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List of natural disasters by death toll

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Global multihazard mortality risks and distribution (2005) for cyclones, drought, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and volcanoes (excluding heat waves, snowstorms, and other deadly hazards).

Anatural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, major collateral damage, or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, cyclones, etc. To be classified as a disaster, it must have profound environmental effects or loss of life and frequently causes financial loss.

Ten deadliest natural disasters by highest estimated death toll excluding epidemics and famines

[edit]

This list takes into account only the highest estimated death toll for each disaster and lists them accordingly. It does not includeepidemics andfamines. The list also does not include the1938 Yellow River flood, which was caused by the deliberate destruction of dikes.

Death toll (Highest estimate)EventLocationDate
4,000,000[1][a]1931 China floodsChinaJuly 1931
2,000,000[2][3][4]1887 Yellow River floodSeptember 1887
500,000[5][1]1970 Bhola cycloneEast Pakistan (nowBangladesh)November 13, 1970
316,000[6]2010 Haiti earthquakeHaitiJanuary 12, 2010
≈300,000[b]1976 Tangshan earthquakeChinaJuly 28, 1976
300,000[10]526 Antioch earthquakeByzantine Empire (now Hatay/Turkey)May 526
≈300,000[11]1839 Coringa cycloneAndhra Pradesh,IndiaNovember 25, 1839
≈300,000[12]1737 Calcutta cycloneWest Bengal and BangladeshOctober 1737
273,407[13]1920 Haiyuan earthquakeChinaDecember 16, 1920
230,000[14]1139 Ganja earthquakeSeljuk Empire (present-dayAzerbaijan)September 30, 1139

Deadliest natural disasters by year excluding epidemics and famines

[edit]

20th century

[edit]
YearDeath tollsEventCountries affectedTypeDate
19006,000–12,0001900 Galveston hurricaneUnited StatesTropical cycloneSeptember 9
19019,5001901 eastern United States heat waveHeat waveJune–July
190229,0001902 eruption of Mount PeléeMartiniqueVolcanic eruptionApril–August
19033,5001903 Manzikert earthquakeTurkeyEarthquakeApril 29
19044001904 Sichuan earthquakeChinaAugust 30
190520,000+1905 Kangra earthquakeIndiaApril 4
190615,0001906 Hong Kong typhoonHong KongTropical cycloneSeptember 18
190712,000–15,0001907 Qaratog earthquakeUzbekistanEarthquakeOctober 21
190875,000–82,0001908 Messina earthquakeItalyDecember 28
19096,000–8,0001909 Borujerd earthquakeIranJanuary 23
19102,4501910 Costa Rica earthquakesCosta RicaMay 4
191141,072[15]1911 France heat waveFranceHeat waveJune–August
191250,000–220,0001912 China typhoonChinaTropical cycloneAugust 29
1913942–1,9001913 Eshan earthquakeEarthquakeDecember 21
19142,3441914 Burdur earthquakeTurkeyOctober 4
191529,978-32,6101915 Avezzano earthquakeItalyJanuary 13
19162,000–10,000White Friday avalanchesAvalancheDecember 13
19171,5001917 Bali earthquakeIndonesiaEarthquakeJanuary 21
19181,0001918 Shantou earthquakeChinaFebruary 13
19195,0001919 Kelud mudflowIndonesiaVolcanic eruptionMay 19
1920258,707–273,4071920 Haiyuan earthquakeChina, MongoliaEarthquakeDecember 16
1921215September 1921 San Antonio floodsUnited StatesFloodSeptember 7 –11
192250,000–100,000+1922 Shantou typhoonPhilippines, ChinaTropical cycloneJuly 27 –August 3
1923105,385-142,8001923 Great Kantō earthquakeJapanEarthquakeSeptember 1
19241,000Great flood of 99IndiaFloodJuly
19255,0001925 Dali earthquakeChinaEarthquakeMarch 16
19267091926 Havana–Bermuda hurricaneCuba, United States, Bahamas, BermudaTropical cycloneOctober 14 –28
192740,9121927 Gulang earthquakeChina, TibetEarthquakeMay 22
19284,112+1928 Okeechobee hurricaneUnited States, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Bahamas, Dominica,Tropical cycloneSeptember 12 –21
19293,257–3,8001929 Kopet Dag earthquakeIran, TurkmenistanEarthquakeMay 1
19302,000–8,0001930 San Zenón hurricaneDominican RepublicTropical cycloneSeptember 3
1931422,499–4,000,0001931 China floodsChinaFloodJuly – November
19323,103+1932 Cuba hurricaneCayman Islands, CubaTropical cycloneNovember 9
19336,865–9,3001933 Diexi earthquakeChinaEarthquakeAugust 25
193410,700–12,0001934 Nepal–India earthquakeNepal, IndiaJanuary 15
1935145,0001935 Yangtze floodChinaFloodJuly 6
19365,000+1936 North American heat waveUnited States, CanadaHeat waveJune – September
193711,0211937 Great Hong Kong typhoonChinaTropical cycloneSeptember 2
1938715+1938 Hanshin floodJapanFloodJuly
193932,700–32,9681939 Erzincan earthquakeTurkeyEarthquakeDecember 27
19401,0001940 Vrancea earthquakeRomaniaNovember 10
19411,2001941 Jabal Razih earthquakeYemenJanuary 11
194261,0001942 West Bengal cycloneIndiaTropical cycloneOctober 14 – 18
19432,824-5,0001943 Tosya–Ladik earthquakeTurkeyEarthquakeNovember 27
194410,0001944 San Juan earthquakeArgentinaJanuary 15
19454,0001945 Balochistan earthquakePakistanNovember 28
19462,5501946 Dominican Republic earthquakeDominican RepublicAugust 4
19471,077Typhoon KathleenJapanTropical cycloneSeptember 15
194810,000–110,0001948 Ashgabat earthquakeSoviet Union, IranEarthquakeOctober 6
19497,2001949 Khait earthquakeTajikistanJuly 10
19504,8001950 Assam-Tibet earthquakeIndia, ChinaAugust 15
19514,8001951 Manchuria floodChinaFloodSeptember 18
19522,3361952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquakeRussiaEarthquakeNovember 4
19532,551North Sea flood of 1953Netherlands, Belgium, England, ScotlandFloodJanuary 31–February 1
195433,0001954 Yangtze floodsChinaJune – September
19551,023+Hurricane JanetLesser Antilles, MexicoTropical cycloneSeptember 22 – 30
19564,935Typhoon WandaChinaAugust 1
19571,5001957 Sangchal earthquakeIranEarthquakeJuly 2
19581,269Typhoon IdaJapanTropical cycloneSeptember 26
19595,098Typhoon Vera
196014,174Severe Cyclonic Storm TenEast Pakistan (now Bangladesh)October 31
196111,468Cyclone WinnieMay 6 – 9
196250,935Tropical Storm HarrietThailand, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)October 19 – 31
196322,000Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm TwoEast Pakistan (now Bangladesh)May 28
19647,000Tropical Storm JoanVietnamNovember 4 – 11
196547,0001965 Bengal cyclonesEast Pakistan (now Bangladesh)May 11 – 12 and June 1 – 2
19668,0641966 Xingtai earthquakesChinaEarthquakeMarch 22
196710,0001967 Paradip cyclone[16]IndiaTropical cycloneOctober 26
196815,0001968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakesIranEarthquakeAugust 31
19693,0001969 Yangjiang earthquakeChinaJuly 26
1970300,000-500,0001970 Bhola cycloneIndia, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)Tropical cycloneNovember 13
1971100,000Hanoi andRed River Delta floodNorth VietnamFloodAugust 1
19725,3741972 Qir earthquakeIranEarthquakeApril 10
19724,000-11,0001972 Managua earthquakeNicaraguaDecember 23
19732,175–2,2041973 Luhuo earthquakeChinaFebruary 6
19748,210+Hurricane Fifi–OrleneHonduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, MexicoTropical cycloneSeptember 18 – 20
197526,000-240,0001975 Banqiao Dam Failure disaster triggered byTyphoon NinaChinaAugust 7
1976242,419–655,000[b]1976 Tangshan earthquakeEarthquakeJuly 28
197710,000–50,0001977 Andhra Pradesh cycloneIndiaTropical cycloneNovember 19
197815,000–25,0001978 Tabas earthquakeIranEarthquakeSeptember 16
19792,078Hurricane DavidDominican Republic, DominicaTropical cycloneAugust 15 – September 8
19802,633-5,0001980 El Asnam earthquakeAlgeriaEarthquakeOctober 10
19813,0001981 Golbaf earthquakeIranJune 11
19822,8001982 North Yemen earthquakeYemenDecember 13
19831,3421983 Erzurum earthquakeTurkeyOctober 30
19841,474Typhoon IkePhilippinesTropical cycloneAugust 26 – September 6
198523,000Armero tragedyColombiaVolcanic eruptionNovember 13
19861,746Lake Nyos disasterCameroonLimnic eruptionAugust 21
19871,0001987 Ecuador earthquakesEcuadorEarthquakeMarch 6
198825,000-50,0001988 Armenian earthquakeArmeniaDecember 7
19893,8141989 Sichuan floodChinaFloodJuly 27
199035,000-45,0001990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquakeIranEarthquakeJune 21
1991138,8661991 Bangladesh cycloneBangladeshTropical cycloneApril 24 – 30
19922,5001992 Flores earthquake and tsunamiIndonesiaEarthquake, TsunamiDecember 12
19939,7481993 Latur earthquakeIndiaEarthquakeSeptember 30
19943,063Typhoon FredChina, TaiwanTropical cycloneAugust 21
19956,434Great Hanshin earthquakeJapanEarthquakeJanuary 17
19961,0771996 Andhra Pradesh cycloneIndiaTropical cycloneNovember 4 – 7
19973,123Tropical Storm LindaVietnam, ThailandTropical cyclone, FloodNovember 1 – 9
199811,374Hurricane MitchHonduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, MexicoTropical cycloneOctober 22 – November 9
199910,000-30,000Vargas tragedyVenezuelaMudslide, FloodDecember 14 – 16
2000700–8002000 Mozambique floodMozambiqueFloodFebruary – March

21st century

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YearDeath tollEventCountries affectedTypeDate
200113,805–20,0232001 Gujarat earthquakeIndiaEarthquakeJanuary 26
20021,2002002 Hindu Kush earthquakesAfghanistanMarch 25
200372,0002003 European heat waveEuropeHeat waveJuly – August
2004227,8982004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamiIndonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives, SomaliaEarthquake, TsunamiDecember 26
200586,000–87,3512005 Kashmir earthquakeIndia, PakistanEarthquakeOctober 8
20065,749–5,7782006 Yogyakarta earthquakeIndonesiaMay 26
200715,000Cyclone SidrBangladesh, IndiaTropical cycloneNovember 11 – 16
2008138,373Cyclone NargisMyanmarApril 27 – May 3
20091,1152009 Sumatra earthquakesIndonesiaEarthquakeSeptember 30
2010100,000–316,0002010 Haiti earthquakeHaitiJanuary 12
201119,7492011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunamiJapanEarthquake, TsunamiMarch 11
20121,901Typhoon BophaPhilippinesTropical cycloneDecember 4 – 5
20136,340Typhoon HaiyanPhilippines, Vietnam, ChinaNovember 8 – 10
20142,7002014 Badakhshan mudslidesAfghanistanLandslideMay 2
20158,964April 2015 Nepal earthquakeNepal, IndiaEarthquakeApril 25
20161,111[17]2016 Indian heat waveIndiaHeat waveApril – May
20173,059Hurricane MariaPuerto Rico, DominicaTropical cycloneSeptember 19 – 21
20184,3402018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunamiIndonesiaEarthquake, TsunamiSeptember 28
20193,951+2019 European heat wavesEuropeHeat waveJune – July
20206,5112020 South Asian floodsAfghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri LankaFloodsMay – October
20212,2482021 Haiti earthquakeHaitiEarthquakeAugust 14
202224,501–70,000[c]2022 European heatwavesEuropeHeat waveJune 12 – September 12
202359,259–62,0132023 Turkey–Syria earthquakesTurkey, SyriaEarthquakeFebruary 6
202462,7002024 European heatwavesEuropeHeat waveJune – August
20255,4562025 Myanmar earthquakeMyanmar, ThailandEarthquake28 March

Lists of deadliest natural disasters by cause

[edit]

Avalanche and landslides (landslips)

[edit]
Main articles:List of avalanches by death toll,List of landslides,Avalanche, andLandslide
RankDeath toll (estimate)EventLocationDate
1.100,0001786Dadu Riverlandslide dam; triggered by the1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake[19]China1786
1920Haiyuan landslides; triggered by the1920 Haiyuan earthquake[19]1920
3.70,000+Landslides triggered by the1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake.[20]1718
4.22,0001970 Huascarán avalanche; triggered by the1970 Ancash earthquake[21]Peru1970
5.10,000–30,000Vargas tragedy[22]Venezuela1999
10,2531815 Singaraja landslide; triggered by1815 Bali earthquakeIndonesia1815
10,000White Friday avalanches[23][24]Italy1916
8.5,000–28,000Khait landslide[25][26]Tajikistan1949
9.4,000–6,0001941 Huaraz avalanche[27]Peru1941
4,0001962 Huascarán avalanche[21]1962

Disease outbreaks

[edit]
Main articles:List of epidemics and pandemics,Epidemic, andPandemic

Death counts are historical totals unless indicated otherwise.Events inboldface are ongoing.

RankDeath toll (estimate)EventLocationDatePathogen − (disease caused)
1.75–200 million[28]Black DeathEurope,Asia andNorth Africa1346–1353Yersinia pestis − (Plague)
2.50 million+ (17–100 million)[29][30]Spanish fluWorldwide1918–1920Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 − (Influenza/"the flu")
3.43 million (as of 2024)[31]HIV/AIDS pandemicWorldwide1981–presentHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) − (HIV/AIDS)
4.30–50 million[32][33][34]Plague of JustinianEurope andWest Asia541–542Yersinia pestis − (Plague)
5.7–29 million[35][36][37]COVID-19 pandemicWorldwide2019–2023[38]SARS-CoV-2 − (COVID-19)
6.12–24 million (Indian Subcontinent and China)[39]Third plague pandemicWorldwide1855–1960Yersinia pestis − (Bubonic plague)
7.5–15 million[40][41][42][43]Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548Mexico1545–1548Uncertain. LikelySalmonella enterica subsp.enterica − (Enteric fever) orviral hemorrhagic fever but no consensus.
8.5–10 million[44]Antonine PlagueRoman Empire165–180 (possibly up to 190)LikelyVariola − (Smallpox), possibly alongsideMeasles morbillivirus − (Measles)
9.5–8 million[42]1520 Mexico smallpox epidemicMexico1519–1520Variola virus − (Smallpox)
10.2.5 million[45]1918–1922 Russiatyphus epidemicRussia1918–1922Rickettsia prowazekii − (Epidemic typhus)

Earthquakes

[edit]
Main articles:Lists of earthquakes § Deadliest earthquakes, andEarthquake
RankDeath toll (estimate)EventLocationDate
1.242,419–655,000[46]1976 Tangshan earthquakeChinaJuly 28, 1976
2.110,000−316,0002010 Haiti earthquakeHaitiJanuary 12, 2010
3.250,000–300,000[10]526 Antioch earthquakeByzantine Empire (nowTurkey)May 526
4.273,407[13]1920 Haiyuan earthquakeNingxia,Republic of China (nowPeople's Republic of China)December 16, 1920
5.270,0001303 Hongdong earthquake[47]Mongol Empire (now China)September 17, 1303
6.260,000[48]115 Antioch earthquakeRoman Empire (now Turkey)December 13, 115
7.230,0001138 Aleppo earthquakeZengid dynasty (nowSyria)October 11, 1138
1139 Ganja earthquakeSeljuk Empire (nowAzerbaijan)20 September 1139
9.227,8982004 Indian Ocean earthquakeIndonesiaDecember 26, 2004
10.200,000856 Damghan earthquakeAbbasid Caliphate (nowIran)December 22, 856

Famines

[edit]
Main articles:List of famines andFamine

Note: Some of these famines may have been caused or partially caused by humans.

RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.11,000,000–40,000,000Great Chinese FamineChina1959–1961
2.25,000,000[49]Chinese famine of 1906–1907Qing dynasty1906–1907
3.9,000,000–13,000,000[50]Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–18791876–1879
4.11,000,000Chalisa famineNorth India1783–1784
Doji bara famine or Skull famineIndia1789–1793
6.10,000,000Great Bengal famine of 1770, incl. Bihar & OrissaBritish company India1769–1773
7.7,500,000Great European FamineEurope1315–1317
8.7,400,000Deccan famine of 1630–1632Mughal Empire, nowIndia1630–1632
9.5,000,000–8,000,000Soviet famine of 1930–1933Soviet Union1930–1933
10.8,200,000IndianGreat Famine of 1876–1878British India1876–1878

Floods

[edit]
Main articles:List of floods,List of deadliest floods, andFlood

Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans – for example, by failure of dams,levees,seawalls orretaining walls.
This list does not include the man-made1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes). Some of the death tolls below are unverified, see separate lists.

RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.422,499–4,000,000[51]1931 China floodsChina1931
2.930,000–2,000,0001887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood1887
3.230,000[52]1975 Banqiao Dam failure1975
4.145,0001935 Yangtze flood1935
5.100,000+St. Felix's flood, storm surgeHoly Roman Empire1530
7.100,000[53]1911Yangtze River floodChina1911
8.100,000[54][55][56][57]The flood of 1099Netherlands &England1099
9.50,000–80,000[55]St. Lucia's flood, storm surgeHoly Roman Empire1287
10.60,000North Sea flood, storm surge1212

Heat waves

[edit]
Main articles:List of heat waves andHeat wave

Note: Measuring the number of deaths caused by a heat wave requires complicated statistical analysis, since heat waves tend to cause large numbers of deaths among people weakened by other conditions. As a result, the number of deaths is only known with any accuracy for heat waves in the modern era in countries with developed healthcare systems.

RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.72,0002003 European heatwaveEurope2003
2.62,7002024 European heatwavesEurope2024
3.56,0002010 Russian heat waveRussia2010
4.24,501-70,0002022 European heatwavesEurope2022
5.47,000[58]2023 European heatwavesEurope2023
6.41,072[15]1911 France heat waveFrance1911
7.9,5001901 eastern United States heat waveUnited States1901
8.4,723+–16,500+[d]
[60]		2025 European heatwavesEurope2025
9.5,000–10,0001988–1990 North American droughtUnited States1988
10.3,9512019 European heatwavesEurope2019

Limnic eruptions

[edit]
Main article:Limnic eruption

Note: Only 2 cases in recorded history.

RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.1,744Lake Nyos disasterCameroonAugust 21, 1986
2.37Lake Monoun disasterAugust 15, 1984

Tornadoes

[edit]
Main articles:Tornado records andTornado
RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.1,300TheDaulatpur–Saturia tornadoManikganj, Bangladesh1989
2.751The1925 Tri-State tornadoUnited States (Missouri–Illinois–Indiana)1925
3.681The1973 Faridpur District tornadoBangladesh1973
4.6601969 East Pakistan tornadoEast Pakistan (nowBangladesh)1969
5.6001996 Bangladesh tornadoBangladesh1996
5.600TheValletta, Malta tornadoMalta1551 or 1556
7.500The1851 Sicily tornadoesSicily,Two Sicilies (now Italy)1851
Narail-Magura tornadoJessore,East Pakistan,Pakistan (now Bangladesh)1964
Madaripur-Shibchar tornadoBangladesh1977
10.400The1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreakSoviet Union (Volga Federal District,Central Federal District, andNorthwestern Federal District in Russia)1984

Tropical cyclones

[edit]
See also:List of the deadliest tropical cyclones andTropical cyclone

Note: Earlier versions of this list have included the so-called "Bombay Cyclone of 1882" in tenth position, but this supposed event has been proven to be ahoax.

RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.500,000+1970 Bhola cycloneEast Pakistan (now Bangladesh)November 13, 1970
2.300,0001839 Coringa cyclone[11]British India (nowIndia and Bangladesh)November 25, 1839
3.300,000+1737 Calcutta cycloneOctober 11, 1737
4.229,000Super Typhoon Nina—contributed toBanqiao Dam failureChinaAugust 7, 1975
5.200,000[61]Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876British Raj (now Bangladesh)October 31, 1876
6.138,8661991 Bangladesh cycloneBangladeshApril 29, 1991
7.138,373Cyclone NargisMyanmarMay 2, 2008
8.100,000July 1780 typhoon[62]Philippines1780
9.60,000+1864 Calcutta cycloneIndia and BangladeshOctober 5, 1864
10.50,000-220,0001912 China typhoonChinaAugust 29, 1912

Tsunamis

[edit]
See also:List of tsunamis andTsunami

Note: A possible tsunami in 1782 that caused about 40,000 deaths in theTaiwan Strait area may have been of "meteorological" origin (a cyclone).[63]

RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.227,8982004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamiIndian OceanDecember 26, 2004
2.~80,000[64]1908 Messina earthquakeItalyDecember 28, 1908
3.36,4171883 eruption of KrakatoaIndonesiaAugust 27, 1883
4.40,000–50,000[65]1755 Lisbon earthquakePortugalNovember 1, 1755
5.30,000–100,000Minoan eruptionGreece2nd Millennium BC
6.31,0001498 Meiō earthquakeJapanSeptember 20, 1498
7.30,0001707 Hōei earthquakeOctober 28, 1707
8.27,122[66]1896 Sanriku earthquakeJune 15, 1896
9.25,6741868 Arica earthquakeChileAugust 13, 1868
10.5,700[67]–50,000[68]365 Crete earthquakeGreeceJuly 21, 365

Volcanic eruptions

[edit]
Main articles:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll andVolcanic eruption
RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.71,000+[69]1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (see alsoYear Without a Summer)IndonesiaApril 10, 1815
2.36,000+[70]1883 eruption of KrakatoaAugust 27, 1883
3.30,000[71]1902 eruption of Mount PeléeMartiniqueMay 7, 1902
4.23,000[72]Armero tragedyColombiaNovember 13, 1985
5.15,000[73]1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunamiJapanMay 21, 1792
6.13,000[74]Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 ADItaly79
7.10,000+1586 Kelud eruptionIndonesia1586
8.6,000[75]1902 Santa Maria eruptionGuatemalaOctober 24, 1902
9.5,000[76]1919 Kelud mudflowIndonesiaMay 19, 1919
10.4,011[77]1822 Galunggung eruption1822

Wildfires

[edit]
Main articles:List of wildfires andWildfire
RankDeath tollEventLocationDate
1.1,200–2,500Peshtigo fireWisconsin, United StatesOctober 8, 1871
2.1,000+Kursha-2 fireSoviet UnionAugust 3, 1936
3.453Cloquet fire[78]Minnesota, United StatesOctober 12, 1918
4.418–476Great Hinckley FireSeptember 1, 1894
5.282Thumb FireMichigan, United StatesSeptember 5, 1881
6.2401997 Indonesian forest fires[79][80]Sumatra andKalimantan, IndonesiaSeptember 1997
7.160–3001825 Miramichi fireCanadaOctober 7, 1825
8.223Matheson FireOntario, CanadaJuly 29, 1916
9.2111987 Black Dragon fire[79][80]China andSoviet UnionMay 1, 1987
10.173Black Saturday bushfires[79][80]AustraliaFebruary 7, 2009

Winter storms

[edit]
Main articles:List of blizzards,Blizzard, andWinter storm
RankDeath toll (estimate)EventLocationDate
1.4,0001972 Iran blizzardIran1972
2.3,000Carolean Death MarchNorway1719
3.9262008 Afghanistan blizzardAfghanistan2008
4.400Great Blizzard of 1888United States1888
5.353Great Appalachian Storm of 19501950
6.3181993 Storm of the Century1993
7.299–9782021 North American winter stormUnited States andMexico2021
8.286December 1960 nor'easterUnited States1960
9.250Great Lakes Storm of 1913United States and Canada (Great Lakes region)1913
10.235Schoolhouse BlizzardUnited States1888

See also

[edit]
Other lists organized by death toll

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Estimate byNova's sources are close to 4  million and yet Encarta's sources report as few as 1  million. Expert estimates report wide variance.
  2. ^abIn January 1977, Taiwan'sMilitary Intelligence Bureau, unfriendly to the mainland Chinese government, claimed they obtained an internal document dated nine days after the1976 Tangshan earthquake, that found 655,237 dead.[7] Scholars found 655,237 to be a "suspiciously accurate figure" just 9 days after the earthquake.[8] An internal document dated seven weeks after the earthquake that historians could verify found 263,299 deaths.[9] Modern historians estimated "at least 300,000".[9]
  3. ^Figure represents deaths reported by authorities. In 2024, the Barcelona Institute for Global Health computed a death toll of >70,000 by analysing daily temperature and mortality data.[18]
  4. ^Spain: 3,839[59]
    United Kingdom: 570+ (estimated)
    Portugal: 285+
    Italy: 5+
    France: 4+
    Turkey: 17+
    Cyprus: 2+
    Albania: 1+

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"The world's worst natural disasters".CBC News. August 30, 2010 [May 8, 2008]. RetrievedSeptember 21, 2023.
  2. ^"Top 10 Deadliest Natural Disasters".Listverse. September 7, 2007.Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. RetrievedMarch 28, 2020.
  3. ^"NOVA Online | Flood! | Dealing with the Deluge". PBS.Archived from the original on March 18, 2010. RetrievedAugust 11, 2010.
  4. ^Pappas, Stephanie; Means, Tiffany (March 3, 2022)."Top 11 Deadliest Natural Disasters in History".livescience.com.Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. RetrievedJanuary 28, 2020.
  5. ^"The 16 deadliest storms of the last century". Business Insider India. September 13, 2017.Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 23, 2022.
  6. ^"Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts". CNN. December 12, 2013.Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 26, 2020.
  7. ^"Quake Toll in China Put at 655,000 In Report Said to Come From Area".New York Times. January 5, 1977. p. 4. Archived fromthe original on February 20, 2018.
  8. ^Musson, Roger M.W. (2011). "Great Earthquakes". In Gupta, Harsh K. (ed.).Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer. p. 567.suspiciously accurate figure of 655,237 deaths
  9. ^ab王瓒玮 (July 28, 2016)."唐山大地震四十年：反思与"记忆"".东方历史评论. 广东省东方历史研究基金会. Alternative title "唐山大地震40年：从死亡人数到天灾还是人祸仍是一地鸡毛" on 界面新闻, 28 July 2016. Archived fromthe original on January 15, 2021.
  10. ^abNational Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972)."Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
  11. ^ab"The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll"(PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 6, 2008. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on June 14, 2019. RetrievedMarch 11, 2011.
  12. ^Bilham, Roger."The 1737 Calcutta Earthquake and Cyclone evaluated"(PDF).Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. RetrievedSeptember 21, 2023.
  13. ^ab"Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated". Xinhua News Agency. Archived fromthe original on August 20, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2014.
  14. ^National Geophysical Data Center (1972)."Significant Earthquake Information AZERBAIJAN: GYZNDZHA".ngdc.noaa.gov. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. RetrievedJune 4, 2021.
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