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List of massacres in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of mass-scale killings in the United States

Map of the United States showing the locations of mass shootings in 2022
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
List of massacres in the United States
Massacres in the United States

This is a partial list ofmassacres in theUnited States; death tolls may be approximate.

List

[edit]
NameDateLocationStateDeaths, including any perpetratorsNotes
Boston Massacre1770 Mar 5BostonMassachusetts55Bostonians killed and 6 wounded by soldiers of the29th Regiment of Foot. The killed and wounded were part of a mob which was harassing the soldiers, and the soldiers opened fire after being stoned by the crowd.[1][2]
Brodhead's Coshocton expedition1778 AprilOhio CountryOhio1616Lenape warriors were captured, taken south of the village, and massacred by American soldiers under the command of ColonelDaniel Brodhead.
Baylor Massacre1778 September 27River ValeNew Jersey16A force of British soldiers under the command of Major-GeneralCharles Grey carried a successful surprise attack against the3rd Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons under the command of ColonelGeorge Baylor while they slept.
Long Run massacre1781 September 13–14Floyds ForkKentucky32ANative American war party attacked a party of U.S. settlers, killing 15. They also attacked American soldiers under ColonelJohn Floyd who returned the next day to bury the dead, killing a further 17.[3]
Gnadenhutten massacre1782 Mar 8GnadenhuttenOhio96ChristianLenape who were massacred by Americanmilitiamen during theRevolutionary War
Goliad massacre1836 Mar 27GoliadTexas425–445Largest massacre to have taken place on what is todayUnited States territory[citation needed], occurring after theBattle of Refugio and theBattle of Coleto; 425–445prisoners of war from theTexian Army of theRepublic of Texas were executed by theMexican Army in the town ofGoliad,Mexican Texas, (not theRepublic of Texas), which is today inTexas, United States.
Hawn's Mill massacre1838 Oct 30Fairview TownshipMissouri19Mob/Missouri Volunteer Militia attackedMormons.[4]
Dawson massacre1842 Sep 17Presidio San Antonio de BéxarTexas6636 of theTexanmilitia killed byMexican soldiers during the Woll Expedition.[5] 30 Mexican soldiers were also killed.[6]
Black Bean Episode1843 March 25SaladoTexas17Mexican soldiers under Francisco Mexia, governor ofCoahuila executed 17 from a group of 176 prisoners, Texans captured in Mexico. He had been ordered to execute all of them, but instead chose to "decimate" them, killing one of every ten.[7]
Philadelphia nativist riots1844 6–8 May, 6–7 JulyPhiladelphiaPennsylvania20+20+ Catholics killed
Bloody Monday1855 Aug 6LouisvilleKentucky>22Scores injured inanti-Catholic religious mob violence and arson.[8]
Pottawatomie massacre1856 May 24–25Franklin CountyKansas5John Brown and followers killed 5 pro-slavery settlers during theBleeding Kansas period.[9][10]
Spirit Lake Massacre1857 Mar 5–12West OkobojiIowa35–40A band ofDakota people led byInkpaduta conducted a series of raids on white settlers.
Mountain Meadows Massacre1857 Sep 7–11Mountain MeadowsUtah Territory120–140Emigrantwagon train annihilated by the MormonUtah Territorial Militia.
Marais des Cygnes massacre1858 May 19Linn CountyKansas5Last major outbreak of violence in Bleeding Kansas.[11]
Pratt Street Massacre1861 Apr 19BaltimoreMaryland16Political riot betweenCopperheads, Confederate sympathizers, and Union militias.
Sacking of Osceola1861 Sep 23OsceolaMissouri9Tried by drumhead court martial and executed, town of 3,000 sacked and burned in a raid byJim Lane's Kansas Brigade.[12][better source needed]
Nueces massacre1862 Aug 10Kinney CountyTexas34German Texans killed by Confederate soldiers.
Shelton Laurel massacre1863 Jan 18Madison CountyNorth Carolina13Unarmed Unionists, including three boys, were shot by Confederates after capture.[13]
Lawrence massacre1863 Aug 21Douglas CountyKansas185–200Pro-Confederate Guerrillas killed civilians and burned a quarter of the town.[14]
Baxter Springs Massacre1863 Oct 6Cherokee CountyKansas115Convoy ofUnion soldiers led byJames B. Pond who were ambushed byConfederate raiders under the command ofWilliam C. Quantrill. Many of the convoy were massacred as they tried to surrender.
Fort Pillow massacre1864 Apr 12HenningTennessee277–297Black Union troops were killed byForrest's Cavalry Corps while trying to surrender.
Centralia massacre1864 Sep 27CentraliaMissouri24Unarmed U.S. soldiers murdered by their Confederate captors includingJesse James. 123 killed in ensuing Battle of Centralia.[15]
Saltville massacre1864 Oct 2–3SaltvilleVirginia45–50Wounded/captured Federal black troops by Confederate soldiers and guerrillas.[16]
Sand Creek massacre1864 Nov 29Kiowa CountyColorado100–600massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army.[17]
Memphis massacre1866 May 1-3MemphisTennessee48Massacre of the black community of Memphis by white mobs and police officers.[18]
New Orleans massacre1866 July 30New OrleansLouisiana38-204Peaceful demonstration of mostly blackFreedmen attack by white rioters, many of whom were former soldiers of the recently defeatedConfederate States of America.[19]
Camilla massacre1868 September 23CamillaGeorgia9–15Attack by theKu Klux Klan on a gathering of Black republicans.[20]
Opelousas Massacre1868 Sep 28OpelousasLouisiana35+African Americans from Opelousas attempted to join the localDemocratic party which was controlled by whites. The African Americans were rejected for membership and the white Democrats then subsequently went on a hunt for African Americans. In the end an estimated 200–300 African Americans were killed.[21][22]
Chinese massacre1871 Oct 24Los Angeles, CaliforniaCalifornia>18Killed by hanging and unknown injured in mob violence against people and property inChinatown.[23][24]
Goingsnake massacre1872 Apr 15TahlequahIndian Territory (present-dayOklahoma)11Died in a shoot out in a crowded courtroom, the dead included 8Deputy US Marshals and 3Cherokee citizens. Six Cherokee were wounded including the defendant and the judge.[25]
Colfax massacre1873 Apr 13ColfaxLouisiana83–153Black people killed at courthouse and as prisoners afterwards.[26]
Coushatta massacre1874 AugCoushattaLouisiana11–26Six whites, remainder black killed as political intimidation.[27][28]
Election riot of 18741874 Nov 3EufaulaAlabama870 injured.White LeagueDemocrats droveAfrican American Republicans from the polls.
Hamburg massacre1876 Jul 4HamburgSouth Carolina7Town looted in a racially motivated incident during Reconstruction.
Ellenton massacre1876 Sep 15-16Aiken CountySouth Carolina25–100Racially motivated killings after the alleged attack on a white woman.
Chico Chinese Massacre1877 Mar 14ChicoCalifornia4A group of armed white men from a labor union fired upon Chinese workers, killing four and wounding at least two others. The next day, the town's Chinatown was burned.
Guadalupe Canyon massacre1881 Aug 13Guadalupe MountainsArizona Territory51 wounded;cowboys ambushed while sleeping. Perpetrators disputed.[29]
Rock Springs massacre1885 Sep 2Rock SpringsWyoming2815 injured in a racial dispute between white and Chinese miners.
Haymarket affair1886 May 4ChicagoIllinois11More than 130 injured by dynamite bomb and crossfire of bullets during aFOTLU rally for aneight-hour work day.[30]
Bay View massacre1886 May 5Bay ViewWisconsin7Knights of Labor protesters killed byNational Guardsmen.
Chinese Massacre Cove1887 MayWallowa CountyOregon10–34Chinese gold miners ambushed and murdered by a gang of horse thieves.
Thibodaux massacre1887 Nov 22ThibodauxLouisiana>35Perhaps as many as 300 killed, 5+ injuries to striking black sugar-cane workers.[31][32]
1891 New Orleans lynchings1891, Mar 14New OrleansLouisiana11A lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches 11 Italians who had been found not guilty of the murder of Police ChiefDavid Hennessy.
Lattimer massacre1897 Sep 10LattimerPennsylvania19Coal miners killed by sheriff's posse.
Wilmington Massacre of 18981898 Nov 10WilmingtonNorth Carolina60–300A mob of 2000 white men armed from the looted Wilmington armory, led by white supremacist and Democratic politicianAlfred Moore Waddell[33] burnt downThe Daily Record newspaper building, destroyed numerous black-owned properties, and murdered somewhere between 60 and 300 Black residents of Wilmington.[34]
The 1906 Atlanta Race Massacre1906 Sep 22 -24AtlantaGeorgia27+Racially motivated massacre against African Americans.
1908 Hickman massacre1908 Oct 3HickmanKentucky4-8A mob of around 50 men who called themselves "Night Riders" shot 8 members of the Walker family, four of which are confirmed to have died.[35]
Villisca massacre1912 Jun 10VilliscaIowa8Unsolved axe murders of members of 2 families.[36][37][38]
Ludlow Massacre1914 Apr 20LudlowColorado19Killed byColorado National Guard andColorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families.[39]
Newberry massacre1916 Aug 18NewberryFlorida6A white mob shot and killed a black man and then hung two black men, one of which was a minister, and two black women, one of which was pregnant at the time.
Everett massacre1916 Nov 5EverettWashington527 injured and scores ofIWW unionists arrested by police and vigilantes.
East St. Louis massacre1917 May 28 and July 1–3East St. LouisIllinois48-159Racially motivated massacre against African Americans.[40]
Marrazzo massacre1918 Oct 21ChicagoIllinois5Peter Marrazzo killed his wife and 4 children during the height of theSpanish flu pandemic. He was committed to a mental hospital but released after only 2 years.[41]
Elaine massacre1919 Sep 30Phillips CountyArkansas100–241Racially motivated massacre against African Americans.
Centralia massacre1919 Nov 11CentraliaWashington6FourAmerican Legionnaires killed by Industrial Workers of the World members in proximity to the storming of the IWW union hall. Also killed were IWW organizerWesley Everest and, four days later, a deputy sheriff.
Matewan massacre1920 May 19MatewanWest Virginia11The confrontation resulted in the deaths of Matewan Mayor Cabell Testerman, two striking coal miners, seven men from theBaldwin-Felts Detective Agency, and an unarmed bystander.
Ocoee massacre1920 Nov 2OcoeeFlorida56~Black population of Ocoee, a town nearOrlando, was nearly obliterated during the1920 election season.[42]
Tulsa race massacre1921 May 31 and Jun 1TulsaOklahoma39–300≥ 800 wounded. One of the nation's worst incidents of racial violence.
Battle of Blair Mountain1921 Aug 25Logan CountyWest Virginia10–33Private army and US Troops against union organizers.WWI gas bombs used against union organizers.
Herrin massacre1922 Jun 21HerrinIllinois23Exchange of gunfire betweenstrikebreakers and union guards at coal mine.[43]
Rosewood massacre1923 JanRosewoodFlorida8The entire population ofAfrican-Americans in and near Rosewood, about 350, were forced from their homes and never returned.[44]
Hanapepe massacre1924 Sep 9HanapepeHawaii20101 arrested.[45]
Bath School disaster1927 May 18Bath TownshipMichigan45School Bombing
Columbine Mine massacre1927 Nov 21SereneColorado6Miners killed with machine guns by theColorado Rangers and theRocky Mountain Fuel Company during aUnited Mine Workers coal mine strike.[46]
Saint Valentine's Day Massacre1929 Feb 14ChicagoIllinois7Prohibition gang killing inLincoln Park byAl Capone'sChicago Outfit.[47]
Kansas City massacre1933 Jun 17Kansas CityMissouri5The dead include law enforcement officers and a criminal fugitive shot by members of a gang.[48]
1937 Memorial Day massacre1937 May 30ChicagoIllinois10TheChicago Police Department shot and killed ten unarmed demonstrators inChicago during theLittle Steel strike.
Utah prisoner of war massacre1945 Jul 7–8Salina,UtahUtah9German POWs killed by an American guard
Camden shootings1949 Sep 6CamdenNew Jersey13Included three children in a 12-minute walk through his neighbourhood.
16th Street Baptist Church bombing1963 September 15BirminghamAlabama4Members of theKu Klux Klan andsegregationists plant bombs inside the African-American 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, killing four young African American girls and injuring 14-22 more.
1966 student nurse massacre1966 July 13ChicagoIllinois8Richard Speck murdered eight student nurses in their Chicago residence.
University of Texas tower Shooting1966 Aug 1AustinTexas18 including the shooter31 others wounded.
Orangeburg Massacre1968 Feb 8OrangeburgSouth Carolina3Ninehighway patrolmen and one citypolice officer opened fire on a crowd ofAfrican American students.[49]
Kent State shootings1970 May 4KentOhio4Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed student protesters atKent State University.
Easter Sunday Massacre1975 Mar 30HamiltonOhio11All victims were family members of the killer shot and killed by pistols at a family gathering.
Golden Dragon massacre1977 Sep 4San FranciscoCalifornia511 injured.Hong Kong Americanstreet gang theJoe Boys committed violent shooting[50]
Greensboro massacre1979 Nov 3GreensboroNorth Carolina5Violent clash betweenKu Klux Klan andCommunist Workers' Party demonstration.
1982 Wilkes-Barre shootings1982 Sep 25Wilkes-Barre andJenkins TownshipPennsylvania131 wounded
Wah Mee massacre1983 Feb 18SeattleWashington131 injured by 3 perpetrators during an armed robbery.
Palm Sunday massacre1984 Apr 15BrooklynNew York10Three women, a teenage girl, and six children. There was one survivor, an infant girl.
San Ysidro McDonald's massacre1984 Jul 18San YsidroCalifornia23 including the gunman and an unborn baby19 others wounded
1985 MOVE bombing1985 May 13PhiladelphiaPennsylvania11Philadelphia, MayorWilson Goode orders police to storm the radical black American resistance groupMOVE's headquarters to end a stand-off. The police drop an explosive device into the headquarters, killing eleven members of MOVE and destroying the homes of 61 city residents in the resulting fire
Edmond post office shooting1986 Aug 20EdmondOklahoma15 including the gunman6 wounded. This incident is the origin of the phrase 'going postal'.
4 O'Clock murders1988 Jun 6Houston andIrvingTexas4Murder by shooting of four people at the same time on June 6, 1988, at three locations in Texas led byMormon fundamentalist leaderHeber LeBaron of theChurch of the Firstborn.
Las Cruces bowling alley massacre1990 Feb 10Las CrucesNew Mexico5Robbers, who remain unidentified, shot seven people, including one employee's 2-year-old daughter, in the bowling alley's office after taking $4–5,000 from the safe. Four died that day; another succumbed to complications of her injuries in 1999.[51]
GMAC shootings1990 Jun 18JacksonvilleFlorida10 including the gunmanThe attacker began killing the day before killing 2 others. He wounded a total of 6 people over the 2 days.
Luby's shooting1991 Oct 16KilleenTexas24 including the gunman27 others were wounded although only 19 of those were from gunfire.
Brown's Chicken massacre1993 Jan 8PalatineIllinois7Store robbery with murder.
Waco siege1993 Feb 28 – Apr 19WacoTexas864ATF agents and 6Branch Davidians killed in a shoot out February 28; on April 19 a final assault on the compound by theFBI occurred. A fire destroyed the compound resulting in the deaths of 76Branch Davidians, including 25 children. The fire started following law enforcement deployment of flammableCS gas. A panel of arson investigators concluded that the Davidians were responsible for igniting the fire simultaneously in at least three different areas of the compound.[52]
Long Island Rail Road shooting1993 Dec 7Garden CityNew York619 Injured. Racially motivated against Caucasians.
Oklahoma City bombing1995 April 19Oklahoma CityOklahoma168680 others injured, and destroyed more than one-third of the building, which had to be demolished.
Freddy's Fashion Mart attack1995 Dec 8HarlemNew York8 including the gunman[53]
Westside Middle School shooting1998 March 24JonesboroArkansas510 others injured. 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson and 11-year-old Andrew Golden opened fire on the school with multiple weapons, and both were arrested when they attempted to flee the scene. Of the 15 victims, 14 were female.
Columbine High School massacre1999 Apr 20ColumbineColorado16 including both gunmen23 others were wounded, 20 of those by gunfire.
1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings1999 Jul 29AtlantaGeorgia10 including the gunmanHe also killed his wife on the 27th, his 2 children on the 28th then the main attack occurred on the 29th where he killed 9 victims and wounded 13 others.
Wichita Massacre2000 Dec 8–14WichitaKansas5Two brothers Reginald and Jonathan Carr, committed multiple acts of assault, robbery, rape and murder of several people, all white, over the course of a week.[54]
Red Lake shootings2005 Mar 21Red LakeMinnesota10 including the gunman2 shot and killed at the home of the shooter's grandfather. 7 killed and 7 wounded at Red Lake Senior High School.
West Nickel Mines School shooting2006 Oct 2Bart TownshipPennsylvania7 including the gunman6 killed, 4 injured, perpetrator died by suicide
Virginia Tech shooting2007 Apr 16BlacksburgVirginia33 including the gunman23 Wounded, 17 by gunfire.
Westroads Mall shooting2007 Dec 5OmahaNebraska96 injured; perpetrator committed suicide with the murder weapon after 6 minutes of shooting.
Lane Bryant shooting2008 Feb 2Tinley ParkIllinois55 killed, 1 injured
Geneva County shootings2009 Mar 10Geneva andSamsonAlabama11 including the gunman6 wounded.
Binghamton shooting2009 Apr 3BinghamtonNew York14 including the gunman4 wounded.
Fort Hood shooting2009 Nov 5Fort HoodTexas14 including an unborn baby30+ wounded byNidal Hasan, it was the deadliest mass shooting on an American military base.
Aurora shooting2012 Jul 20AuroraColorado13 including an unborn baby70 people were wounded, 58 from gunfire, 4 from tear gas, and 8 from injuries sustained fleeing from shooting during a screening ofThe Dark Knight Rises.
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting2012 Dec 14NewtownConnecticut28 including the gunman27 at the school (including the gunman) and the attacker's mother at her home. 20 of the dead were children aged 6–7 years old. 2 faculty members were wounded.
Washington Navy Yard shooting2013 Sep 16Washington Navy YardWashington D.C.13 including the gunman8 wounded, 3 from gunfire.
2014 Isla Vista killings2014 May 23Isla VistaCalifornia7 including the gunman14 wounded.Misogynist terrorism, revenge for sexual and social rejection,incel ideology
Charleston church shooting2015 Jun 17CharlestonSouth Carolina91 wounded.White supremacist shooting atAfrican Methodist EpiscopalBible study
Broken Arrow killings2015 Jul 22Broken Arrow, OklahomaOklahoma51 wounded. Two brothers kill their family in preparation for aMass shooting plot which they hoped would acquire them notoriety andinfamy
Umpqua Community College shooting2015 Oct 1RoseburgOregon10 including the gunman8 wounded. Gunman asked victims for their religion before shooting them.
San Bernardino attack2015 Dec 2San BernardinoCalifornia16 including both gunmen24 wounded. Attackers brought pipe bombs as well as firearms, they targeted a San Bernardino County Department of Public Health training event and Christmas party.
Gage Park murders2016 Feb 2ChicagoIllinois6Six members of Martinez family murdered in house inGage Park, Chicago.
Orlando nightclub shooting2016 Jun 12OrlandoFlorida50 including the gunman53 wounded. Shooter pledged allegiance toISIS.
Las Vegas shooting2017 Oct 1Las VegasNevada61 including the gunman867 wounded, 411 from gunfire. Deadliest mass shooting in US history.
Sutherland Springs church shooting2017 Nov 5Sutherland SpringsTexas27 including the gunman and an unborn baby20 wounded and 26 dead, including and unborn baby
Stoneman Douglas High School shooting2018 Feb 14ParklandFlorida1717 killed; 17 wounded.
2018 Santa Fe High School shooting2018 May 18Santa FeTexas1014 wounded, including the suspect.
Pittsburgh synagogue shooting2018 Oct 27PittsburghPennsylvania117 wounded, including the suspect. Anti-Semitic shooting at a synagogue.
Thousand Oaks Shooting2018 Nov 7Thousand OaksCalifornia13 including the gunmanThirteen killed (including the gunman and a responding police officer) when aUS Marine Corps veteran entered the Borderline Bar & Grill duringCollege Country Night and began indiscriminately shooting.
2019 El Paso Walmart shooting2019 August 3El PasoTexas23Patrick Crusius ofAllen, an armed gunman inspired by theChristchurch mosque shootings and beliefs in theGreat Replacement conspiracy theory and a supposed "Hispanic invasion of Texas", attacked aWalmart store, killing 23 people and injuring 23 others.
2021 Chicago-Evanston shootings2021 Jan 9Chicago andEvanstonIllinois6 including the gunmanRandom shooting spree in Chicago and Evanston, Illinois before the perpetrator was killed by police.
Santa Clara VTA Rail Yard Shooting2021 May 26San JoseCalifornia10 including the gunmanTargeted shooting of co-workers of the shooter at Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority.
2022 Buffalo shooting2022 May 14BuffaloNew York10Mass shooting against African-American shoppers at a Tops Friendly Markets. Suspect said motive was to prevent others from 'eliminating the white race'
Robb Elementary School shooting2022 May 24UvaldeTexas22One of the deadliestschool shootings in American history,[55] leaving 19 children and 2 adults dead. The perpetrator was killed in a shootout with police.[56]
2023 Goshen shooting2023 January 16GoshenCalifornia6Gang violence. Three others survived the shooting uninjured

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston. London: B. White. 1770. p. 3.OCLC 535966548.ISBN 9780665204395 Original printing of the governor's account.
  2. ^Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda. Martin J. Manning, p. 33
  3. ^Kleber, John E., editor.The Long Run Massacre, The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky, 1992
  4. ^Baugh, Alexander L. (Spring 2010). "Jacob Hawn and the Hawn's Mill Massacre: Missouri millwright and Oregon pioneer".Mormon Historical Studies.11 (1).Mormon Historic Sites Foundation.OCLC 722375475.
  5. ^"The Mier Expedition by George Lord". Archived fromthe original on December 5, 2010. RetrievedSeptember 12, 2020.
  6. ^"TSHA | Dawson Massacre".www.tshaonline.org. RetrievedMay 19, 2023.
  7. ^Open access
  8. ^Hutcheon, Wallace S., Jr., The Louisville Riots of August 1855. Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 69 (1971), pp. 150–172
  9. ^PBS Online.People & Events: Pottawatomie Massacre "John Brown's Holy War." The American Experience.WGBH, 1999, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  10. ^Reynolds, David S. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. New York: Vintage, 2005.ISBN 0-375-41188-7.
  11. ^Kansas Historical Society.Marais des Cygnes Massacre site, June 2011, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  12. ^Sunderwith, Richard,The Burning of Osceola, Missouri
  13. ^Paludan, Philip S. 1981. Victims: A True Story of the Civil War. Knoxville, Tennessee, The University of Tennessee Press. p. 144.
  14. ^Goodrich, Thomas. Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent State University Press December 12, 1992. 978-0873384766. 207 pages.
  15. ^Quantrell, Charles W.,A History of His Guerrilla Warfare on the Missouri And Kansas Border During the Civil War, Kessinger Publishing, March 1, 2005, pp. 175–176.
  16. ^""Was there a Saltville Massacre in 1864?" David Brown's analysis". Archived fromthe original on December 19, 2012.
  17. ^Michno, Gregory F. (2004).Battle at Sand Creek. El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, Publishers.ISBN 978-0-912783-37-6.
  18. ^House, United States Congress (1866).Reports of Committees: 16th Congress, 1st Session - 49th Congress, 1st Session.
  19. ^Scott, Mike (June 30, 2020)."1866 New Orleans massacre remembered as a city-led racial attack a year after the Civil War ended".NOLA.com. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025.
  20. ^"Camilla Massacre".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025.
  21. ^Christensen, Matthew (May 1, 2012).The 1868 St. Landry Massacre: Reconstruction's Deadliest Episode of Violence. History (Master of Arts in History thesis). Professor Robert S. Smith (supervisor). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. pp. 61–62. RetrievedMay 30, 2020.
  22. ^Boissoneault, Lorraine (September 28, 2018)."The Deadliest Massacre in Reconstruction-Era Louisiana Happened 150 Years Ago".Smithsonian. RetrievedMay 30, 2020.
  23. ^Zesch, Scott, "Chinese Los Angeles in 1870–1871: The Makings of a Massacre",Southern California Quarterly, 90 (Summer 2008), 109–158
  24. ^De Falla, Paul M., "Lantern in the Western Sky", The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, 42 (March 1960), 57–88 (Part I), and 42 (June 1960), 161–185 (Part II)
  25. ^Smith, Robert Barr,Blood Bath at Going Snake: The Cherokee Courtroom Shootout, 2004.Wild West, History Net
  26. ^Lane, Charles,The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction, Henry Holt & Company, New York. 2008. pp. 54–56
  27. ^Alexander, Danielle"Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction", Humanities, January/February 2004, Vol.25/No. 1.Archived September 16, 2008, at theWayback Machine, accessdate April 14, 2008
  28. ^Shoalmire, Jimmy G., Carpetbagger Extraordinary: Marshall H. Twitchell, 1840–1905, dissertation at Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 1969
  29. ^Traywick, Ben T.,Wyatt Earp's Thirteen Dead Men: Chapter 6, The Tombstone News, accessdate December 26, 2012.
  30. ^"Lists of National Historic Landmarks".National Historic Landmarks Program.National Park Service. March 2004. Archived fromthe original on July 9, 2008. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2008.
  31. ^Bell, Ellen Baker,Thibodaux Massacre (1887), KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana, September 15, 2011, accessdate January 2, 2013
  32. ^Rodrigue, John. Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana’s Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
  33. ^McCoury, Kent (March 7, 2016)."Alfred Moore Waddell (1834–1912)".North Carolina History Project.John Locke Foundation. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2021.
  34. ^Tyson, Timothy B. (November 17, 2006)."The Ghosts of 1898"(PDF).The News & Observer.
  35. ^"The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, October 09, 1908, Image 4".Library of Congress. October 9, 1908. p. 8.ISSN 2373-4892. RetrievedSeptember 1, 2024.
  36. ^PDF He said he killed eight at God's command: Iowa preacher studying sermon on 'slay utterly' when impulse to slay seized him.New York Times, September 2, 1917, accessdate December 28, 2012
  37. ^Villisca Axe Murders, 1912, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  38. ^Carlson, Mark,100 Years After Iowa Ax Murders, Case Remains UnsolvedArchived September 13, 2012, at theWayback Machine KCRG ABC, accessdate December 28, 2012.
  39. ^Simmons, R.; Laurie, Thomas H.; Simmons, Charles Haecker; Erika Martin Siebert (May 2008),National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony Site(PDF), National Park Service[dead link]
  40. ^"The Negro Silent Protest Parade"(PDF). National Humanities Center. 2014.
  41. ^"Homicide in Chicago 1870-1930". Northwestern University.
  42. ^Go Ahead On, OcoeeArchived January 10, 2013, at theWayback Machine – A narrative documentary film by Bianca White & Sandra Krasa.
  43. ^Paul M. Angle, Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American Lawlessness, University of Illinois Press, 1992, page 294
  44. ^D'Orso, Michael (1996). Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, Grosset/Putnam.ISBN 0-399-14147-2
  45. ^Chapin, Helen Geracimos (1996). "Suppressing the News and Contributing to a Massacre".Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 131–138.ISBN 978-0-8248-1718-3.
  46. ^Myers, Richard; Margolis, Eric; Sampson, Joanna; Goodstein, Phil (2005). May, Lowell (ed.).Slaughter in Serene: the Columbine Coal Strike Reader. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center & Industrial Workers of the World.ISBN 978-0-917124-01-3.
  47. ^Taylor, Troy 2008.Blood, Roses and Valentines: The haunted history of the St. Valentine's Day MassacreArchived March 2, 2008, at theWayback Machine, accessdate December 27, 2012
  48. ^"FBI story of the Kansas City Massacre". Archived fromthe original on October 27, 2009.
  49. ^Arango, Tim (April 16, 2008)."Films Revisit Overlooked Shootings on a Black Campus (Published 2008)".The New York Times. Archived fromthe original on July 10, 2024. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025.
  50. ^Mullen, Kevin J.,Chinatown Squad: Policing the Dragon from the Gold Rush to the 21st Century978-0926664104 – 208 pages Noir Publications, September 1, 2008.
  51. ^López, Carlos Andres (February 9, 2016)."'Bowling Alley Massacre' case remains unsolved".Las Cruces Sun-News.
  52. ^"Waco: The Inside Story".PBS. December 26, 1996.Archived from the original on March 24, 2024. RetrievedMarch 24, 2024.
  53. ^"8 Die as Gunman Sets Afire N.Y. Store Tied to Dispute".Los Angeles Times. December 9, 1995.
  54. ^Crime Library.The Wichita HorrorArchived November 16, 2006, at theWayback Machine, accessdate October 25, 2014.
  55. ^"Gunman kills 19 children, 2 adults in Texas school rampage".AP NEWS. May 25, 2022. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
  56. ^"US reels after massacre in fourth-grade classroom leaves 21 dead".the Guardian. May 25, 2022. RetrievedMay 29, 2022.
Lists ofmassacres
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See also
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