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List of language families

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This article is alist of language families. This list only includes primarylanguage families that are accepted by the currentacademic consensus in the field oflinguistics; for language families that are not accepted by the current academic consensus in the field of linguistics, see the article "List of proposed language families".

List of language families

[edit]

Spoken language families

[edit]

Traditional geographical classification (not implying genetic relationship) Legend:   Andamanese languages
  Australian languages andTasmanian languages
  Caucasian languages
  Khoisan languages
  Nuba Mountains languages
  Paleo-Siberian languages
  Papuan languages

Family	Languages^[1]	Current speakers^[2]	Location	Proposed parent family
Afroasiatic	381	499,294,669	Africa,Eurasia
Aroid	5	438,100	Africa	Afroasiatic
Atlantic–Congo	1,410	500,000,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Berta	6	380,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Central Sudanic	63	9,145,280	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Daju	7	261,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Dizoid	3	88,840	Africa	Afroasiatic
Dogon	20	630,820	Africa	Niger–Congo
Eastern Jebel	4	104,600	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Fur	2	786,900	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Gumuz	3	253,680	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Heiban	10	276,690	Africa	Niger–Congo
Ijaw	9	3,221,650	Africa	Niger–Congo
Kadu	6	120,600	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Katla-Tima	3	25,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Khoe-Kwadi	14	337,337	Africa
Koman	5	94,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Kresh-Aja	3	48,200	Africa	Central Sudanic
Kru	38	3,800,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Kuliak	3	14,070	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Kunama	2	181,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Kx'a	5	104,000	Africa
Maban	10	1,115,260	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Mande	75	27,003,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Nilotic	55	33,306,780	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Nubian	13	842,050	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Nyima	2	162,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Rashad	2	126,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Saharan	10	10,940,500	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Songhay	10	3,228,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Surmic	11	544,680	Africa
Talodi	8	112,250	Africa	Niger–Congo
Taman	4	128,800	Africa
Ta-Ne-Omotic	23	7,383,320	Africa	Afroasiatic
Temein	2	14,400	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Tuu	9	2,500	Africa
Zande	6	1,898,500	Africa
Indo-European	586	3,237,999,904	Global
Uralic	49	20,716,457	Eurasia
Tyrsenian	3 or 4	extinct	Eurasia
Turkic	35	179,945,933	Eurasia	Altaic (controversial)
Hurro-Urartian	2	extinct	Eurasia	Alarodian
Northwest Caucasian	4	1,655,000	Eurasia	North Caucasian
Northeast Caucasian	29^[3]	4,155,258	Eurasia	North Caucasian orAlarodian
Kartvelian	4	4,850,000	Eurasia
Dravidian	84	252,807,610	Eurasia
Great Andamanese	10	3	Eurasia
Ongan	2	296	Eurasia
Yeniseian	6	153	Eurasia	Dene-Yeniseian
Yukaghir	4	516	Eurasia
Sino-Tibetan	514	1,385,995,195	Eurasia
Mijiic	2	29,500	Eurasia	Sino-Tibetan
Hmong–Mien	43	9,332,070	Eurasia	Miao–Dai orAustric
Kra–Dai	95	81,549,828	Eurasia	Austro-Tai
Austroasiatic	158	116,323,040	Eurasia	Austric languages
Austronesian	1,274	325,862,510	Africa,Eurasia,Oceania	Austro-Tai
Tungusic	15	55,800	Eurasia	Altaic (controversial)
Mongolic	16	7,269,480	Eurasia	Altaic (controversial)
Koreanic	2	77,269,890	Eurasia	Altaic (controversial)
Nivkh	2	200	Eurasia	Nivkh–Kamchukotic
Japonic	13	129,240,180	Eurasia	Altaic (controversial)
Ainu	3	extinct	Eurasia	Altaic (controversial)
Chukotko-Kamchatkan	7	6,875	Eurasia	Nivkh–Kamchukotic
Trans–New Guinea	376	3,678,184	New Guinea
Torricelli	57	114,565	New Guinea
Sepik	49	263,404	New Guinea
Lower Sepik	6	13,070	New Guinea	Ramu–Lower Sepik languages
Timor–Alor–Pantar	23	380,120	Lesser Sunda Islands	Trans–New Guinea
Lakes Plain	20	8,455	New Guinea
Yam	19	7,677	New Guinea
Anim	17	32,898	New Guinea	Trans–New Guinea
Border	15	17,080	New Guinea
North Halmahera	15	279,035	Halmahera	Trans–New Guinea
Angan	13	103,739	New Guinea	Trans–New Guinea
Geelvink Bay	10	8,005	New Guinea
Sko	10	5,665	New Guinea
South Bougainville	9	68,700	New Guinea
Baining	6	13,800	New Guinea
Strickland	8	6,175	New Guinea
Goilalan	6	47,330	New Guinea
Kiwaia	6	38,030	New Guinea
Left May	6	2,005	New Guinea	Left May – Kwomtari
South Bird's Head	6	8,200	New Guinea
Eleman	5	45,240	New Guinea
Foja Range	26	23,845	New Guinea
Pauwasi	5	3,880	New Guinea
West Bird's Head	5	20,090	New Guinea	West Papuan
Yuat	5	7,700	New Guinea
Eastern Trans-Fly	4	6,760	New Guinea
North Bougainville	4	10,020	New Guinea
Demta–Sentani	4	36,680	New Guinea
Gogodala–Suki	4	30,160	New Guinea
Kikorian	6	13,510	New Guinea
Walio	4	856	New Guinea
East Bird's Head	3	34,800	New Guinea	West Papuan
Mairasi	3	4,385	New Guinea
Amto–Musan	2	720	New Guinea
Baibai-Fas	2	2,840	New Guinea	Left May – Kwomtari,Kwomtari–Fas
Bulaka River	3	520	New Guinea
Hatam-Mansim	2	16,000	New Guinea	West Papuan
Inanwatan–Duriankere	2	1,130	New Guinea
Kaure-Kosare	2	700	New Guinea
Konda-Yahadian	2	1,000	New Guinea
Senu River	3	1,510	New Guinea	Left May–Kwomtari orKwomtari–Fas
Lepki-Murkim-Kembra	3	840	New Guinea
Namla-Tofanma	2	280	New Guinea
Pahoturi	2	4,050	New Guinea
Madang–Upper Yuat	112	>10,000	New Guinea
Senagi	2	2,960	New Guinea
Taulil-Butam	2	2,000	New Guinea
Ramu	29	64,730	New Guinea	Ramu–Lower Sepik
Teberan–Pawaian	4	37,100	New Guinea
Yawa-Saweru	2	10,300	New Guinea	West Papuan
Central Solomon	4	14,800	New Guinea
Chimbu-Wahgi	15	613,400	New Guinea
Engan	9	606,930	New Guinea
Pama–Nyungan	250	23,539	Australia
Gunwinyguan	5	1,314	Australia
Western Daly	3	21	Australia
Nyulnyulan	3	94	Australia
Worrorran	3	108	Australia
Mirndi	3	261	Australia
Iwaidjan	4	491	Australia	Arnhem
Mangarrayi-Maran	4	10	Australia
Maningrida	4	1,434	Australia	Arnhem
Tangkic	4	73	Australia
Jarrakan	3	130	Australia
Bunuban	2	100	Australia
Eastern Daly	2	extinct	Australia
Garrwan	2	130	Australia
Limilngan-Wulna	2	23	Australia
Marrku-Wurrugu	2	extinct	Australia
Northeastern Tasmanian	2	extinct	Australia
Northern Daly	2	8	Australia
Southeastern Tasmanian	2	extinct	Australia
Western Tasmanian	2	extinct	Australia
Northern Tasmanian	2	extinct	Australia
Eskaleut	10	108,705	North America,Eurasia
Na-Dene	46	208,552	North America	Dene-Yeniseian
Tsimshianic	4	2,910	North America	Penutian
Wakashan	6	710	North America
Salishan	25	1,969	North America
Chimakuan	2	extinct	North America
Chinookan	4	extinct	North America	Penutian
Kalapuyan	3	extinct	North America	Penutian
Coosan	2	extinct	North America	Penutian
Plateau	4	125	North America	Penutian
Shastan	4	extinct	North America	Hokan
Comecrudan	3	extinct	North America	Hokan
Yuki–Wappo	2	extinct	North America
Pomoan	7	47	North America	Hokan
Wintuan	2	extinct	North America	Penutian
Palaihnihan	2	extinct	North America	Hokan
Maiduan	4	3	North America	Penutian
Utian	13	18	North America	Penutian
Chumashan	6	extinct	North America
Uto-Aztecan	58	1,910,442	North America	Aztec–Tanoan
Yuman–Cochimí	12	3,710	North America	Hokan
Siouan	14	33,399	North America	Macro-Siouan
Algic	47	214,768	North America
Tanoan–Kiowa	6	6,000	North America	Aztec–Tanoan
Caddoan	5	20	North America	Macro-Siouan
Totonacan	12	282,250	North America	Totozoquean
Oto-Manguean	176	1,678,214	North America
Mixe–Zoque	17	153,612	North America	Totozoquean
Tequistlatecan	3	5,494	North America	Hokan
Muskogean	6	15,640	North America	Gulf
Mayan	31	6,522,182	North America
Xincan	5	extinct	North America	Macro-Chibchan
Jicaquean	2	500	North America	Hokan
Lencan	2	extinct	North America	Macro-Chibchan orHokan
Misumalpan	5	709,000	North America	Macro-Chibchan
Iroquoian	9	14,543	North America	Macro-Siouan
Arawakan	77	699,709	North America,South America	Macro-Arawakan
Chibchan	27	306,267	North America,South America	Macro-Chibchan
Chocoan	9	114,600	North America,South America
Andoque–Urequena	2	370	South America	Bora–Witoto
Cariban	42	67,376	North America,South America	Je–Tupi–Carib
Barbacoan	6	24,800	South America	Macro-Paesan
Chicham	4	89,630	South America
Quechuan	45	7,768,820	South America
Aymaran	4	2,808,740	South America
Uru–Chipaya	2	1,200	South America
Huarpean	3	extinct	South America
Araucanian	2	262,000	South America
Chonan	6	extinct	South America	Moseten–Chonan
Alacalufan	3	10	South America
Guajiboan	5	39,290	South America	Macro-Arawakan
Nukak–Kakwa	2	610	South America	Macro-Puinavean
Otomákoan	2	extinct	South America	Macro-Otomákoan
Piaroa–Saliban	3	18,630	South America
Nadahup	4	2,894	South America	Macro-Puinavean
Yanomaman	4	31,670	South America
Tucanoan	23	30,308	South America
Boran	2	1,500	South America	Bora–Witoto
Witotoan	7	17,478	South America	Bora–Witoto
Peba–Yaguan	3	5,700	South America	Saparo–Yawan
Zaparoan	3	90	South America	Saparo–Yawan
Hibito–Cholon	2	extinct	South America
Cahuapanan	2	10,370	South America
Ticuna–Yuri	2	48,580	South America
Panoan	38	48,679	South America	Macro-Panoan
Arawan	6	5,870	South America
Harákmbut–Katukinan	4	3310	South America	Macro-Puinavean
Tupian	70	5,026,502	South America	Je–Tupi–Carib
Chapacuran	4	2,019	South America	Wamo–Chapakura
Nambikwaran	6	1,068	South America
Bororoan	3	1,392	South America	Macro-Jê
Kariri	4	extinct	South America	Macro-Jê
Zamucoan	2	5,900	South America
Tacanan	7	2,860	South America	Macro-Panoan languages
Mascoian	6	20,728	South America	Mataco–Guaicuru
Matacoan	7	60,280	South America	Mataco–Guaicuru
Guaicuruan	4	49,350	South America	Mataco–Guaicuru
Macro-Jê	29	51,093	South America	Je–Tupi–Carib
Charruan	3	extinct	South America	Mataco–Guaicuru
Purian	2	extinct	South America	Macro-Jê
Puquina	4	extinct	South America
Catacaoan	3	extinct	South America
Cañari–Puruhá	2	extinct	South America
Jirajaran	3	extinct	South America
Lule-Vilela	2	extinct	South America
Timotean	2	extinct	South America
Tiniguan	3	1	South America

Sign language families

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The family relationships ofsign languages are not well established due to lagging linguistic research, and many areisolates (cf.Wittmann 1991).^[4]

Family Name	Location	Number of
French Sign	Europe, the Americas, Francophone Africa, parts of Asia	Over 50
British Sign	United Kingdom,Australia,New Zealand,South Africa	4–10
Arab Sign	Much of theArab World	6–10
Japanese Sign	Japan,Korea,Taiwan	3
German Sign	Germany,Poland,Israel	3
Swedish Sign	Sweden,Finland,Portugal	3
Chinese Sign	China (includingHong Kong andMacau)	2

Maps of several language families

[edit]

Map of the main language families of the world
The language families of Africa
Map of the Austronesian languages
Map of major Dravidian languages
Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia
Area of the Papuan languages
Map of the Australian languages
Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact
The major South American language families
Ethnolinguistic groups of mainland Southeast Asia
Caucasian languages
Distribution of the Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages

References

[edit]

^"Glottolog 5.0 -".glottolog.org. Retrieved2024-06-28.
^"What are the largest language families?".Ethnologue. May 25, 2019.
^"North Caucasian".Ethnologue. Archived fromthe original on July 2, 2016. RetrievedJuly 17, 2016.
^Wittmann, Henri (1991)."Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement"(PDF).Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée (in French).10 (1):215–288.

External links

[edit]

Glottolog
Ethnologue
MultiTree Project Archived 2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine
Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families (from Wiktionary)

Primary language families

Africa

Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Dogon Ijoid Katloid Kru Lafofa Mande Rashad Siamou Talodi–Heiban? Ubangian? Nilo-Saharan? Berta Bʼaga Central Sudanic Daju Eastern Jebel Furan Kadu Koman Gule Kresh Kuliak Kunama Nara Nilotic Nubian Nyima Maban Mimi of Decorse Saharan Songhay Surmic Taman Temein Tuu
Isolates	Bangime Hadza Jalaa Laal Meroitic? Ongota Sandawe Shabo

Eurasia
(Europe
andAsia)

Afroasiatic
Ainu
Austroasiatic
Austronesian
Chukotko-Kamchatkan
Dravidian
Eskaleut
Great Andamanese
Hmong–Mien
Hurro-Urartian
Indo-European
Japonic
Kartvelian
Koreanic
Kra–Dai
Mongolic
Nivkh
Northeast Caucasian
Northwest Caucasian
Ongan
Sino-Tibetan
Tungusic
Turkic
Tyrsenian
Uralic
Xiongnu
Yeniseian
Yukaghir
Arunachal?
- Digaro?
- Kho-Bwa?
- Mijiic?
- Miju?
- Siangic?

Isolates

New Guinea
andthe Pacific

Isolates

Australia

Bunuban Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Gunwinyguan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Maningrida Mirndi Northeastern Tasmanian Northern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly Tangkic Wagaydyic (Northern Daly?) Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Darwin Region? Marrku–Wurrugu? Yangmanic–Wagiman?
Isolates	Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi Wagiman Wardaman Gaagudju? Kungarakany?

North
America

Algic Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yuki–Wappo Yuman–Cochimí
Isolates	Alsea Atakapa Cayuse Chimariko Chitimacha Coahuilteco Cotoname Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Natchez Salinan Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Tunica Waikuri Washo Yana Yuchi Zuni Keres? Yokuts?

Mesoamerica

Arawakan Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan
Isolates	Cuitlatec Huave Purépecha

South
America

Isolates

Sign
languages

Arab Australian Aboriginal BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Hand Talk Indo-Pakistani Japanese Mayan Original Thai Swedish Paraguay–Uruguay? Providencia–Cayman? Sudanese? Tanzanian? Vietnamese?
Isolates	Seelist of sign languages Village sign languages

See also

Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
Families initalics have no living members.
Families with more than 30 languages are inbold.

Links to related articles

Language families ofEurasia

Widespread

Indian Ocean rim

"Paleosiberian"	Chukotko-Kamchatkan Nivkh Yeniseian Yukaghir Ainu
OtherNorth Asia	Uralic Tungusic Eskaleut Rouran ? Xiongnu ?

Proposed groupings

Alarodian Altaic Borean Nostratic Dené–Caucasian Eurasiatic Dené–Yeniseian Dravido-Korean Elamo-Dravidian Ibero-Caucasian Indo-Hittite Indo-Pacific Indo-Semitic Indo-Uralic Karasuk North Caucasian Serbi–Mongolic Pontic Ural-Altaic Uralo-Siberian Uralic–Yukaghir Eskimo–Uralic Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
Arunachal	Greater Siangic Siangic Digaro Mijiic Miju Hrusish Kho-Bwa
East and Southeast Asia	Andamanese Austric Austro-Tai Austronesian–Ongan East Asian Sino-Austronesian

Substrata

Families initalics have no living members.
Families with more than 30 languages are inbold.

Papuan language families

Based onPalmer 2018 classification

Trans–New Guinea
subgroups

CentralPapua, Indonesia	Ok-Oksapmin Dani Asmat–Kamoro Mek Paniai Lakes West Bomberai Somahai
SoutheastPapua, Indonesia	Anim Greater Awyu Kayagaric Kolopom Marori
SouthwestPapua New Guinea	Gogodala–Suki Turama–Kikori Kiwaian Awin–Pa
CentralPapua New Guinea	Madang Finisterre–Huon Kainantu–Goroka Chimbu–Wahgi Enga–Kewa–Huli Bosavi East Strickland Kutubu Duna–Bogaya Wiru
Papuan Peninsula	Angan Greater Binanderean Dagan Mailuan Koiarian Goilalan Yareban Kwalean Manubaran

EasternNusantara
families and isolates

Timor–Alor–Pantar
North Halmahera

Tambora^†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates

NorthernWestern New Guinea
families and isolates

CentralWestern New Guinea
families and isolates

Bayono–Awbono

Dem
Uhunduni

Sepik–Ramu basin
families and isolates

Torricelli
Sepik
Lower Sepik–Ramu
- Lower Sepik
- Ramu
Kwomtari
Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi)
Upper Yuat (Arafundi–Piawi)
Yuat
Left May
Amto–Musan

Torricelli subgroups	Marienberg Arapesh Urim Maimai Wapei Palei One (West Wapei) Monumbo?
Sepik subgroups	Middle Sepik Ndu Nukuma Yellow River Yerakai Upper Sepik Wogamus Iwam Abau Sepik Hill Tama Ram Amal
Ramu subgroups	Lower Ramu Ottilien Misegian Middle Ramu Grass? Tamolan Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southernNew Guinea
families and isolates

Bismarck Archipelago andSolomon Islands
families and isolates

Rossel Island
isolate

Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings

Proto-language

Proto-Trans–New Guinea

Australian Aboriginal andTasmanian languages

Pama–Nyungan
subgroups

Southeastern

Victorian P–N	Lower Murray Yotayotic Gippsland Kulin Bungandidj
New South Wales P–N	Yuin–Kuric Dhanggati ? Anewan (Nganyaywana) ? Central New South Wales Wiradhuric Barranbinja Muruwari
North Coast	Durubalic Bandjalangic Gumbaynggiric Waka–Kabic

Northern

Western Torres Strait Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Paman	Northern Paman Uradhi Wik Middle Paman Umpilaic Umbindhamuic Lamalamic Umbuygamu Mbarrumbathama Southwest Paman Kuuk Thayorre Southern Paman Mbabaram Flinders Island
Maric	Northern Warrongo Eastern Biri Southern Bidyara–Gungabula Margany–Gunya Bindal ? Guwa–Yanda ? Guwa Yanda Kingkel ? Dharumbal ? Bayali ? Lower Burdekin ?
Dyirbalic	Dyirbal Warrgamay Nyawaygi Lower Burdekin ?
Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic	Guugu Yimidihirr Kuku Yalanji Yidiny
Gulf	Kalkatungic Kalkatungu Yalarnnga Mayi

Central

Arandic–Thura–Yura	Arandic Arrernte Kaytetye Thura–Yura Wirangu Kaurna Adnyamathanha
Karnic	Northern (Palku) Pitta-Pitta Western Arabana–Wangkangurru Central Diyari Yandruwandha Eastern Wilson River (Wangkumara) Bulloo River (Galali) ?
Yarli Paakantyi

Western

Yolŋu	Dhaŋu–Djaŋu Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu Dhuwal–Dhuwala Djambarrpuyŋu Gupapuyŋu Djinaŋ Djinba Ganhalpuyŋu
Ngarna/Warluwarric	Yanyuwa Southern Ngarru Thawa
Desert Nyungic	Marrngu Ngumpin–Yapa Ngumpin Yapa Warumungu ? Wati
South-West P–N	Pilbara Ngayarda Kanyara–Mantharta Kartu–Nhanda Yinggarda ? Mirning Nyunga

Tangkic

Lardil (register:Damin)
Kayardild
Yukulta (Ganggalida, Nyangga)
Mingginda (Minkin)

Garrwan

Garawa (Garrwa, north)
Waanyi (Wanji, south)
Gunindiri (Kurnindirri, southwest)

Macro-Gunwinyguan ?

Maningrida

Marran

Gunwinyguan proper

Western	Jawoyn (Djauan) Waray Uwinymil
Central	Bininj Kunwok (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu) Kunbarlang Dalabon (Ngalkbun)
Eastern	Rembarrnga Ngalakgan Ngandi Nunggubuyu (Wubuy) Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)

Yangmanic–Wagiman?

Other isolates

Iwaidjan

Central (Warrkbi)	Iwaidja Garig–Ilgar Garig Ilgar
Eastern (Goulburn Island)	Maung Manangkari
Southern	Amurdag

Marrku–Wurrugu ?

Darwin Region ?

Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
Limilngan–Wulna?	Limilngan Wulna
Umbugarlic	Umbugarla Ngurmbur Bugurnidja

Daly River Sprachbund

Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)	Batjamalh (Wadjiginy) Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh) Giyug ?
Northern Daly	Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar) Tyerraty
Western Daly	Marri Ngarr Magati Ke Merranunggu Marrithiyel Marramaninjsji
Eastern Daly	Matngele (Werret/Dakayu) Kamu
Southern Daly	Murrinh-patha Ngan’gityemerri

Mirndi

Jingulu

Yirram	Nungali Jaminjung
Ngurlun	Ngarnka Wambaya

Jarrakan

Bunuban

Worrorran

Wunambal (Northern)
Ngarinyin (Eastern)
Worrorra (Western)

Nyulnyulan

Western (Nyulnyulic)	Nyulnyul Bardi Jawi Djabirr-Djabirr Nimanburru
Eastern (Dyukun)	Yawuru Dyugun Warrwa Nyigina Ngumbarl

Others

Language isolates	Giimbiyu Tiwi
Papuan	Meriam

Tasmanian
family-level groups

Western	Northwestern Tasmanian (Peerapper) Southwestern Tasmanian (Toogee) ?
Northern	Northern Tasmanian (Tommeginne) Port Sorell
Northeastern	Pyemmairre (Northeastern) Tyerrernotepanner (North Midland) Lhotsky/Blackhouse Norman
Eastern	Oyster Bay (Paredarerme) Little Swanport Southeast Tasmanian (Nuenonne) Bruny Island

New Indigenous
languages and
Aboriginal Englishes

Creoles

Australian Kriol	Roper River Kriol (Ngukurr) Bamyili Kriol (Barunga) Kimberley Kriol (Fitzroy Valley) Daly River Kriol Westside Kriol (Victoria River) Barkly Kriol Mornington Island Creole Kowanyama Creole
Northeastern creoles	Torres Strait Creole (Yumplatok) Cape York Creole Lockhart River Creole Napranum Creole

Pidgins

Mixed languages

Others

Neo-Nyungar
Nunga English
Yarrie Lingo
Palm Talk
Woorie Talk
Cherbourg Talk
Murdi Language

Proto-languages

Italics indicate individual languages

Indigenous language families and isolates ofNorth America

Language families
and isolates

Eskaleut

Aleut
Eskimoan

Na-Dene

Algic

Mosan ?

Macro-Siouan ?

Penutian ?

Yok-Utian ?	Yokuts Utian
Coast Oregon ?	†Alsea †Siuslaw †Coosan
Takelma–Kalapuyan ?	†Takelma †Kalapuyan

Hokan ?

Pueblo
linguistic area

Coahuiltecan
linguistic area

Gulf ?

Calusa–Tunica ?	†Calusa †Tunica

Mesoamerican
linguistic area

Mesoamerican sprachbund	Mayan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan †Xincan †Chumbia ? †Chontal ? †Cuitlatec Huave †Otomi of Jalisco ? Purépecha †Zapotec of Jalisco ?

Caribbean
linguistic area

Arawakan
Cariban

Pre-Arawakan	†Ciguayo †Guanahatabey †Macorix

Proposed groupings

Lists

† indicates an extinct language,italics indicates independent status of a language,bold indicates that a language family has at least 10 members

Indigenous language families and isolates ofSouth America

Based onCampbell 2024 classification

Language families
and isolates

Arawakan

Je–Tupi–Carib ?

Cariban
Tupian

Macro-Jêsensu stricto	Jê Jabutian * Kamakã † Krenakan * Maxakalian Jaikó† Karajá Ofayé * Rikbaktsá *

EasternBrazil

Orinoco (Venezuela)

Andes (Colombia andVenezuela)

Amazon (Colombia,Japurá–Vaupés area)

Pacific coast (Colombia andEcuador)

Pacific coast (Peru)

Amazon (Peru)

Amazon (west-centralBrazil)

Mamoré–Guaporé

Andes (Peru,Bolivia, andChile)

Chaco–Pampas

Far South (Chile)

Proposed groupings

Unclassified

Linguistic areas

Countries

Lists

† indicates an extinct language,italics indicates independent status of a language,bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members, * indicates moribund status

Nilo-Saharan branches

Ethiopia-Sudan
border region

Sahel region

Central Sudanic

Eastern Sudanic

Daju Eastern Jebel Nara Nilotic Surmic
"Astaboran"	Nubian Nyimang Tama Temein

Niger–Congo branches

Atlantic–Congo

Savannas

Adamawa	Bena–Mboi Bikwin–Jen Bua Day Fali Kim Kwah (Baa) Longuda Mbum (Kebi–Benue) Mumuye Nyingwom (Kam) Samba–Duru Tula–Waja Yendang (Maya)
Gur	Central Gur Kulango Miyobe Samo (Burkina) ? Senufo Tiefo Tusian Viemo
Ubangian	Banda Gbaya Mba Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka) Ngbandi Sere (Ndogo) Zande

Volta–Congo

Benue–Congo

Platoid	Jukunoid Kainji Plateau
Cross River	Central Delta Lower Cross River Ogoni Upper Cross River
Northern Bantoid	Dakoid Mambiloid Tikar
Southern Bantoid	Bantu Beboid Bendi Ekoid Grassfields Tivoid

Volta–Niger

West Atlantic

Others (Ghana
andIvory Coast)

Mande

Southeast

Eastern	Bissa Busa–Boko Samo (Burkina) ? Shanga–Tyenga
Southern	Dan–Goo–Tura Gban–Beng Guro–Yaure Mano Mwa–Wan

West

Central West (Manding–Kpelle)	Jogo Manding Mokole Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka) Southwestern Mande Vai–Kono
Northwest (Samogo–Soninke)	Bobo Jowulu (Jɔ) Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla) Soninke–Bozo

Kordofanian

Others

Isolates

Unclassified

Proto-languages

Khoisan languages

Khoe–Kwadi

Khoe	Gǁana Gǀwi ǂHaba Khoekhoe ǂAakhoe Eini Khwe Korana/Griqua Naro Shua Tshwa
Kwadi	Kwadi

Kxʼa

ǃKung	Sekele / Northern ǃKung (Ekoka) Central ǃKung Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung (ǂKxʼaoǁʼae)
ǂʼAmkoe	ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)

Tuu

Taa	Lower Nossob Taa (ǃXoon)
ǃKwi	Boshof ǃUi ǃGãǃne ǁKā Nǁng (Nǀuu) Seroa ǁŨǁʼe ǂUngkue ǀXam ǁXegwi

Isolates

Italics indicateextinct languages.

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