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List of largest cosmic structures

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Galaxy filaments form massive, thread-like structures on the order of millions of light-years. Computer simulation.

This is alist of the largest cosmic structures so far discovered. The unit of measurement used is thelight-year (distance traveled by light in oneJulian year; approximately 9.46 trillionkilometres).

This list includessuperclusters,galaxy filaments andlarge quasar groups (LQGs). The structures are listed based on their longest dimension.

This list refers only to coupling of matter with defined limits, and not the coupling of matter in general (such as, for example, thecosmic microwave background, which fills the entire universe). All structures in this list are defined as to whether their presiding limits have been identified.

There are some reasons to be cautious about this list:

  • TheZone of Avoidance, or the part of the sky occupied by theMilky Way, blocks out light from several structures, making their limits imprecisely identified.
  • Some structures are too distant to be seen even with the most powerful telescopes.
  • Some structures have no defined limits, or endpoints. All structures are believed to be part of thecosmic web, which is a conclusive idea.[clarification needed] Most structures are overlapped by nearby galaxies, creating a problem of how to carefully define the structure's limit.
  • Interpreting the observational data requires assumptions aboutgravitational lensing,redshift, etc.

List of largest structures

[edit]
List of the largest cosmic structures
Structure name
(year discovered)		Maximum dimension
(inlight-years)		Notes
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (2014)[1]9,700,000,000–10,000,000,000[2][3][4]Discovered throughgamma-ray burst mapping. Existence as a structure is disputed.[5][6][7]
Giant GRB Ring (2015)[8]5,600,000,000[8]Discovered through gamma-ray burst mapping. Largest-known regular formation in the observable universe.[8]
Huge-LQG (2012–2013)4,000,000,000[9][10][11]Decoupling of 73quasars. Largest-knownlarge quasar group and the first structure found to exceed 3 billion light-years.
"Giant Arc" (2021)3,300,000,000[12]Located 9.2 billion light years away.
U1.11 LQG (2011)2,500,000,000Involves 38 quasars. Adjacent to the Clowes-Campusano LQG.
Clowes–Campusano LQG (1991)2,000,000,000Grouping of 34 quasars. Discovered by Roger Clowes and Luis Campusano.
Sloan Great Wall (2003)1,380,000,000Discovered through the2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey and theSloan Digital Sky Survey.
South Pole Wall (2020)1,370,000,000[13][14][15][16][17][18]The largest contiguous feature in the local volume and comparable to theSloan Great Wall (see above) at half the distance. It is located at thecelestial South Pole.
King Ghidorah Supercluster (2022)1,300,000,000[19]Consists of at least 15 clusters plus other interconnected filaments. It is the most massive galaxy supercluster discovered so far.[19]
Big Ring (2024)1,300,000,000Made up of galaxy clusters.
(Theoretical limit)1,200,000,000Structures larger than this size are incompatible with thecosmological principle according to all estimates. However, whether the existence of these structures itself constitutes a refutation of the cosmological principle is still unclear.[20]
Ho'oleilana Bubble (2023)1,000,000,000Contains about 56,000 galaxies, located 820 million light years away.
BOSS Great Wall (BGW) (2016)1,000,000,000Structure consisting of 4 superclusters of galaxies. The mass and volume exceeds the amount of the Sloan Great Wall.[21]
Perseus–Pegasus Filament (1985)1,000,000,000Thisgalaxy filament contains thePerseus–Pisces Supercluster.
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex (1987)1,000,000,000Contains the Milky Way, and is the firstgalaxy filament to be discovered. (The firstLQG was found earlier in 1982.) A new report in 2014 confirms the Milky Way as a member of the Laniakea Supercluster.
CfA2 Great Wall (1989)750,000,000Also known as theComa Wall.
Saraswati Supercluster652,000,000[22]The Saraswati Supercluster consists of 43 massive galaxy clusters, which include Abell 2361 and ZWCl 2341.1+0000.
Boötes Supercluster620,000,000
Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster (2005)550,000,000Also known as theHorologium Supercluster.
Laniakea Supercluster (2014)520,000,000Galaxy supercluster in whichEarth is located.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11500,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
Hyperion proto-supercluster (2018)489,000,000The largest and earliest known proto–supercluster.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12480,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
Newman LQG (U1.54)450,000,000Discovered Peter R Newman[25] et al.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5430,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
Tesch–Engels LQG420,000,000
Shapley Supercluster400,000,000First identified by Harlow Shapley as a cloud of galaxies in 1930, it was not identified as a structure until 1989.
Komberg–Kravstov–Lukash LQG 3390,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
U1.90380,000,000
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament (LUM Filament)370,000,000
Sculptor Wall370,000,000Also known as theSouthern Great Wall.
Einasto Supercluster360,000,000[26]
Pisces-Cetus Supercluster350,000,000
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2350,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
z=2.38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143-4423330,000,000
Webster LQG320,000,000First LQG (Large Quasar Group) discovered.[24][27]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8310,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1280,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6260,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7250,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
SCL @ 1338+27228,314,341One of the most distant knownsuperclusters.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9200,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
SSA22 Protocluster200,000,000Giant collection ofLyman-alpha blobs.
Ursa Major Supercluster200,000,000
Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10180,000,000Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash.[23][24]
Virgo Supercluster110,000,000A part of the Laniakea Supercluster (see above). It also contains theMilky Way Galaxy, which contains theSolar System whereEarth orbits theSun.
Listed here for reference.

Comparison of the largest Cosmic voids

List of largest voids

[edit]
See also:List of voids

Voids are immense spaces between galaxy filaments and other large-scale structures. Technically they are not structures. They are vast spaces which contain very few or no galaxies. They are theorized to be caused byquantum fluctuations during the early formation of the universe.

A list of the largest voids so far discovered is below. Each is ranked according to its longest dimension.

List of the largest voids
Void name/designationMaximum dimension
(inlight-years)		Notes
LOWZ North 13788 void2,953,000,000One of largest known voids, containing 109,066 known galaxies.[28]
Local Hole2,000,000,000Proposed void containing theMilky Way galaxy andLocal Group as an explanation for the discrepancy in theHubble constant. Existence is still disputed.[29][30]
LOWZ North 4739 void1,846,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 16634 void1,671,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 11627 void1,663,000,000[28]
LOWZ South 4653 void1,610,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 13222 void1,515,000,000[28]
Giant Void1,300,000,000Also known asCanes Venatici Supervoid
LOWZ North 14348 void1,277,000,000[28]
LOWZ South 5589 void1,110,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 13721 void1,095,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 11918 void998,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 5692 void984,000,000[28]
Bahcall & Soneira 1982 void978,000,000This suspected void ranged 100 degrees across the sky, and has shown up on other surveys as several separate voids.[31]
LOWZ North 11446 void944,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 15734 void938,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 16394 void934,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 8541 void917,000,000[28]
LOWZ South 4775 void899,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 12092 void891,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 3294 void887,000,000[28]
Tully-11 void880,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
CMASS South 7225 void865,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 14775 void848,000,000[28]
LOWZ South 6334 void846,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 10254 void843,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 13568 void841,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 11954 void827,000,000[28]
LOWZ North 3404 void812,000,000[28]
LOWZ South 3713 void805,000,000[28]
LOWZ South 4325 void804,000,000[28]
CMASS South 5582 void796,000,000[28]
Tully-10 void792,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
LOWZ North 6177 void789,000,000[28]
Tully-9 void746,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-20 void684,000,000
B&B Abell-9 void652,000,000
Tully-7 void567,240,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-4 void564,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-6 void557,460,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-8 void554,200,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-21 void521,600,000
B&B Abell-28 void521,600,000
Eridanus Supervoid489,000,000
(most likely value)		A recent analysis of theWilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in 2007 has found an irregularity of the temperature fluctuation of thecosmic microwave background within the vicinity of the constellationEridanus with analysis found to be 70microkelvins cooler than the average CMB temperature. One speculation is that a void could cause the cold spot, with the possible size on the left. However, it may be as large as 1 billion light-years, close to the size of the Giant Void.
B&B Abell-4 void489,000,000
B&B Abell-15 void489,000,000
Tully-3 void489,000,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
1994EEDTAWSS-10 void469,440,000
Tully-1 void456,400,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-8 void456,000,000
B&B Abell-22 void456,000,000
Tully-2 void443,360,000Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-24 void423,800,000
B&B Abell-27 void423,800,000
CMASS North 4407 void414,000,000[28]
B&B Abell-7 void391,200,000
B&B Abell-12 void391,200,000
B&B Abell-29 void391,200,000
1994EEDTAWSS-21 void378,160,000
Southern Local Supervoid365,120,000
B&B Abell-10 void358,600,000
B&B Abell-11 void358,600,000
B&B Abell-13 void358,600,000
B&B Abell-17 void358,600,000
B&B Abell-19 void358,600,000
B&B Abell-23 void358,600,000
CMASS North 11496 void342,000,000[28]
1994EEDTAWSS-19 void342,100,000
Northern Local Supervoid339,000,000Virgo Supercluster,Coma Supercluster,Perseus–Pisces Supercluster,Ursa Major-Lynx Supercluster,Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster,Sculptor Supercluster,Pavo–Corona Australis Supercluster form a sheet between the Northern Local Supervoid and the Southern Local Supervoid. The Hercules Supercluster separates the Northern Local Void from the Boötes Void. The Perseus-Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate theNorthern Local Void andSouthern Local Void from thePegasus Void.[32]
Boötes Void330,000,000Also known asThe Giant Nothing
1994EEDTAWSS-12 void328,000,000
CMASS North 15935 void252,000,000[28]
SSRS1 4 void217,000,000
GACIRASS V0 void215,000,000
CMASS North 60 void210,000,000[28]
SSRS2 3 void198,000,000
Local Void195,000,000The nearest void to the Milky Way.
SSRS2 1 void177,000,000
IRAS 1 void166,000,000
Sculptor void163,000,000
IRAS 3 void145,000,000
IRAS 2 void142,000,000
IRAS 7 void141,000,000
SSRS2 11 void139,000,000
IRAS 6 void135,000,000
IRAS 13 void131,000,000
Pegasus Void130,000,000[33] ThePerseus–Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate theNorthern Local Void andSouthern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.[32]
IRAS 8 void128,000,000
SSRS2 9 void127,000,000
IRAS 9 void117,000,000
IRAS 5 void117,000,000
SSRS2 4 void116,000,000
SSRS2 10 void113,000,000
SSRS1 1 void108,000,000Located just behind the galaxy concentration Eridanus-Fornax-Dorado.
IRAS 11 void104,000,000
SSRS2 6 void104,000,000
CMASS North 10020 void104,000,000[28]
IRAS 12 void102,000,000
Perseus-Pisces void99,000,000
SSRS1 2 void97,000,000
IRAS 14 void93,000,000
SSRS2 8 void90,000,000
SSRS2 15 void89,000,000
GACIRASS V1 void83,000,000
SSRS2 7 void83,000,000
SSRS2 12 void81,000,000
GACIRASS V3 void81,000,000
SSRS2 14 void69,000,000
SSRS2 18 void68,000,000
SSRS2 16 void66,000,000
GACIRASS V2 void63,000,000
SSRS2 17 void61,000,000

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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