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List of massacres of Turkish people

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This is a list of massacres againstTurks and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.

List

NameDatePresent locationPerpetratorsDeathsNotes
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contractionc. 1820 to 1920FormerOttoman territories andthe Russian EmpireVarious Christian forces or nation states in theCaucasus,Crimea,Southeastern EuropeEstimated up to around 5 to 5.5 million[1][2][3][4]

Death estimates include non-Turkish people

Massacres of the Muslim population during the Russo-Turkish WarApril 1877–March 1878Balkans andCaucasusArmies of the Russian Coalition, mainly Russian Army250,000–600,000[5][6]
Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks14–15 November 1944Georgia (country)Meskheti,GeorgiaNKVD12,589–50,000
Buda massacreSeptember 1686HungaryBuda,HungaryArmies of theHoly League+3,000[7]
Navarino massacre[8]19 August 1821GreecePylos,GreeceGreek revolutionaries3,000
Tripolitsa massacre[9]23 September 1821GreeceTripoli, GreeceGreek revolutionaries6,000–30,000[10][11]
Galați massacre20 February 1821RomaniaGalați,RomaniaGreek revolutionaries50–300[12]
Massacres of the Turkish population during theApril UprisingApril–May 1876BulgariaBulgariaBulgarian revolutionaries200–1,000[13][14][15]
Harmanli massacre16–17 January 1878BulgariaHarmanli, BulgariaRussian Army2,000–5,000[16]
Kızanlık massacres1877–1878BulgariaKazanlak, BulgariaRussian Army, Bulgarians1,751[17]
Lasithi massacres1897GreeceCrete, GreeceChristian mobs850–1,000[18][19]
Sarakina massacreFebruary 1897Greece Crete, GreeceChristian mobs104 (61 children, 23 women and 20 men)[20]
Sitia massacreFebruary 1897GreeceSitia, Crete, GreeceChristian mob300[21]
Kissamos massacreFebruary 1897GreeceKissamos, Crete, GreeceChristian mob23[21]
Kirchova massacreAugust 1903North MacedoniaKichevo, North MacedoniaBulgarian revolutionaries8[22]
Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo massacresAutumn 1912North Macedonia Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo,MacedoniaBulgarian irregulars+700[23][24]
Cisr-i Mustafapaşa massacreOctober 1912BulgariaSvilengrad, BulgariaBulgarians200[25]
Edeköy massacre1912Turkey Edeköy,Edirne, TurkeyGreeks1,659[26]
Serres massacre1912GreeceSerres, GreeceBulgarians600[27]
Dedeagac massacre1912GreeceAlexandroupolis, GreeceArmenians20[27]
Bulgarian school massacre1912North MacedoniaChair quarter ofUskub, North MacedoniaSerbians18[27]
Ohrid massacre1912North Macedonia Ohrid, North MacedoniaSerbians500[28]
Strumica massacre1912North MacedoniaStrumitsa, North MacedoniaGreeks3,000[27]
Petrovo massacre1912BulgariaPetrovoBulgarians"every living Turkish thing"[29]
Yaylacık massacre1912GreeceYaylacık, close toSalonicaGreeks15[27]
Salonica massacre1912Greece SalonicaGreeks27[29]
Derin Çatak massacre1912TurkeyMalkaraBulgarians11[30]
Avrethisar villages massacre1912–1913GreeceKilkisBulgarians451[31]
Pravishte massacres1912–1913GreeceEleftheroupoliGreeks195[27]
Kaz massacreMarch 1913TurkeyYukarı KılıçlıBulgarians43[32]
Karasatı massacreJune 1913TurkeyKarasatı, KeşanBulgarians and Greeks29[33]
Uzunköprü massacreJuly 1913TurkeyUzunköprüBulgarians42[34][35]
Habibçe massacreJuly 1913BulgariaLyubimetsBulgarians20[35]
Greek landing at Smyrna15 May 1919TurkeyİzmirHellenic Army and local Greeks400–600[36]
Yeşiloba massacre11 June 1920TurkeyYeşiloba,AdanaFrench Armenian Legion64–200[37]
Menemen massacre17 June 1919TurkeyMenemen,İzmirHellenic Army and local Greeks200
Massacre in Erbeyli20–21 June 1919TurkeyErbeyli,AydınHellenic Army72
Birecik massacre11–24 February 1920TurkeyBirecik,ŞanlıurfaFrench Army280[38]
Massacre in Marash1920TurkeyMarashFrench Army andFrench Armenian Legion4,500[39][40]
Massacre in Aintab1920–1921TurkeyAintabFrench Army and French Armenian Legion6,000–7,000[38][41]
Yalova Peninsula massacres[42]1920–1921TurkeyArmutlu PeninsulaHellenic Army, local Christians andCircassians[43]5,500–9,100[44][45]
Bilecik massacre[46]March–April 1921TurkeyBilecik,Sögüt,BozüyükHellenic Army and local Greeks208[47]
İzmit massacre[48]24 June 1921TurkeyİzmitHellenic Army300[49][50]
Karatepe village massacre14 February 1922TurkeyKaratepe, KöşkHellenic Army385[51]
Uşak massacre1 September 1922TurkeyUşakHellenic Army and local Greeks200[52]
Alaşehir massacre[53]3–4 September 1922TurkeyAlaşehir,ManisaHellenic Army3,000[54]
Turgutlu massacre4–6 September 1922TurkeyTurgutlu,ManisaHellenic Army1,000[54]
Salihli massacre5 September 1922TurkeySalihli,ManisaHellenic Army+76[55]
Manisa massacre[56]6–7 September 1922TurkeyManisaHellenic Army and local Christians4,355[57][54]
Suşiçe massacreApril 1941North MacedoniaSušicaKingdom of Bulgaria7[58]
Blatec executionsSeptember 1944North MacedoniaBlatecKingdom of Bulgaria15[58]
Istibanje-Teranci massacresOctober 1944North MacedoniaIstibanja andTeranciNazi Germany17[58]
Limassol massacre13 February 1963CyprusLimassol,CyprusGreek Cypriots16[59]
Bloody Christmas[60][61]21–31 December 1963CyprusNicosia, CyprusGreek Cypriots364[62]
Massacre in Famagusta11 May 1964CyprusFamagusta, CyprusCypriot Police10–17[63][64]
Massacre in Akrotiri and Dhekelia13 May 1964United KingdomAkrotiri and DhekeliaCypriot Police and local Cypriots11[63][64]
Massacre in Kofinou14–15 November 1967CyprusKofinou, CyprusGreek Cypriots26[65][59]
Alaminos massacre[66]20 July 1974CyprusAlaminos, CyprusCypriot National Guard13–14[67][68]
Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre14 August 1974CyprusMaratha,Santalaris andAloda, CyprusEOKA B126[69][70]
Tochni massacre15 August 1974CyprusTaşkent, CyprusEOKA B84[63]
Fergana massacre3–12 June 1989UzbekistanFergana valley,UzbekistanUzbek mobs97[71]
Bulgarization of Turks in People's Republic of Bulgaria1984–1989Bulgaria BulgariaBulgarian army300 to 1,500 (according toHRW)[72]
Çetinkaya massacre25 December 1991TurkeyIstanbul, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party12
Bingöl massacre24 May 1993TurkeyBingöl, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party38
Başbağlar massacre5 July 1993TurkeyBaşbağlar, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party33
Yavi massacre25 October 1993TurkeyErzurum, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party33[73]
Blue market massacre13 March 1999Turkey Istanbul, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party13

See also

References

  1. ^Kaser 2011, p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former 'suppressors'. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons"
  2. ^Schayegh, Cyrus (2024). "A Late/Post-Imperial Region of Difference: The Ottoman Empire and its Successor Polities in Southeastern Europe, Turkey, and the Arab East, c. 1850s–1940s".Journal of World History.35 (4):579–622.doi:10.1353/jwh.2024.a943172.Between 1821 and the 1919–1922 Turko-Greek War, about five and a half million Muslims died of religious-ethnic war-related causes, including disease and hunger during forced migration, in southeastern Europe and the Crimea and Caucasus.
  3. ^Fábos 2005, p. 437: "Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, 'only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land ... Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease' (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of 'Muslim migration.'"
  4. ^Anscombe 2023, p. 55: "Traumatic waves occurred in 1875–1878 and 1912–1923, but in all, between 1821 and 1922, 5.5 million Muslims died and 5 million became refugees in conflicts with Christian forces in the Balkans, Crimea and Caucasus."
  5. ^Library Information and Research Service.The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1 (1999), Northumberland Press,sf. 493,During that war nearly 400000 Rumelian Turks were massacred. About a million of them who fled before the invading Russian armies took refuge in the Thrace, lstanbul and Western Anatolia
  6. ^Karpat, Kemal.Ouoman Population. pp. 72–5.
  7. ^Jewish Budapest: Memories, Rites, History, by Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy, 1999, p.504-505
  8. ^William St. Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1972 p. 40ISBN 0-19-215194-0
  9. ^W. Alison, Phillips (1897).The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^Bouboulina Museum, Spetses Greece (Publisher: Greek Island Spetses; Accessed: 2007-04-18)Archived 2011-08-13 at theWayback Machine.
  11. ^Cited by Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991.
  12. ^Ardeleanu, Constantin (January 2013).Military Aspects of the Greek War of Independence in the Romanian Principalities: The Battle of Galați (1821).
  13. ^MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876).Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News", J.A. MacGahan, Esq. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. p. 13. Retrieved29 September 2013.
  14. ^Jelavich, Barbara (1999)History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Nide 1, Cambridge University Press, pp.347
  15. ^Quataert, Donald. "The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 ", Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.69
  16. ^Medlicott, William Norton (28 October 2013).Congress of Berlin and After. Routledge. p. 157.ISBN 9781136243172.
  17. ^Irkıçatal, Eftal.İngiliz Belgelerinde 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Sırasında Yaşanan Kızanlık Katliamları.
  18. ^Carey, John (2005).International Humanitarian Law. BRILL. pp. 68 69.ISBN 9781571052674.
  19. ^Barchard, David.The Fearless and Self=Reliant Servant(PDF). pp. 27 28 29 30 31.
  20. ^"Crete - Hansard - UK Parliament".hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved7 September 2023.
  21. ^ab"Mussulmans In Crete - Hansard - UK Parliament".hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved7 September 2023.
  22. ^Korkmaz, Ender (28 June 2020)."OSMANLI ARŞİV EVRAKLARINA GÖRE İLİNDEN İSYANINDA YAŞANAN BAŞLICA OLAYLAR".International Journal of Current Approaches in Language, Education and Social Sciences (in Turkish).2 (1):304–333.doi:10.35452/caless.2020.15.ISSN 2687-2528.S2CID 225721639.
  23. ^"2.1 - The War and the noncombatant population".macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved19 November 2020.
  24. ^International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (1914).Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  25. ^Ginio, Eyal (2023)."From Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa to Svilengrad: The Ethnic Homogenization of a Thracian Town in the Balkan Wars"(PDF).International Journal of Middle East Studies.55 (2):275–298.doi:10.1017/S0020743823000788.
  26. ^"Balkan Harbi Tefrikaları: Edeköy".Kırmızılar Resmi Web Sayfası (in Turkish). 29 July 2019. Retrieved16 February 2022.
  27. ^abcdef"Carnegie Report - Appendix A".macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved2 August 2023.
  28. ^"4.2. Servian Macedonia (b)".macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved2 August 2023.
  29. ^abPapaioannou, Sefan (2012).BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918(PDF). p. 125.
  30. ^"Güncel - Haberler - DERİN ÇATAK ŞEHİTLERİ ŞEHİT EDİLİŞLERİNİN 100. YILINDA ANILDI - Malkara Belediyesi".www.malkara.bel.tr. Retrieved14 March 2024.
  31. ^"BELGELERİYLE 1912 BALKAN HARBİNDE, KILKIŞ ve KÖYLERİNDE BULGARLAR TARAFINDAN YAPILAN KIRIMLAR ve KIYIMLAR".www.pikovamubadilleri.com (in Turkish). Retrieved14 January 2024.
  32. ^"Süleymanpaşa Belediyesi".www.suleymanpasa.bel.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved14 January 2024.
  33. ^"Balkan Savaşları ve Keşan (2) KARASATI KATLİAMI".MEDYA KEŞAN (in Turkish). Retrieved14 January 2024.
  34. ^"savaş ve işgaller – Uzunköprü Tarihçesi".uzunkoprutarihi.com.tr. Retrieved14 March 2024.
  35. ^abPolat, Hasan Ali; Çolak, Fatih."II. Balkan Harbi'nde Doğu Trakya'da Katliam İddiaları ve Alman Heyeti'nin Trakya Seyahati Gözlemleri"(PDF).Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi.
  36. ^Stavros T. Stavridis :The Greek-Turkish War, 1918-23: an Australian press perspective, Gorgias Press, 2008,ISBN 1593339674,page 117
  37. ^YURTSEVER, Cezmi (2015).Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba. pp. 4–22.
  38. ^ab"ADANA VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ MEZALİMİ".Yeni Çağ Gazetesi. 19 April 2012. Retrieved20 July 2020.
  39. ^Levene, Mark (2013).Devastation. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 218.ISBN 9780191505546.
  40. ^Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973).The Lions of Marash. SUNY Press. p. 195.ISBN 9781438408828.
  41. ^Ade, Mafalda (16 October 2019), "Özgür bir adam",Kaçan Adam, New York: Routledge, pp. 74–75,doi:10.4324/9780429261862-24,ISBN 978-0-429-26186-2,S2CID 213511034
  42. ^Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
  43. ^Smith, Michael Llewellyn (1999).Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 (New edition, 2nd impression ed.). London: C. Hurst. p. 209.ISBN 9781850653684.At the same time bands of Christian irregulars, Greek Armenian, and Circassian, looted, burned and murdered in the Yalove-Gemlik peninsula.
  44. ^McNeill, William H. (1989).Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780199923397.To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
  45. ^"Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Balkanlar'da ve Anadolu'da Yunan Mezâlimi 2".www.scribd.com. Archived fromthe original on 2 December 2013.
  46. ^State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna, Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis, Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
  47. ^DERGİ (6 November 1917)."Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Archived fromthe original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved24 June 2013.
  48. ^Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) [9 March 1922], "Letter",The Times, Turkey.
  49. ^Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  50. ^Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1970).The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations(PDF). H. Fertig, originally: University of California. p. 553.' But at 1 P.M. on Friday the 24th June, three and a half days before the Greek evacuation, the male inhabitants of the two Turkish quarters of Baghcheshmé and Tepekhané, in the highest part of the town, away from the sea, had been dragged out to the cemetery and shot in batches. On Wednesday the 29th I was present when two of the graves were opened, and ascertained for myself that the corpses were those of Moslems and that their arms had been pinioned behind their backs. There were thought to be about sixty corpses in that group of graves, and there were several others. In all, over 300 people were missing—a death-roll probably exceeding that at Smyrna on the 15th and 16th May 1919.
  51. ^Turan, Mustafa (2006).Yunan mezalimi: İzmir, Aydın, Manisa, Denizli, 1919-1923 (in Turkish). Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.ISBN 978-975-16-1850-4.
  52. ^Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928).The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
  53. ^Mango,Atatürk, p. 343.
  54. ^abcU.S. Vice-Consul James Loder ParktoSecretary of State,Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
  55. ^The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829.Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
  56. ^U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder ParktoSecretary of State,Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34

    Consul Park concluded:
    "1. The destruction of the interior cities visited by our party was carried out byGreeks."
    "2. The percentages of buildings destroyed in each of the last four cities referred to were: Manisa 90 percent, Cassaba (Turgutlu) 90 percent,Alaşehir 70 percent,Salihli 65 percent."
    "3. The burning of these cities was not desultory, nor intermittent, nor accidental, but well planned and thoroughly organized."
    "4. There were many instances of physical violence, most of which was deliberate and wanton. Without complete figures, which were impossible to obtain, it may safely be surmised that 'atrocities' committed by retiring Greeks numbered well into thousands in the four cities under consideration. These consisted of all three of the usual type of such atrocities, namely murder, torture and rape."
    "Cassaba (present dayTurgutlu) was a town of 40,000 souls, 3,000 of whom were non-Muslims. Of these 37,000 Turks only 6,000 could be accounted for among the living, while 1,000 Turks were known to have been shot or burned to death."
  57. ^Tayla, Mustafa (2001).Batı Anadolu'da Yunan mezalimi: Bursa vilayetinde yaşanan acıların dokümanter incelemesi (in Turkish). Stratejik Araştırma ve Etüdler Milli Komitesi (SAEMK).
  58. ^abcTürksoylu, Ercan (2020).Yücel Teşkilatı [Yücel Organization]. Astana Yayınları.ISBN 9786055010515.
  59. ^abStephen, Michael (1997).The Cyprus Question. British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group.
  60. ^"REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS"(PDF). United Nations. 10 September 1964. Retrieved17 December 2018.The trade of the Turkish community had considerably declined during the period, due to the existing situation, and unemployment reached a very high level as approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots had become refugees.
  61. ^Bryant, Rebecca (2012).Displacement in Cyprus Consequences of Civil and Military Strife Report 2 Life Stories: Turkish Cypriot Community(PDF). Oslo: PRIO Cyprus Centre. pp. 5–15.
  62. ^Oberling, Pierre (1982).The road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus. Social Science Monographs. p. 120.ISBN 978-0880330008.
  63. ^abc"Katliam emrini Rum Genelkurmay'ı vermiş".CNN Türk (in Turkish). 9 August 2018. Retrieved24 March 2020.
  64. ^absabah, daily (8 August 2018)."'Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek,' Greek Cypriot forces told amid pre-division violence".Daily Sabah. Retrieved5 June 2020.
  65. ^Country Studies: Cyprus - Intercommunal ViolenceArchived 8 November 2004 at theWayback Machine
  66. ^Documents Officiels, United Nations Security Council,p. 82: "Alaminos village has already been in the news because a massacre of 13 Turkish Cypriots was discovered there"
  67. ^Impact: International Fortnightly, Volumes 4-6: Fourteen Turkish Cypriots were murdered at the village of Alaminos on 20 July.
  68. ^Massacre of Turks alleged (St. Petersburg Times, 29 July 1974)
  69. ^List of Turkish Cypriot missing personsArchived 2011-09-15 at theWayback Machine (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus) Retrieved on 18 July 2011.
  70. ^"Muratağa and Sandallar problem is being taken to the European Court of Human Rights" (in Turkish). BRT - Kıbrıs Postası. Archived fromthe original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved18 January 2011.
  71. ^"POPULATION TRANSFER: The Tragedy of the Meskhetian Turks".Cultural Survival. March 1992.
  72. ^Laber, Jeri (1987).Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Bulgaria. Human Rights Watch.ISBN 978-0-938579-66-3.
  73. ^"Yavi katliamının acısı 28 yıldır dinmiyor".www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved4 March 2022.

Bibliography

Lists ofmassacres
By past country
or territory
By country
or territory
By conflict
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See also
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