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List of massacres in Spain

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The following is a list ofmassacres that have occurred inSpain (numbers may be approximate):

Ancient history

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Germanic Kingdoms

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Reconquista

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NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Day of the Ditch [es]797[1] or 807[2]Toledo400 - 700[3]Emirate of Córdoba700 city notables massacred in a special ditch by Muslim army underAmrus ibn Yusuf
Martyrs of Córdoba851Cordoba48Emirate of CórdobaForty-eight Christians executed by Muslims
Cordoba massacre1013Cordoba2,000BerbersInvading soldiers underSulayman ibn al-Hakam sacked and pillaged the city resulting in the deaths of many people and Jews.[4]
1066 Granada massacre30 December 1066Granada4,000[5]Muslim mobMuslim mobs massacred Jews
Toledo massacre7 May 1355Toledo1,200Henry of TrastámaraHenry of Trastámara leads forces that kill 1,200 Jews in Toledo
Seville massacre6 June 1391Seville4,000Christian mobMob kills 4,000 Jews.
Córdoba massacreJune 1391Cordoba2,000Christian mobMob kills 2,000 Jews.

Habsburg Spain

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NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Galera massacre10 February 1570Galera2,500Spanish ArmySpanish Army underJohn of Austria massacres 2,500Moriscos.
Corpus de Sang7–10 June 1640Barcelona12–20Catalan peasantsBetween 12 and 20 royal officials, including theViceroy of Catalonia, were killed by the rioters. The massacre was one of the first events of theReapers' War.

Bourbon Spain (1701–1808)

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Independence War, Kingdom of Spain and First Republic (1808–1875)

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NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Dos de Mayo Uprising3 May 1808Madrid113Grande ArméeFrench Army underJoachim Murat executed 113 Spanish rebels
Siege of Badajoz (1812)6 April 1812Badajoz200–300Anglo-Portuguese ArmyMarauding troops from theAnglo-Portuguese Army under the command ofEarl of Wellington kill between 200 and 300 Spanish civilians aftercapturing the city[6]
San Andrés beach mass execution11 December 1831Málaga49Spanish Army49 Liberal rebels, including their leaderJosé María de Torrijos y Uriarte, were executed extrajudicially by firing squad.
Massacre of Heredia17 March 1834Heredia118CarlistsCarlists execute 118Liberal prisoners of war. The massacre was ordered by generalTomás de Zumalacárregui.[7]
1834 massacre of friars in Madrid17 July 1834Madrid73Anti-clericalliberalsMobs assaulted and burned convents in the capital after a rumor spread that the friars had poisoned the water to favor the Carlist offensive. 73 friars were killed and 11 were injured.[8][9][10]
1835 Anti-clerical riotsSummer 1835Aragón andCatalonia78Anti-clericalliberalsMobs assaulted and burned monasteries, killing 70 friars and 8 priests. The most important mutinies happened inReus,Barcelona andZaragoza.[9][10]
Burjassot massacre29 March 1837Burjassot40 (around)CarlistsCarlists execute governmental POWs, mostly cadets, reportedly amidst festivious celebrations, wining and dining[11]
Battle of Andoain14 September 1837Andoain60CarlistsCarlists permit the crowd to lynch 60British Auxiliary Legion prisoners of war
- [no specific name]winter 1837/1838Beceite1,000 (not clear)Carlistsfollowing a few victorious battles in Aragon, Catalonia and Levante, Carlists gathered some 1,500 POWs. In November they were marched and incarcerated in the castle and other buildings in Beceite. As winter, usually harsh in this mountainous area, set in, prisoners were mostly neglected. Due to cold, sickness, hunger and mistreatment, there were some 10 POWs dying daily. There were cases of cannibalism.[12]
Calzada massacre27 February 1838Calzada de Calatrava150 (around)Carlistsduring combat for the city, at one point Liberal defenders (some with women and children) barricaded themselves in the Santa María del Valle church and rejected calls to give up. The Carlists brought artillery and started pounding the building. Anyone trying to flee or surrender was killed, the rest died in ruins of the burning and demolished church.[13]
Massacre of Guimerà19 September 1837Guimerà71liberalsgovernmental troops execute Carlist POWs[14]
Bombardment of Barcelona (1842)3 December 1842Barcelona20–30Spanish ArmyThe bombardment was ordered personally by generalBaldomero Espartero to end a revolt that started the previous month and had forced the army to take refuge inMontjuic Castle andParc de la Ciutadella. The indiscriminateartillery bombardment of the city was made fromMontjuïc, killing between 20 and 30 people.[15][16]
Martyrs of Carral26 April 1846Carral12Spanish Army12 rebel leaders of the failed1846 revolution were executed extrajudicially.[17][18]
Night of San Daniel10 April 1865Madrid14Guardia Civil
Various units of theSpanish Army		TheGuardia Civil andSpanish Army brutally repressed a group of students of the Central University of Madrid that were protesting in support of the rector of said university. 14 students were killed and 193 were injured.[19][20]
Berga massacre27 March 1873Berga67Carlistsonce the city has been captured, the formally commandingAlfonso Carlos pledged to respect lives of all POWs. However, once he left the city, thede facto commanderFrancisco Savalls ordered executions[21]
Enderlaza massacre4 June 1873Enderlaza34Carlistsfollowing a few hours of Carlist siege of the Carabineros outpost at the border between Navarre and Gipuzkoa, the latter surrendered. The Carlist commander,Manuel Santa Cruz, claiming that defenders had earlier micheviously displayed white flags, ordered execution of all POWs
Cirauqui massacre12 July 1874Cirauqui36Carlistsfollowing a few hours of combat for the town, eventually 62 liberal defenders, isolated in the church, surrendered. When leaving the building they were assaulted by the crowd, with apparently passive or perhaps even permissive attitude of Carlist commanders. During the carnage, 36 defenders have been lynched, mostly with canes or agricultural tools/[22]
Massacre of Olot15-30 July 1874Olot 100 (unclear)Carlistshaving defeated liberal troops during the battle of Toix, Carlists then executed some 35 POWs. As the result of the battle, Olot surrendered without a fight. During some 2 weeks, Carlists kept killing officers, NCOs, customs officials and other functionaries[23]
Looting of Cuenca15/16 July 1874Cuenca40 (around)Carlistsfollowing earlier siege of the city, which lasted some 3 days, Carlist troops overpowered the defenders. During the following 2 days the victorious troops turned into pillaging gangs, killing POWs and looting the city. Earlier prints claimed 700 fatalities, yet there are some 40 fatal victims identified. "Saco de Cuenca" became the icon of Carlist barbarity, present in public narrative for some 50 years to come

Restoration (1875–1931)

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NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Rio Tinto massacre4 February 1888Minas de Riotinto13 according to the official count, with some estimates claiming up to200[24][25]Spanish ArmyIn the Plaza de la Constitución, around 200 people were shot dead by two companies of theSpanish Army when they protested for better wages and the end of the emission of toxic fumes in the mines. Protestors were mainly workers of the local mines, led by anarchist Maximiliano Tornet. The massacre lasted only 15 minutes and the bodies of the dead were probably buried under the slag of a mine.
Bombing of the Gran Teatro del Liceo7 November 1893Barcelona20[26]Anarchist Santiago SalvadorOn the opening night of the theatre season and during the second act of the operaGuillaume Tell by Rossini, two Orsini bombs were thrown into the stalls of the opera house. Only one of the bombs exploded; some twenty people were killed and many more were injured. The attack was the work of the anarchist Santiago Salvador and deeply shocked Barcelona, becoming a symbol of the turbulent social unrest of the time. The Liceu reopened its doors on 18 January 1894, but the seats occupied by those killed were not used for a number of years.
Bombing of the Corpus Christi procession in Barcelona7 June 1897Barcelona12[26][27]Unidentified (forced confessions were made through torture)[28][29]An Italian anarchist attacked the Corpus Christi procession, which had just left theChurch of Santa Maria del Mar, killing twelve people. The bombing led to theMontjuïc trial, in which about 400 suspects were arrested, from whom 87 were put on trial and, after confessions made under torture, five were executed.
A Coruña massacre30–31 May 1901A Coruña (Galicia)8[30][31]Guardia CivilTheGuardia Civil shot striking workers, killing 8.[32][33]
Carnival massacre in Vigo24 February 1903Vigo3Guardia CivilGuardia Civil fired at a crowd of protesting workers during the localcarnival festivities, killing 3 people, including a 12-year-old.[34][35]
Morral affair31 May 1906Madrid24AnarchistMateu MorralAttemptedregicide of Spanish KingAlfonso XIII and his bride,Victoria Eugenie, on their wedding day. The attacker, Mateu Morral, acting on a desire to spur revolution, threw a bomb concealed in a flower bouquet from his hotel window as the King's procession passed, killing 24 bystanders and soldiers, wounding over 100 others, and leaving the royals unscathed. Morral sought refuge from republican journalistJosé Nakens but fled in the night toTorrejón de Ardoz, whose villagers reported him. Two days after the attack, militiamen accosted Morral, who killed one before killing himself. Morral was likely involved in a similar attack on the king a year prior.
Oseira massacre22 April 1909Parish of Oseira,San Cristovo de Cea (Galicia)7[36][37][38][39]Guardia CivilTheGuardia Civil shot residents who protested against the transfer of several artistic pieces of value from the local convent.
Nebra massacre12 October 1912Parish of Nebra,Porto do Son (Galicia)5[36][40][37]Guardia CivilAround 300 peasants were protesting in the bridge of Cans against a new tax ordered by the mayor to solve the local deficit. The Civil Guard fired indiscriminately at the demonstrators, killing 5 people and injuring 32.
El Descargador incidents7 March 1916La Unión, Murcia7Guardia Civil
Regimiento de Infantería "Sevilla" n.º 33 of theSpanish Army		Guardia Civil and a unit of theSpanish Army opened fire at a crowd of striking workers inLa Unión, killing 7 and injuring 16.[41][42][43]
Repression of the1917 General StrikeAugust 1917Industrial and miner areas of the country71Guardia Civil
Spanish Army		71 workers were killed by theGuardia Civil and theSpanish Army during theGeneral Strike of 1917.[44]
Bread riots in Málaga9–21 January 1918Málaga4Guardia CivilA popular revolt against an increase in bread prices was repressed by theGuardia Civil, causing 4 deaths.[45][46]
Bread riots in Ferrol9–15 March 1918Ferrolterra (Galicia)9Spanish Army
Guardia Civil		A popular revolt against an increase in bread prices was repressed by theSpanish Army and theGuardia Civil, causing 9 deaths.[47][37]
Sofán massacre16 February 1919Parish of Sofán,Carballo (Galicia)4[36][40][37]Guardia Civil4 peasant women were killed by theGuardia Civil.
Sobredo massacre28 November 1922Parish of Guillarei,Tui (Galicia)3[40][37]Guardia Civil3 peasants were killed by theGuardia Civil during a protest against the semi-feudal land system that existed inGalicia at the time, the "foros",[a] that were finally abolished in 1926.
Pobla de Passanant massacre21 May 1928Pobla de Passanat,Catalonia10José Marimon CarlesMass murder incident.[48][49]

Second Republic (1931–1936)

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NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Castilblanco events31 December 1931Castilblanco (Extremadura)4Local peasants affiliated with theUGT4 Civil Guards were lynched by local landless peasants affiliated with the National Federation of Land Workers (part of theUnión General de Trabajadores (UGT)).[50][51]
Arnedo incident5 January 1932Arnedo (La Rioja)11[52]Guardia CivilLocal workers, organized by the socialist unionUGT launched a strike in a shoe factory. The Guardia Civil killed 11 and injured 30 during a protest, part of the strike, in the Plaza de la República.[53]
Casas Viejas incident11 January 1933Benalup-Casas Viejas24[54]-26[55]Guardia de AsaltoSpanish police burned and shot 24 anarchists
Martyrs of TuronOctober 1934Turón (Mieres)8Asturian revolutionariesA group of eight De La Salle Brothers and a Passionist priest were executed by revolutionaries. They were canonized in 1999 by Pope John Paul II.
Repression after the failed 1934 Asturian revolutionOctober 1934Asturias200Spanish Legion
Guardia Civil
MoroccanRegulares		Around 200 individuals were killed in the repression following the failed revolution (among them the journalist Luis de Sirval, who pointed out tortures and executions and was arrested and killed by three officers of theLegion).[56][57]
"Martirs of Carbayín"22–24 October 1934Santa Marta Carbayín,Siero (Asturias)24Guardia Civil24 left-wing individuals were killed extrajudicially in the repression following the failed Asturian revolution after being tortured for days.[58]
Incidents during the funeral of Anastasio de los Reyes16 April 1936Madrid5Guardia de AsaltoGuardia de Asalto opened fire at the funeral procession of Anastasio de los Reyes, aGuardia Civil killed by left-wingers 2 days before, killing 5 people.[59]
Events of Yeste29 May 1936Yeste, Albacete18[b]Guardia Civilwhen escorting detainees theciviles were assaulted by a group of farmers and opened fire in return[60]

Civil War (1936–1939)

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NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Red Terror (Spain)1936–1939acrossSpain38,000–45,000 (scholarly consensus)[61][c]Republicans
White Terror (Spain)1936–1945acrossSpain150,000–250,000 (scholarly consensus)[d]Nationalists
17 July Massacre of Melilla17 July 1936Melilla189NationalistsThe same day as thecoup d'état all the members of trade unions, left-wing parties, Masonic lodges and anyone known to have voted for thePopular Front were arrested. On the first night, the Nationalists executed 189 civilians and soldiers. This was the first massacre of the Civil War.[63]
Córdoba massacres during the first weeks of the war18 July – August 1936Córdoba2,000[64]NationalistsOn 18 July, the military governor ofCórdoba, Ciriaco Cascajo, started thecoup in the city, bombing the civil government and arresting the civil governor, Rodríguez de León. After that, he and thecivil guard officer Bruno Ibañez,Don Bruno (sent there by generalQueipo de Llano, furious because no reprisals had been carried out yet), carried out a bloody repression, with 2,000 executions just in the first weeks.
Valladolid massacres19 July – September 1936Cemetery of El Carmen,Valladolid1,000NationalistsAround 1,000 people were killed in the cemetery during the first months of the war.[65][66] There are 10 known mass graves in the cemetery.[67]
Zaragoza cemetery massacres19 July 1936 – April 1939Cemetery of Torrero,Zaragoza3,096Nationalists3,096 republicans were killed in the cemetery during the war in successive mass executions.[68]
Palencia massacres20 July 1936 – 1938Cemetery of El Carmen,Palencia497NationalistsAt least 497 people were killed in the Municipal Cemetery, mainly during the first months of the war, although some executions also happened in 1937 and 1938. Themass grave is known as theFosa de los Alcaldes.[69][70]
Beatos Mártires Claretianos de Barbastro20 July – 18 August 1936Barbastro (Aragón)51[71][72]-52[73]RepublicansAnarchistCNT-AIT militias killed 51 or 52Claretians and seminarists in 5 successive mass executions.
Beatos Mártires Benedictinos de Barbastro20 July – 18 August 1936Barbastro (Aragón)18[74][75]Republicans18Benedictine monks of the El Pueyo monastery killed by AnarchistCNT-AIT militias.
Bombing of Otxandio22 July 1936Otxandio (Bizkaia)57[76]-61[77]Nationalists2Breguet XIX bombers attacked the main square ofOtxandio during the celebration of the "fiestas de Santa María", killing 57 or 61 people, almost all of them civilians.[78]
Seville massacres22 July 1936 – January 1937Seville3,028[79][80][81]Nationalists
Mass executions in the Cemetery of Granada23 July 1936 – 1 April 1939Granada5,000NationalistsAround 5,000 people were killed in various mass-executions in theCemetery of San José (Grajada) during the war, most of them during the first year.[82] The most famous victim wasFederico García Lorca. After the war ended the cemetery continued being used as an execution site for political prisoners until 1956.[83]
Monte de Estépar massacres2 August – 12 October 1936Estépar,Province of Burgos371[84]–1,000[85]NationalistsThemass graves of Estépar (or of Mount Estépar) are a set of mass graves located in a hill near the village ofEstépar (Province of Burgos). In these places hundreds of people were killed and buried. It is documented and confirmed that 371 people were killed and buried there,[84] but some historians increase the figure to about 1,000.[85]

Between 2 August, just two weeks after the start of the war, and on 12 October sixteen "sacas" were registered in the Prison of Burgos. In those "sacas" prisoners were taken to be extrajudicially executed and buried in hidden mass graves.

Mártires escolapios de Barbastro20 July – 18 August 1936Barbastro (Aragón)10Republicans10piarists were killed by AnarchistCNT-AIT militias.[86]
Mártires escolapios de Alcañiz20 July – 18 August 1936Alcañiz (Aragón)9Republicans9piarists were killed by AnarchistCNT-AIT militias.[86]
Executions of the ships España 3 and Sil14–15 August 1936Cartagena214[87]-215[88]RepublicansMassacre of prisoners who were held in two prison ships in theport of Cartagena.
Almendralejo 14 August massacre14 August 1936Almendralejo (Extremadura)40Nationalists40 republican soldiers were executed after surrendering.[89]
1936 Massacre of Badajoz15 August 1936Badajoz1,341[90]–4,000[91]Nationalists
Madrid Modelo Prison massacre22–23 August 1936Madrid24[92]–30[93]RepublicansAnarchist militias entered the Modelo Prison and killed dozens of prisoners, including important rightwing figures such asRamón Álvarez Valdés,Melquíades Álvarez,Joaquín Fanjul orJosé María Albiñana. This, and other massacres by uncontrolled militias, led to a crisis in the Republican government, that was solved with the creation of thePopular Courts, that were expected to appease therevolutionary excesses and offer at least some judicial guarantees to the defendants.[94]
Estrella prison sacas5–24 September 1936Estella-Lizarra (Navarre)81Nationalists81 republican prisoners of theEstella prison were killed extrajudicially in 7 mass-executions.[95]
Plaza de Colón bombingOctober 1936Madrid16Nationalists16 people dead and 60 wounded in Nationalist air raid againstMadrid. Six bombs detonated in the Plaza de Colón, in the middle of the city. One bomb fell into a queue of women waiting for milk. The air raid was made by German pilots in Junkers Ju 52s.Madrid had no air defenses to prevent enemy aircraft from flying over the city.[96]
Hernani mass executionsOctober 1936Hernani (Gipuzkoa)128–200[97][98]NationalistsAround 200 people were extrajudicially executed by firing squad at theHernani cemetery in October 1936. Among those executed there were priests, members of political parties and trade unions, pregnant women and even a 17-year-old. Virtually none of the victims had significant political responsibilities during the Republic.[97][99]
Tafalla prison saca17–21 November 1936Tafalla (Navarre)86Nationalists86 republican prisoners of theTafalla prison were killed extrajudicially in various mass-executions.[100][101]
Atlante prison-ship massacre18–20 November 1936Mahón (Minorca)75Republicans75 people (37 priests and monks, 37 civilians and military) imprisoned in theAtlante prison-ship, anchored inMahón, were killed by a mob as a revenge for a nationalist bombing over the city just hours before.[102][103]
Paracuellos massacresNovember–December 1936Paracuellos del Jarama,Torrejón de Ardoz1,000–4,000[104][105][106]Republicans
Navas del Madroño massacre15 January 1937Cáceres68Nationalists68 residents of the town ofNavas del Madroño were arrested and killed by a squad ofCivil Guards andFalangists.[107][108]
La Fatarella incidents25 January 1937La Fatarella (Catalonia)23–34[109][110]Republicans[e]Peasants opposed to thecollectivizations of the anarcho-syndicalist unionCNT-AIT were executed by anarchists. The peasants were supported by other Republican organizations like the socialistUGT,Republican Left of Catalonia or theUnió de Rabassaires. The killings ended with the intervention of theGeneralitat and theGuardia de Asalto. This was one of the first conflicts between different republican factions.
Bilbao prisons massacre4 January 1937Bilbao224[111]RepublicansA mob, formed mainly myUGT andCNT militias, assaulted the 5 prisons ofBilbao and massacred 224 national prisoners in revenge for a bombing that happened in the city that same morning.[112]
Málaga-Almería road massacre8 February 1937Málaga-Almería road3,000[113]–5,000[114]Nationalists
Málaga massacres8 February – December 1937Málaga2,300[115]–4,000[116][117]NationalistsAfter the fall of the city, nationalists took an enormous number of prisoners, with thousands of them being executed in the following weeks.
Bombing of Albacete19 February 1937Albacete150NationalistsThe NaziCondor Legion bombed the city, killing around 150 people.[118][119]
Bombing of Durango31 March 1937Durango248[120][121]–336[122]NationalistsGerman and Italian transport planes modified to carry bombs (GermanJu 52 and ItalianSavoia-Marchetti SM.81) from theCondor Legion[120] and theAviazione Legionaria bombedDurango in relays. Two churches were bombed during the celebration of mass, killing 14 nuns and the officiated priest. Furthermore,Heinkel He 51 fighters strafed fleeing civilians. Altogether, around 250 civilians died in the attack.
Bombing of Jaén1 April 1937Jaén159NationalistsSix GermanJu 52 bombers of the GermanLegion Condor bombed the city,[123] which had nolegitimate military targets oranti-aircraft defenses. Current estimates indicated there were 159 deaths among the civilian population and several hundred injured, comparable with theBombing of Guernica, which occurred four weeks later.
Revenge killings of Jaén2–7 April 1937Jaén128RepublicansAs a reprisal for theBombing of Jaén, the local republican authorities executed 128 Nationalist prisoners.[124]
Bombing of Guernica26 April 1937Gernika150–300[f]Condor LegionThe city ofGernika was destroyed in a deliberate bombing against civilians.
Bombing of Sestao23 May 1937Sestao22–25NationalistsNaziCondor Legion bombed the town in a deliberate attack against civilians.[125][126]
Bombardment of Almería31 May 1937Almería19–20NationalistsTheKriegsmarine bombed the city in retaliation for a Republicanair attack on theGerman cruiser Deutschland.
July 1937 Bombing of Tarragona29 July 1937Tarragona51[127]NationalistsBombing of civilians by the ItalianAviazione Legionaria. 51 people died and 104 were injured.[127]
3 October bombing of Valencia3 October 1937Valencia50Nationalists5Savoia-Marchetti S.M.81 of the ItalianAviazione Legionaria bombed the city. 50 people died, 78 were injured and 160 buildings were destroyed.[128]
1937 Bombing of Lleida2 November 1937Lleida150–300[129]NationalistsBombing of civilians by the ItalianAviazione Legionaria. 48 of the dead were children studying in theLiceu Escolar de Lleida.
Christmas massacre of Cáceres2 November 1937Cáceres196NationalistsVarious mass-executions of high-profile Republican prisoners inCáceres, starting on Christmas Day and ending with 196 killed a few days later.[130][131]
1938 January bombings of Barcelona1–30 January 1938Barcelona185–250NationalistsFirst "terror bombings" overBarcelona, carried by the ItalianAviazione Legionaria.[132] The attacks caused 210 civilian deaths, injured 125 people and destroyed or damaged 87 buildings.[133]
January bombing of Valladolid25 January 1938Valladolid14RepublicansThe Republican Airforce bombed the city, killing 14 civilians and injuring 70 people.[134][135]
Bombing of Alcañiz16–18 March 1938Alcañiz,Province of Teruel300–500NationalistsThe town was bombed by the Italian fascistAviazione Legionaria, deliberately targeting civilians.[136][137][138][139]
1938 March bombings of Barcelona16–18 March 1938Barcelona1,000–1,300NationalistsBarcelona was bombed by bombers of the ItalianAviazione Legionaria, the branch of the Italian Air Force fighting in the Spanish Civil War. The first raid came at 22:00 of 16 March by GermanHeinkel He 51s. After that, there were 17 air raids by the Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 andSavoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers at three-hour intervals until 15:00 of 18 March. Barcelona had little anti-aircraft artillery and no fighter cover. Up to 1,300 people were killed and at least 2,000 wounded.
1938 bombing of Lleida27 March 1938Lleida400NationalistsThe NaziCondor Legion bombed the city to demoralize the local civilian population,[140] causing around 400 deaths.[141][142]
Bombing of Alicante25 May 1938Alicante275–393NationalistsBetween seven and nine ItalianSM.79 andSM.81 bombers of theAviazione Legionaria bombed Alicante. The anti-aircraft artillery of the city was obsolete and the air-alarm system of the city did not work. The bombers dropped ninety bombs and many of them fell in the central market of the city. There were between 275 and 393 civilian deaths (100 men, 56 women, 10 children and more than 100 unidentified bodies), and 1000 wounded.
Bombing of Granollers31 May 1938Granollers,Catalonia100–224NationalistsThe ItalianAviazione Legionaria bombed the town. There were between 100 and 224 civilian deaths.
Bombing of Águilas3 August 1938Águilas (Region of Murcia)11NationalistsAerial bombing of a civilian hospital. All the victims were women and children.[143]
Bombing of La Barceloneta16 September 1938La Barceloneta (Barcelona,Catalonia)31NationalistsAerial bombing of the neighborhood ofLa Barceloneta. All victims were civilians.[143]
Bombing of Alcoi20–23 September 1938Alcoi (Valencian Community)50NationalistsAerial bombing of the city that lasted 3 days. The main objective of the bombing were the local factories, many of the victims were workers.[144]
Bombing of Sant Vicenç de Calders8 October 1938Sant Vicenç de Calders (Catalonia)40–60NationalistsAerial bombing of the railway station. It was carried out at the behest ofFrancisco Franco'snationalist government by theAviazione Legionaria of itsFascist Italian allies.
Bombing of Dénia18 October 1938Dénia (Valencian Community)12NationalistsAerial bombing of the city.[145]
Bombing of Cabra7 November 1938Cabra,Andalusia101–109RepublicansThreeTupolev SB bombers of theFARE, bombed the town. One of the bombs (200 kilograms) fell on the town's market, killing dozens of civilians. The aircraft dropped six tons of bombs. Most of the bombs exploded in the market and in the working class districts. There were between 101 and 109 civilians dead and 200 wounded
Bombings of Figueres27 January – 7 February 1939Figueres,Catalonia291–400[146]NationalistsThe city was bombed 18 times in just 13 days. The bombings killed between 291 and 400 civilians and affected around 500 buildings, including schools, the local hospital and the local cemetery.[147] The attack did not have any military justification or aims.[148]
Bombing of La Garriga29 January 1939La Garriga,Catalonia13[149]NationalistsLa Garriga was a tiny town of 10,000 inhabitants (among them 7,000 refugees fromMadrid and theBasque Country), without air defenses. On 28 January the retreatingLister's troops left the town and fled to the north and the following day ten ItalianSavoia-Marchetti bombers, bombed the town. On 29 January, the Italian bombers, attacked the town again. There were 13 civilian deaths, among them five refugees and seven children.
Bombing of Xàtiva29 January 1939Xàtiva,Valencian Community129NationalistsAerial bombing of the railway station. It was carried out at the behest ofFrancisco Franco'snationalist government by theAviazione Legionaria of itsFascist Italian allies.
Bombing of Sant Hilari Sacalm31 January 1939Sant Hilari Sacalm,Catalonia12NationalistsAerial bombing of the town. It was carried out at the behest ofFrancisco Franco'snationalist government by theAviazione Legionaria of itsFascist Italian allies. 12 people were killed.[150]

Francoism (1939–1975)

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NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
White Terror (Spain) (Killed after theWar)1939–1945acrossSpain58,000[151]–400,000[152][153]Francoist regime
Mass executions inEl Camp de la Bota1939–1952[g]Sant Adrià de Besós (nearBarcelona)1,717Guardia Civil,Spanish Army andFalangistsVarious mass executions were held in the area, after the end of theSpanish Civil War.[154]
Mass executions in the Cemetery of La Almudena1939–1944Madrid2,933Guardia Civil,Spanish Army andFalangistsVarious mass executions were held in the cemetery after the end of theSpanish Civil War.[155]
Mass executions in Paterna1939–1956[h]Paterna (Valencian Community)2,238Guardia Civil,Spanish Army andFalangistsVarious mass executions were held in the local cemetery after the end of theSpanish Civil War, there are 70 common graves with the remains of those shot.[156][157]
Mass executions in the cemetery of Zaragoza1939–1946Zaragoza447[158]Guardia Civil,Spanish Army andFalangistsVarious mass executions were held in the cemetery after the end of theSpanish Civil War. During the war another 3,096 people had already been killed there.[158][159]
Mass executions in Gijón1939–1949Gijón408[160][i]Guardia Civil,Spanish Army andFalangistsAfter the war 408 people were killed by the new regime in or around the city ofGijón. The bodies are buried in the common burials of Ceares/El Sucu. Another 1,526 republicans were killed (judicially or extrajudicially) during the war.[160]
Massacre of Alía16 August 1942Alía (Extremadura)24Guardia CivilExtrajudicial execution of a group of people suspected of collaborating with theanti-Francoist guerrilla by agents of the Civil Guard. The victims were 24 inhabitants of the towns ofAlía andLa Calera, who were killed in a field near the first town.[161][162]
Massacre of Monroyo11 November 1947Monroyo (Aragón)6–8[163][164]Guardia CivilExtrajudicial execution of a group of people suspected of collaborating with the anti-Franco guerrilla by agents of the Civil Guard[165][166]
Massacre of Pozo FuneresMarch and April 1948Pozu Funeres,Laviana (Asturias)9[167]-18[168]Guardia Civil andFalangistsExtrajudicial executions of people suspected of collaborating with theanti-Francoist guerrilla byFalangists andGuardia Civil agents. The victims were nine militants and relatives of left-wing militants, who were killed near apit cave located in thePeñamayor range, known as the Pozu Funeres. The victims were then thrown into the cave.[169]
Massacre of Cortijo del Enjembraero1 February 1949Near the village of Helechal,Benquerencia de la Serena (Extremadura)4Guardia CivilExtrajudicial execution of 4 peasants suspected of collaborating with theanti-Francoist guerrilla by agents of theGuardia Civil.[170][171][172]
Madrid spree19 and 21 July 1958Madrid5José María JaraboJosé María Jarabo kills four adults and an unborn baby[173]
Construction Strike of Granada21 July 1970Granada3Armed Police Corps3 construction workers were killed by theArmed Police.[174][175][176]
Alexander family murders16 December 1970Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Canary Islands3Frank Alexander, Harald AlexanderFrank Alexander, in the company of his father Harald, murdered his mother Dagmar and his sisters Petra and Marina Alexander
Ferrol incidents of 197210 March 1972Ferrol2Armed Police Corps2 workers (Amador Rey and Daniel Niebla, members of the clandestine unionCCOO) were killed by theArmed Police. Another 16 were injured by bullets, 160 workers were fired, 101 arrested, 60 incarcerated and 54 fined with between 50,000 and 250,000pesetas. 10 March is officially commemorated inGalicia as Day of the Galician Working Class.[177][178][179]
Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco20 December 1973Madrid3ETA
Cafetería Rolando bombing13 September 1974Madrid13ETA political-militaryThe attack killed 13 people and wounded 71.

Transition (1975–1982)

[edit]
NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Vitoria massacre3 March 1976Vitoria-Gasteiz5[180][181][182]National Police CorpsMore than 150 injured.[180][181][182] Another two people were killed in the protests against police violence after the incident, one inTarragona and another inBasauri.[183]
Montejurra massacre9 May 1976Montejurra mountain, nearEstella-Lizarra2Neofascists and theSpanish Secret ServiceTwo left-wing Carlist militants were killed and another three seriously wounded by right-wing gunmen at the annualCarlist Party celebration.
Assassination of Juan María de Araluce Villar4 October 1976San Sebastián5ETAThree ETA members carrying pistols and submachine guns killed Araluce, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation ofGipuzkoa and member of theCouncil of the Realm. Araluce's driver was killed in the attack together with three police guards.[184] Ten bystanders were also injured in the attack, which was ETA's deadliest of 1976.
1977 Massacre of Atocha24 January 1977Madrid5[185]Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista4 injured[185]
Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea24 January 1977Gernika3ETAThree ETA members carrying pistols and submachine guns killed Unceta, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation ofBiscay and Mayor of Guernica.[186] He was ambushed as he arrived to play his weekly sports game. His two bodyguards, Antonio Hernández Fernández-Segura and Ángel Rivera Navarrón[187] were also killed in the attack.
Scala case15 January 1978Barcelona4Joaquín Gambín HernándezEl Grillo (Police confidant)4 workers (all victims were, members of theCNT themselves) were killed in an incendiary attack after a legal demonstration of theCNT in the center ofBarcelona. Originally, both the police and the media blamed theCNT and theanarchist movement, but in the trials (1980–1983) it was discovered that the culprit was a police confidant called Joaquín Gambín. TheCNT has always maintained that the attack was a frame-up by the police to stop its growth during theSpanish transition, a position supported by various researchers.[188][189][190][191][192][193]
Getxo attack22 October 1978Getxo3ETAGun attack by theBasque separatist organisationETA which occurred inGetxo, a suburb ofBilbao. 3Civil Guards were killed.
California 47 Café Attack26 May 1979Madrid9[194]GRAPO (denied by GRAPO)A bomb exploded in the Café California 47, in the center ofMadrid. 9 people died and 61 were injured. TwoFirst of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (GRAPO) members were condemned in 1981 for the attack, although that organization has always denied that they were the authors of the bombing, blaming it onfar-right groups.[195]
July 1979 Madrid bombings29 July 1979Madrid7ETA political-militaryBomb attacks carried out byETA political-military (ETA-pm). The attacks, consisting of coordinated bombings inBarajas Airport and the train stations ofAtocha andChamartín, killed 7 people and injured a further 100. The bombings occurred a day after two attacks inBilbao andSan Sebastián, with both attacks killing two people.
Alonsotegi bombing20 January 1980Alonsotegi (Bizkaia)4Grupos Armados EspañolesGrupos Armados Españoles (GAE), an armed group operating in the Basque Country in the early years of the democratic transition, planted a bomb in a local bar which exploded that evening killing four civilians and wounding ten. The bar was targeted as it was thought to be a meeting point forBasque moderate nationalists in the area. No official inquiries have been made so far.
1980 Bilbao bombing23 July 1980Bilbao3Alianza Apostólica AnticomunistaA bomb exploded in the Ametzola neighborhood of Bilbao. In the explosion, two teenagers died at the scene and an employee of the municipal cleaning service, was fatally injured.
1980 Markina attack20 September 1980Markina-Xemein4ETAGun attack by theBasque separatist organisationETA near the town ofMarkina (Spanish:Marquina). The targets were a group of off-dutycivil guards who were having lunch in a bar. Four civil guards were killed.
Caso Almería10 May 1981Bilbao3Guardia CivilThree young men were kidnapped, tortured and killed by civil guards who had confused them with members ofETA. Then, they shot them to pretend that they died in a supposed shooting. In 1984 amovie about the incident was released.
September 1982 Rentería attack14 September 1982Errenteria4ETAAmbush by theBasque separatist organisationETA near the town ofErrenteria. The targets were several national police officers, four of whom were killed in the attack, with the fifth seriously injured..

Contemporary Spain (1982–)

[edit]
NameDateLocationDeathsPerpetratorsNotes
Pasaia ambush22 March 1984NearPasaia (Basque Country)4National Police CorpsNational Policeman ambushed five members of theComandos Autonomos Anticapitalistas and killed 4 of them.[196][197]
El Descanso bombing12 April 1985Madrid18Islamic Jihad OrganizationThe explosion caused the three-story building to collapse, crashing down on about 200 diners and employees, killing 18 people and injuring 82 others, including fifteen Americans working at the nearbyTorrejón Air Base who frequented the restaurant.
Plaza República Dominicana bombing14 July 1986Madrid11ETABomb attack carried out by the armedBasque separatist groupETA, which killed 12 people and injured a further 32. The dead were all members of the Guardia Civil studying in the nearby traffic school on Príncipe de Vergara. The ETA members later convicted of participation in the attack included significant figures in the group such asAntonio Troitiño andIñaki de Juana Chaos.
1987 Hipercor bombing19 June 1987Barcelona21ETACar bomb attack by theBasque separatist organisationETA which occurred at theHipercor shopping centre onAvinguda Meridiana. The bombing killed 21 people and injured 45, the deadliest attack in ETA's history. Controversy surrounded the timing of telephone warnings made before the attack and the authorities' response to them.
Zaragoza Barracks bombing11 December 1987Zaragoza11ETACar bomb attack by theBasque separatist organisationETA. A vehicle containing 250 kilograms ofammonal was parked beside the mainGuardia Civil barracks; its subsequent explosion caused the deaths of 11 people, including 5 children. A total of 88 people were injured, the majority of themcivilians.
Puerto Hurraco massacre26 August 1990Puerto Hurraco,Benquerencia de la Serena9Brothers Antonio and Emilio IzquierdoBrothers Antonio and Emilio Izquierdo fired at people in the streets with two shotguns, killing nine and wounding at least six others.
Sabadell bombing8 December 1990Sabadell6ETACar bombing carried out by the armedBasque separatist groupETA. The target was a convoy carrying eight members of theNational Police force on the way to police afootball game betweenSabadell andMálaga CF. Six of the police officers were killed, with the other two injured. Several civilians were also injured in the attack.
1991 Vic bombing29 May 1991Vic10ETAAcar bomb, carrying more than 200 kg of explosive, exploded outside aCivil Guard barracks. The bombing killed 10 people, including five children, and injured 44 people.
Mutxamel bombing16 September 1991Mutxamel3ETAAttempted car bombing byETA. However the bomb initially failed to explode near its target. The police treated the car as an abandoned vehicle, not realising that it contained a bomb and while being towed away, the car bomb exploded, killing two police officers and the civilian towing the car away.
1992 Madrid bombing6 February 1992Madrid6ETACar bomb attack carried out by the armedBasque separatist groupETA which killed 5 people and injured a further 7. The target was a military vehicle transporting members of the army. The dead included threecaptains, a soldier driving the vehicle and a civilian working for the armed forces.
1993 Madrid bombings21 June 1993Madrid7ETACar bomb attacks carried out by the armedBasque separatist groupETA, which killed 7 people and injured a further 29. The target was an army vehicle transporting members of the army. The dead included fourLieutenant colonels, aCommander, aSergeant and the civilian driver of the vehicle.
Puente de Vallecas bombing11 December 1995Madrid6ETACar bomb attack carried out by the armedBasque separatist groupETA in thePuente de Vallecas district ofMadrid, which killed 6 people and injured a further 19. The target was a camouflaged army vehicle which was transporting nine civilian employees of the army towards the nearby motorway.
October 2000 Madrid bombing30 October 2000Madrid3ETAETA detonated a largecar bomb on Arturo Soria avenue inMadrid. The blast killed three people; a Spanish Supreme Court judge, Francisco Querol Lombardero, his driver, and his bodyguard. One of the injured, a bus driver, died from his injuries days later.
2004 Madrid train bombings11 March 2004Madrid193Al-Qaeda2,050 injured
Olot massacre14 December 2010Olot (Gerona)4[198]Pere Puig PuntíMass murder incident.
Barcelona school killing20 April 2015Barcelona1A 13 years old student5 injured
Pioz murders17 August 2016Pioz,Castilla–La Mancha4Patrick Nogueira
2017 Barcelona attacks17 August 2017Barcelona16Jihadists16 victims and 8 terrorists dead. 152 injured

References

[edit]
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  92. ^Ruiz, J. (2014).The Red Terror and the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 167-168.
  93. ^Preston, P. (2011).El holocausto español: odio y exterminio en la Guerra Civil y después. Debate. pp. 387-390.
  94. ^Preston, P. (2011).El holocausto español: odio y exterminio en la Guerra Civil y después. Debate. pp. 391-393.
  95. ^Taldea, A. K. (1986).Navarra 1936. De la esperanza al terror. pp. 308-309
  96. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4.
  97. ^abAizpuru, Mikel; Apaolaza, Urko; Gómez, Jesús Mari; Odriozola, Jon (2007).El otoño de 1936 en Guipúzcoa: los fusilamientos de Hernani. Vol. 36. Alberdania. p. 7.ISBN 978-84-96643-68-0.
  98. ^Barés, P. B. (2007).La represión en las zonas republicana y franquista del País Vasco durante la Guerra Civil.Historia contemporánea, (35).
  99. ^MANJARRÉS, JUAN F. (21 October 2022)."Hernani: Homenaje en el cementerio a los fusilados en el municipio en el año 1936 - El Diario Vasco".El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). Retrieved17 December 2024.
  100. ^Taldea, A. K. (1986).Navarra 1936. De la esperanza al terror. pp. 588-590
  101. ^Casanova, J. (2001).La Iglesia de Franco. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-080-7. pp. 119-120.
  102. ^Manresa, A. (2014).Mahón levanta un polémico monumento a 75 presos fusilados por los republicanos Mahón levanta un polémico monumento a 75 presos fusilados por los republicanos.El País.
  103. ^Abal Mauricio, A. (2016).La rendición de Menorca: un análisis de prensa.Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. pp. 56-58
  104. ^Jackson, Gabriel.(1967).The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1936-1939. Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.326
  105. ^Preston, Paul. (2006).The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution&revenge. Harper Perennial. London. p.186
  106. ^Julía, Santos; Casanova, Julían; Solé i Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; and Moreno, Francisco. (2006).Víctimas de la guerra civil. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Madrid.p.134
  107. ^De La Torre, A. (2017).80 años, 68 muertos. Diario Hoy.
  108. ^Chaves, J. (1993).La Guerra Civil en Navas del Madroño: Los fusilamientos de las Navidades de 1937. Navas del Madroño, Cáceres, Ayuntamiento
  109. ^i Blanch, P. P. (2004).La Fatarella: una insurrecció pagesa a la rereguarda catalana durant la guerra civil.Estudis d'història agrària, (17), 659-673.
  110. ^Gironès Descarrega, J. (2007).Fets de La Fatarella.El País.
  111. ^de la Granja Sainz, J. L. (2007).El oasis vasco: el nacimiento de Euskadi en la República y la Guerra Civil. Tecnos Editorial SA.
  112. ^Barés, P. B. (2007).La represión en las zonas republicana y franquista del País Vasco durante la Guerra Civil. Historia contemporánea, (35). Pp. 664.
  113. ^Preston, P. (2011).El holocausto español: odio y exterminio en la Guerra Civil y después. Debate. Pp. 351-352.
  114. ^Muerte en la carretera de la costa(in Spanish) (Archived 2 September 2011 at theWayback Machine)
  115. ^Martínez, G. (2006).Sabemos nombres y apellidos de 3.600 fusilados en Málaga. Diario Sur.
  116. ^Thomas, H. (1976).La Guerra Civil Española. Ruedo Ibérico.ISBN 84-253-2767-9. Page 635.
  117. ^Preston, P. (2006).The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.194
  118. ^Morales Encinas, O. M. (2008).La guerra civil en Castilla-La Mancha, 70 años después: actas del Congreso Internacional.ISBN 978-84-8427-555-8. Page 681.
  119. ^Martínez, A. (2016).Albacete, la guernica de la Mancha. Tribuna de Albacete.
  120. ^abThomas, H. (2001).The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin Books.ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5. P. 598.
  121. ^Preston, P. (1995).Franco. London: Fontana Press. P. 239.
  122. ^Miralles, R. (2007).La incidencia de la situación internacional en la guerra en Euskadi, 1936-1937.Historia contemporánea, (35). p. 504.
  123. ^Julía, Santos; Casanova, Julían; Solé i Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; and Moreno, Francisco.Víctimas de la guerra civil. Editorial Temas de Hoy. 2006. Madrid. p.171
  124. ^Juliá, S., & Casanova, J. (1999).Víctimas de la guerra civil. Temas de Hoy. p.171
  125. ^R. Q. (2012).Sestao conmemora el 75 aniversario del último bombardeo que arrasó la localidad.El Correo Vasco.
  126. ^Zunzunegi, Emilio (2019).La obra sobre el bombardeo de Sestao vuelve a escena tras su éxito. Deia.
  127. ^abSolé i Sabaté, J. M. S., & i Font, J. V. (2003).España en llamas: la Guerra Civil desde el aire. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Pp. 109-110.
  128. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M. S., & i Font, J. V. (2003).España en llamas: la Guerra Civil desde el aire. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Pp. 117.
  129. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M. S., & i Font, J. V. (2003).España en llamas: la Guerra Civil desde el aire. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Pp. 121-122.
  130. ^Hernández, C. (2017).80 años de la masacre franquista de Navidad.eldiario.es.
  131. ^Serrano, M. (2019).Los 200 fusilados en Cáceres en la Navidad más sangrienta de la represión franquista. Público.
  132. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4. Pp. 147-148
  133. ^Albertí, S., & Albertí, E. (2004).Perill de bombardeig!: Barcelona sota les bombes (1936-1939). Albertí Editor. p. 220
  134. ^Thomas, H. (1985). La Guerra Civil Española / Volumen II. Barcelona: Grijalbo.ISBN 84-253-0695-7. P. 854
  135. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M. S., & i Font, J. V. (2003).España en llamas: la Guerra Civil desde el aire. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Pp. 148-152.
  136. ^Maldonado, J. M. (2003).Alcañiz, 1938: el bombardeo olvidado. Ibercaja, Obra Social y Cultural.
  137. ^Bayona, E. (2018).Alcañiz, 3 de marzo de 1938: el minuto más mortífero de la guerra civil. Público.
  138. ^Franco deja de ser concejal honorífico de Alcañiz 75 años después y con la abstención del PP.eldiario.es.
  139. ^Alcañiz conmemora el 82 aniversario del ‘bombardeo olvidado’ de marzo de 1938. Diario de Teruel.
  140. ^Juliá, S., & Casanova, J. (1999).Víctimas de la guerra civil. Temas' de Hoy. Pp. 227-228.
  141. ^Anthony, B. (2005).La Guerra civil españolaCrítica.ISBN 978-8484326656. Page 483.
  142. ^Sagués San José, J. (2014).La Lleida vençuda i ocupada del 1938. Pagès Editors.ISBN 978-84-9975-482-6. Pp. 29-33.
  143. ^abSolé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4. pp. 211-212.
  144. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4. pp. 212-214.
  145. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4. pp. 214-217.
  146. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4. pp. 244-245
  147. ^Playà Maset, J. (2014).El recuerdo de la Gernika catalana.La Vanguardia.
  148. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4. Pp. 239-240
  149. ^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003).España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.ISBN 84-8460-302-4. p. 239
  150. ^Gesalí, D; Íñiguez, D. (2012).La guerra aèria a Catalunya (1936-1939). Rafael Dalmau Editor. p. 575.ISBN 978-84-232-0775-6.
  151. ^Preston, P. (2011).El holocausto español: odio y exterminio en la Guerra Civil y después. Debate.
  152. ^Maestre, F. E., Casanova, J., Mir, C., & Gómez, F. M. (2004).Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco (Vol. 102). Grupo Planeta (GBS).
  153. ^Ortiz Heras, M. (2013).La violencia política en la dictadura franquista 1939-1977. La insoportable banalidad del mal. Editorial Bomarzo. pp. 37-39.
  154. ^Gil, J. C. (2008).Justícia, no venjança: els executats pel franquisme a Barcelona (1939-1952) (Vol. 83). Cossetània Edicions.
  155. ^Holgado, F. H., Funes, J. C. G., Muñoz, M. G., Herrera, F. J., Aparicio, T. M., Silva, D. O., & Sombría, S. V. (2018).Listado de personas ejectudas durante la posguerra (1939-1944) en la ciudad de Madrid. Ayuntamiento de Madrid.
  156. ^Cebellán, V. G. (2011).Els afusellaments al País Valencià (1938-1956).Universitat de València.
  157. ^Paterna rememora el horror.El País, 21 August 2018.
  158. ^abCasanova, J. (2010).The Torero Cemetery: A Place of Memories (1936-2010). Zaragoza: Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza.
  159. ^Junquera, N. (2010).Una ruta de la memoria une en Zaragoza a vencidos y vencedores.El País.
  160. ^abOrtega Valcárcel, E. (2010).1934 nombres.Monumento a la memoria de las víctimas de la represión franquista. Concejo de Gijón/Xixón.
  161. ^Chaves Palacios, J. (2005).Guerrilla y franquismo: memoria viva del maquis Gerardo Antón (Pinto). Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura. p. 33, 37-9.ISBN 84-7671-848-9.
  162. ^Casanova, J.; Espinosa Maestre, F.; Mir Curcó, C. (2002).Morir, matar, sobrevivir: la violencia en la dictadura de Franco. Barcelona: Crítica. p. 274-5.ISBN 84-8432-321-8.
  163. ^Bennasar i Llobera, S. (2011).El mas de la mort. De la presó al fossar: Mont-roig de Tastavins, 1947.501 crims que has de conèixer abans de morir.Barcelona: Ara llibres. pp. 9-10.ISBN 978-84-92907-14-4.
  164. ^Polo Cerdá, M.; Cruz Rico, E.; García Prósper, E. (2010).Arqueología y antropología forense de la represión franquista en el territorio de la Agrupación Guerrillera de Levante y Aragón (1947-1948).Ebre 38: revista internacional de la Guerra Civil, 1936-1939 (Barcelona: Grup de Recerca de Didàctica del Patrimoni) (4): 215-7. ISSN 1696-2672.
  165. ^Sancho, Maribel (10 November 2017)."70 años después de los fusilamientos del Mas de la Serra en Monroyo".Diario de Teruel (in European Spanish). Retrieved24 March 2024.
  166. ^"La Masacre de Monroyo. En 1947, la guardia civil franquista asesinó extrajudicialmente a 8 republicanos, acusados de ayudar a la guerrilla antifranquista".www.lavozdelarepublica.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved24 March 2024.
  167. ^García Piñeiro, R. (2015).Pozo Funeres, la revisión de un mito.Atlántica XXII (Oviedo: Letras Atlánticas) (39): 40-42.
  168. ^Yusta Rodrigo, M. (2008).Una guerra que no dice su nombre. Los usos de la violencia en el contexto de la guerrilla antifranquista (1939-1953). Historia social (Fundación Instituto de Historia Social) (61): 118. ISSN 0214-2570.
  169. ^Fernández Tomás, Rafael (2 July 2023)."¡¡¡¡A 75 Años de La Masacres del Poo Funeres, Sin Responsables Tra La Transición Gatopardista. A Lo Que Teme La Derecha El 23 de Julio!!! - Reflexiones de Belarmino".El Comercio (in European Spanish). Retrieved17 March 2024.
  170. ^Moreno Gómez, F. (2001).La resistencia armada contra Franco.Barcelona: Crítica. p. 317.ISBN 978-84-8432-209-2.
  171. ^Vila Izquierdo, J.; Santiago Álvarez, J.; Hinojosa J.; Sandoval, J. (2003). La guerrilla antifranquista en Extremadura.El movimiento guerrillero de los años 40.Barcelona: Universitas. p. 105.ISBN 84-87098-39-8.
  172. ^"Las grandes matanzas del franquismo - Al Descubierto".aldescubierto.org (in European Spanish). 11 February 2022. Retrieved17 March 2024.
  173. ^Bartolomé, Andrés (28 April 2022)."Jarabo, un crimen que dejó huella: "¿Sangre por debajo de la puerta? ¿Que hay muchos muertos?"".La Razón (in European Spanish). Retrieved19 January 2024.
  174. ^Ruiz, R. M. (1996).La significación histórica de la huelga de la construcción de Granada(21-29 de julio de 1970). InFuturo del sindicalismo (pp. 15-44). Diputación Provincial de Granada.
  175. ^"47 años de la sangrienta huelga de la construcción en Granada, en la que la policía mató a tres trabajadores - Público".Público (in European Spanish). 21 July 2017. Retrieved19 January 2024.
  176. ^"Los sindicatos recuerdan en Granada a los tres obreros asesinados hace 53 años en la huelga de la Construcción de 1970".Europa Press (in European Spanish). 21 July 2023. Retrieved19 January 2024.
  177. ^Lago Peñas, P. (2010).La construcción del movimiento sindical en sistemas políticos autoritarios: las comisiones obreras de Galicia (1966-1975).Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico.
  178. ^Santalla, M.; Bouza Allegue, J. M.; Dobarro, C. (1996).Ferrol: los sucesos de marzo de 1972. Fundación Luís Tilve.ISBN 978-84-921045-1-2
  179. ^Pérez, Uxía (9 July 2022)."Los 15 días de 1972 en los que el proletariado gallego hizo frente al franquismo - Público".Público (in European Spanish). Retrieved19 January 2024.
  180. ^ab(in Spanish)"Masacre del 3 de marzo en Vitoria-Gasteiz (1976)", Library and Documentation Center of the Artium Museum, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
  181. ^ab(in Catalan) Lluís DANÈS:Llach, la revolta permanent, Mediapro / Bainet Zinema, 2006.
  182. ^ab(in Spanish)"Lakua homenajea a los trabajadores tiroteados por la Policía Armada en 1976",El Mundo, 3 March 2012.
  183. ^Víctimas del tres de marzo.
  184. ^"ETA reivinca el atentado", El Pais, 5 October 1976
  185. ^ab"Memoria viva de las víctimas de la matanza de Atocha".El País (in Spanish). 25 January 2005.
  186. ^"Los presidentes franquistas de la Diputación vizcaína que mató ETA no tendrán placa".El Mundo. 26 October 2010.
  187. ^"Augusto Unceta y sus dos escoltas;Carlos Sanz, Alberto Toca y Juan José Pulido - in Memoriam".Libertad Digital. 8 October 2011.
  188. ^Cañadas Gascón, X. (2008).Caso Scala: terrorismo de Estado y algo más. Barcelona: Virus, 2008.
  189. ^Vaquero, F. G. (2014).El caso Scala: intento de desprestigiar y criminalizar a la CNT.Tiempo y sociedad, (15), 41-58.
  190. ^Mato Ortega, J. M. (2001).El caso Scala y el fin de la historia. La represión y criminalización del movimiento anarquista.Ubi Sunt?: Revista de historia (8). Pp. 12-17.
  191. ^Zambrana, J. (2008).Terrorismo de Estado: el caso Scala y la CNT.El viejo topo, (248), 35-39.
  192. ^Wilhelmi Casanova, G. (2014).Izquierda revolucionaria y movimientos sociales en la transición:Madrid, 1975-1982. Pp. 243-244.
  193. ^Muñoz, J. V. (2004).El anarquismo y anarcosindicalismo en la España de la Transición. InLa transición a la democracia en España: actas de las VI Jornadas de Castilla-La Mancha sobre Investigación en Archivos: Guadalajara, 4-7 de noviembre 2003 (p. 26). Asociación de Amigos del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Castilla La Mancha.
  194. ^California 47, el atentado más sangriento de la historia del Grapo. ABC/Europa Press. 25 May 2012.
  195. ^Los GRAPO atribuyen el atentado contra California 47 a grupos parapoliciales y a la extrema derecha.El País, 2 July 1981.
  196. ^Emboscada de Pasaia. Naiz, 21 March 2014.
  197. ^Emboscada de Pasaia, el crimen que no se podrá silenciar. Noticias de Gipuzkoa, 29 October 2017.
  198. ^Condena de 60 años de cárcel para el pistolero de Olot por cuatro asesinatos.El País, 29 December 2011.
  1. ^TheForos were abusive contracts between the peasants and the landowners inGalicia until their total abolition in 1926. Foros were long-term or often perpetual, so that a person or institution ceded the use or/and benefit of a thing (almost always a land), in exchange for the fulfillment of various conditions previously laid down. This conditions were normally a part of the agrarian production or a part of the monetarian of the production. Sometimes the peasants had to pay up to the 50% of its production. It was a mode of semifeudal exploitation of the land, with the owners usually being fidalgos (low nobility), priests or rich peasants.
  2. ^17 civilians a 1 Civil Guard.
  3. ^Up to 72,344 depending on the source.[62]
  4. ^58,000-400,000 depending on the source.
  5. ^Victims were also Republicans.
  6. ^The exact number has historically been controversial. More details inCasualties of the bombing of Guernica.
  7. ^The vast majority of the mass killings happened in the first years
  8. ^The vast majority of the mass killings happened in the first years
  9. ^Counting those killed between April 1939 and 1949.
Lists ofmassacres
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See also
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