, and therefore objects more massive than this are usually classified asbrown dwarfs.[113] Some proposed candidate exoplanets have been shown to be massive enough to fall above the threshold, and thus are likely brown dwarfs, as is the case for:SCR 1845-6357 B (13.1 ly),[114]SDSS J1416+1348 B (30.3 ly),[115] andWISE 1217+1626 B (30 ly).[116]

Excluded from the current list are known examples of potential free-floatingsub-brown dwarfs, or "rogue planets", which are bodies that are too small to undergo fusion yet they do not revolve around a star. Known such examples include:WISE 0855−0714 (7.4 ly),[117]UGPS 0722-05, (13.4 ly)[118]WISE 1541−2250 (18.6 ly),[119] andSIMP J01365663+0933473 (20.0 ly).[120]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Listed values are primarily taken fromNASA Exoplanet Archive,[3] but other databases include a few additional exoplanet entries tagged as "Confirmed" that have yet to be compiled into the NASA archive. Such databases include:
    "Exoplanet Catalog".Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 1995.Full table.
    "Exoplanets Data Explorer".Exoplanet Orbit Database. California Planet Survey. Click the "+" button to visualize additional parameters.
    "Open Exoplanet Catalogue". Click the "Show options" to visualize additional parameters. Archived fromthe original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved2015-02-14.
  2. ^For reference, the 100th closest known star system in April 2021 wasEQ Pegasi (20.4 ly).[4]
  3. ^According to theBortle scale, an astronomical object is visible to the naked eye under "typical" dark-sky conditions in a rural area if it has anapparent magnitude smaller than +6.5. To the unaided eye, the limiting magnitude is +7.6 to +8.0 under "excellent" dark-sky conditions (with effort).[5]
  4. ^The starEpsilon Eridani was namedRan (afterRán, the Norse goddess of the sea), and the planetEpsilon Eridani b was namedAEgir (afterÆgir, Rán's husband),[8] while the planetFomalhaut b was namedDagon (afterDagon, an ancient Syrian “fish god”[9]).[10]
  5. ^Exoplanet naming convention assigns uncapitalized letters starting fromb to each planet based on chronological order of their initial report, and in increasing order of distance from the parent star for planets reported at the same time. Omitted letters signify planets that have yet to be confirmed, or planets that have been retracted altogether.
  6. ^Most reported exoplanet masses have very large error margins (typically, between 10% and 30%). The mass of an exoplanet has generally been inferred from measurements on changes in theradial velocity of the host star, but this kind of measurement only allows for an estimate on the exoplanet's orbital parameters, but not on theirorbital inclination (i). As such, most exoplanets only have an estimatedminimum mass (Mreal*sin(i)), where theirtrue masses are statistically expected to come close to this minimum, with only about 13% chance for the mass of an exoplanet to be more than double its minimum mass.[12]

References

[edit]
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  3. ^abc"NASA Exoplanet Archive—Confirmed Planetary Systems".NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved2023-08-18.
  4. ^abReylé, Céline; Jardine, Kevin; Fouqué, Pascal; Caballero, Jose A.; Smart, Richard L.; Sozzetti, Alessandro (30 April 2021). "The 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era".Astronomy & Astrophysics.650: A201.arXiv:2104.14972.Bibcode:2021A&A...650A.201R.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140985.S2CID 233476431. Data available athttps://gruze.org/10pc/
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  7. ^abc"The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog".Planetary Habitability Laboratory.University of Puerto Rico in Arecibo. 2015-09-01.Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved2015-09-17.
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