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List of kebabs

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Main article:Kebab
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A Persian koobideh kebab (Berlin)

This is a list ofkebab dishes from around the world. Kebabs are various cooked meat dishes, with their origins inMiddle Eastern cuisine and theMuslim world. Although kebabs are often cooked on askewer, many types of kebab are not.[1][2][3]

Afghanistan

[edit]
Main article:Afghan cuisine § Kebab

Armenia

[edit]
Main article:Armenian cuisine
NameImageDescription
Lula kebabCan be served skewered or wrapped inlavash bread.[4]
KhorovatsA traditional Armenian barbecue that can be made with lamb, pork, beef, chicken, fish, or even veal. It is often served with grilled vegetables andlavash. The dish is generally reserved for festive occasions.

Azerbaijan

[edit]
Main article:Azerbaijani cuisine
NameImageDescription
Lülə kabab(Russian:люля-кебаб) – served skewered or wrapped inlavash bread[5]
Tikə kababSham kebab
Tava kebab

Bangladesh

[edit]

China

[edit]
Main article:Chinese cuisine
NameImageDescription
ChuanrUyghur:Kewap,Chinese: 串儿Chuanr or 羊肉串Yangrouchuan — The most popular Xinjiang dish in China: chunks of mutton or mutton fat pierced on metal (or wood or bamboo) skewers, grilled on a coal-fired barbecue, and served withcumin andchili paste. Across Xinjiang, and neighbouring regions such as Kyrgyzstan, the mutton fat is valued equivalent to or more than the meat itself, as it provides energy during the harsh winter months. It has also become a popular street food all over north and west China, where a wide variety of foods are cooked in such a manner. Chuanr was traditionally made from lamb (yáng ròu chuàn, 羊肉串), which is still the most common, but now, chicken, pork, beef, and seafood are used. It is typically roasted over charcoal or electric heat, but it is sometimes cooked by deep frying in oil (popular in Beijing).
ShaokaoSimilar to Chuanr, it is predominantly found on busy Chinese streets and night markets as a street food sold in food stalls and is a type ofxiaochi. In China and elsewhere, such as in the United States, diners sometimes also order beer as an accompaniment. Shaokao typically consists of heavily spiced, barbecued foods on skewers. It is available in almost all of the cities in China, and is a prominent dish in Beijing, China, where some restaurants set up food stalls outdoors to purvey the product.[6][7]

Cyprus

[edit]
Main article:Cypriot cuisine
NameImageDescription
SheftaliaA traditionalCypriot sausage made of ground pork or lamb and wrapped in caul fat that is served alone or in a pita, usually with tomato, cucumber, parsley, and lemon.[8]
SouvlakiSkewers consisting of pork, chicken or lamb that is barbecued.[9][10] Pictured is a souvlaki platter.


Ghana

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian cuisine
NameImageDescription
KyinkyingaThe northernGhanaian kebab, synonymous with suya in Nigeria, and prepared by the sameHausa ethnic group[11][12][13]

Greece

[edit]
Main article:Greek cuisine
NameImageDescription
GyrosIntroduced to Athens in the 1950s by immigrants from Turkey and the Middle East. Thin portions are shaved off and often served in a pita bread with onion. tomato, fried potatoes and Greektzatziki sauce
SouvlakiSkewered pieces of pork meat.[14]
KleftikoKleftiko: literally meaning "in the style of theKlephts", this is lamb slow-baked on the bone, first marinated in garlic and lemon juice, originally cooked in a pit oven. It is said that the Klephts, bandits of the countryside who did not have flocks of their own, would steal lambs or goats and cook the meat in a sealed pit to avoid the smoke being spotted
KontosouvliKontosouvli: big pieces of pork meat spinning around until they are done. Served chopped in wooden plate or on ladokola

India

[edit]
Main article:Indian cuisine
NameImageDescription
Bihari kababSkewered pieces of meatmarinated in spice. Originally a dish from the non-vegetarian cuisine, Muslims invented Bihari kabab of the North Indian state ofBihar as it is made out of beef . It has spread to other countries.[15]
Boti kebabAmutton kebab.[16] Boti kebab is pictured at the bottom of the image.
Achari Tikka
Chicken tikkaAnother tandoori kebab, made of cubed chicken marinated with yogurt and spices[17]
Dora kabab[18][19]
Galawat kababA variant ofShami kebab made without any admixture or binding agents and comprising just the minced beef (Muslim origin) and the spices. Speciality of Lucknow.
Hariyali kababPunjabi style chickentikka or kabab made with combination ofmint andcoriander
Kakori kababMade of minced beef meat with spices, a specialty of Muslims of Lucknow & Delhi
Galauti kebabAsmoked patty prepared using leg of lamb that includes onion, garlic, ginger, saffron and spices, which is cooked on a griddle[20]
Hariyali kebabA vegetarian kebab prepared using lentils and spinach[21][22]
Tangri kebabChicken legs roasted on open fire with hot spices and laced with butter orghee[23]
Kastoori kebab[24]
Dahi ke kabab[25]
Burra kebab[26][27]
Kalmi kebabA chicken kebab.[28] Kalmi kebab is pictured on the left in the image.
Paneer kababVegetarian kebab
Reshmi kababA traditional kebab ofMughlai cuisine that is prepared with marinated chicken, lamb or beef[29]
Shami kebabMade of minced beef, with paste of lentils and chopped onion and coriander and green chillies usually added to the mixture, which is kneaded in a disc-like shape and fried. Best results are obtained when fried in animal fat orghee in a brass utensil over a coal fire. In some places, a binding agent is used to keep the kebab together.
Shikampur kabab
Sutli KebabSutli kabab is made by wrapping a paste of meat & spices around a metal sheekh, tying it with a cotton thread & then heating it in a barbeque pit. Once the kabab is done, the thread is removed & the kabab is served.[30]

Iran

[edit]
Main article:Iranian cuisine

Not every dish containing the word "kebab" is listed below. For example,chelow kabab (چلوکباب,lit.'cooked rice plus kebab') is not listed, because it is a meal consisting of cooked rice and one of the many kebab types listed below. Such is the case ofkabāb turki (کباب ترکی, Persian variation ofshawarma),Tāskabāb (تاس‌کباب, actually a stew),kabāb shāmi (کباب شامی, cutlets). orTābeh kabāb (تابه کباب, pan-fried ground beef).

NameImageDescription
Joujeh kabab (جوجه کباب,lit.'roasted chicken')Grilled chicken on skewers
Kabab koobideh (کبابِ کوبیده,lit.'flattened kebab')Ground beef or lamb (usually sirloin), often mixed withparsley and chopped onions. The mixture is formed into a flat stripped and grilled on extra-wide skewers.
Kabab bakhtiari (کباب بختیاری,lit.'Bakhtiari kebab')Combination ofjujeh kabab andkabab barg
Kabab barg (کبابِ برگ,lit.'grilled pieces')Grilled marinated sirloin.
Kabab chenjeh (کباب چنجه)Grilled lamb prepared similar to shish kebab, without the vegetables
Kabab torsh (کبابِ ترش,lit.'sour kebab')Grilled beef marinated in a mixture of pomegranate juice, crushed walnuts, parsley, crushed garlic, and olive oil
Kabab vaziri (کبابِ وزیری,lit.'nobility kebab')A meal that consists of a combination ofjujeh kabab andkabab koobideh, prepared in different skewers but served together
Kabab digi (کباب دیگی,lit.'pot-cooked kebab')
Kabab soltani (کباب سلطانی,lit.'royal kebab')A meal that consists of a combination ofjujeh kabab andkabab barg, prepared in different skewers but served together
Kabab Bonab (کباب بناب,lit.'kebab ofBonab')
Kabab Lari (کباب لاری,lit.'kebab ofLar')
Shishlik (شیشلیک,lit.'Shashlik')
Jegar (جگر,lit.'liver')Grilled lamb liver, placed between slices of bread to preserve its juice. Some delicacy variations of the dish include grilled heart or kidney in the same manner. Because of potential health issues, it is often consumed with vegetables, fresh lemon's juice, onion, pepper, or other spice. The name is a variation ofجگر (lit.'Liver').
Gojeh kabab (گوجه کباب,lit.'grilled tomato')Tomatoes grilled in varying degrees, depending on the taste of the eater. Almost never eaten alone, but are served alongside other kebab.
Kabab Gerashi (کباب گراشی,lit.'kebab ofGerash')
Kabab kordi (کبابِ کُردی,lit.'Kurdish kebab')Ground lamb or beef, onions, garlic, and tomatoes
Kabab loghmeh (کباب لقمه,lit.'bite-sized kebab')Minced lamb meatballs first fried and the grilled over charcoal fire, eaten with chopped parsley, chopped onions, and sumac. A summer outing favorite.
Kabab rashti (کباب رشتی,lit.'kebab ofRasht')Includesalmond,pistachio, andbarberry
Kabab shamshiri (کباب شمشیری,lit.'Sword-like kebab')Consists ofkabab barg on one end of skewer andkabab koobideh on the other
Kabab-e donbalanLamb testicles kabab[31]
Donbeh kababi (دنبه کبابی,lit.'grilledtail fat')Very small amount of lambtail fat, grilled alongside other kebabs to enhance their taste and richness. Never consumed alone.
Kebab golpayegan[32] (کباب گلپایگانی,lit.'kebab ofGolpayegan')
Gholve (قلوه,lit.'kidney')
Dush kabab (دوش کباب,lit.'Kebab of Shoulder')
Tanurche (تنورچه)
Del (دل,lit.'heart')
Khosh Gusht (خوش‌گوشت,lit.'Pancreas')
Khoak (خوئک,lit.'Spleen')
Dande Kabab (دنده کباب,lit.'Rib kebab')
File Kabab (فیله کباب,lit.'tenderloin kebab')
Kabab hosseini (کباب حسینی)Lamb or beef cooked on skewers with onions, tomatoes and green peppers
Kabab negini (کباب نگینی,lit.'Jewel kebab')

Japan

[edit]
Main article:Japanese cuisine
NameImageDescription
KushikatsuJapanese dish of deep-fried skewered meat and vegetables.[33][34]
KushiyakiSimilar to Yakitori, but instead of using chicken meat, it uses either pork, beef, seafood (especiallyayu sweetfish), vegetables, rice cakes or tofus.[35][36][37][38]
YakitoriJapanese type of skewered chicken. Its preparation involves attaching the meat to a skewer and grilled over charcoal. It's often enjoyed with salt or a tare sauce and is a popular choice inizakayas (Japanese bars) or street food carts.[39]

Kenya

[edit]
Main article:Kenyan cuisine
NameImageDescription
MshikakiA popular meal consisting of diced or sliced meat, which is marinated and tenderized to perfection before slowly grilled on charcoal flame with wooden skewers.

Korea

[edit]
Main article:Korean cuisine
NameImageDescription
JeokA meat dish served with skewers. Jeok is typically made with a large variety of meats, vegetables and mushrooms and is usually served on special occasions such as birthdays (hwangap) and wedding ceremonies.[40]
KkochiKorean skewers made from chicken, seafood, fishcake, blood sausage or rice cake.

Levant

[edit]
Main article:Levantine cuisine
NameImageDescription
Kabab Memuleh b'hatzilimA kebab balls made of minced beef, garlic, parsley, baharat, salt, black pepper, onions and cumin which stuffed with a mixture of fried or grilled eggplants and tahini. Originally from Israel.
Kebab halabiA kind of kebab served with a spicy tomato sauce andAleppo pepper, very common inSyria,Lebanon and theGalilee region in Northern Israel, named after the city ofAleppo (Halab). Aleppo is well known for its kebab cuisine, reportedly having at least 26 original dishes.[41]
Kebab hindiRolled meat with tomato paste, onion, capsicum and pomegranate molasses
Kebab kamayehSoft meat with truffle pieces, onion and various nuts
Cherry kebabFor cherry kebab in Arabic – meatballs (lamb) along with cherries and cherry paste, pine nuts, sugar and pomegranate molasses. It is considered one ofAleppo's main dishes.
Kebab khashkhashRolled lamb or beef with chili pepper paste, parsley, garlic and pine nuts. Pictured is Kebab khashkhash fromAleppo.
Kebab siniyyeFor tray kebab in Arabic – lean minced lamb in a tray added with chili pepper, onion and tomato
Kebab tuhalLamb rounds stuffed with parsley, hot green peppers and pine kernels[42]
ShawarmaSimilar to adoner kebab, traditionally made with chunks of lamb meat, but also with chicken, turkey, beef or veal

Nigeria

[edit]
Main article:Nigerian cuisine
NameImageDescription
SuyaA popular spicy meat kebab enjoyed by many across West Africa. A recipe of the MuslimHausa people in northern Nigeria and southern Niger, this kebab has tastes of peanuts and spicy pepper and is sold by street vendors as a snack or entire meal. The kebabs are enjoyed with onion and bell pepper pieces. It is a traditionally Muslim kebab, prepared according toHalal methods.[43]

Pakistan

[edit]
Main articles:Pakistani meat dishes § Kebabs, andPakistani cuisine
NameImageDescription
Chapli kebabA delicacy ofPakistan fromKhyber Pakhtunkhwa province – marinated beef in spices and deep fried flat.[44] In Pakistan, it is sometimes deep fried in animaltallow, and it is a common kebab.[a]
Lola kabab/Gola kababKabab ofPakistan andAfghanistan – rolled meatballs originating inPeshawar andKandahar.[citation needed]
Seekh kebabPrepared withminced meat with spices and grilled on skewers. It is cooked in aTandoor, and is often served withchutneys ormint sauce. A seekh kebab can also be served in a naan bread much like döner kebab.
Shami kebabMade of minced meat, with paste of lentils and chopped onion and coriander and green chillies usually added to the mixture, which is kneaded in a disc-like shape and fried. Best results are obtained when fried inghee. In some places, a binding agent is used to keep the kabab together.
Malai tikkaChunks or strips of chicken marinated in a white yoghurt and garlic sauce and grilled.[citation needed]
Reshmi kebabMinced chicken adequately seasoned and then barbecued on a charcoal grill.[citation needed]
Khaddi KebabAuthentic baluchistan cuisine..a whole lamb is stuffed with flavored rice, marinated and inserted in a dug hole with wood around to cook it..the hole is filled up and whole lamb is cooked underground for some time.[citation needed]
sheesh tauk kebabpieces of chicken on stick marinated and lightly grilled.[citation needed]
lamb sajji kebabThe lamb is cooked on its own fat and no oil is used. The key ingredients of this appetizing food include lamb meat, rice, vinegar, red chili powder, black pepper, salt, garlic paste, lemon juice, ajwain, fennel seeds, cumin seeds, coriander seeds, lemon juice and oil.[citation needed]
shahi gola kebabaunthetic lahore cuisine[citation needed]
shashlik kebabsquare skewers of beef

lamb or chicken partitioned with tomatoes capsicum and onion[citation needed]

Bihari kebabChunks or strips of lean beef, marinated in a spicy yoghurt/chilli marinade and tenderized to perfection before slowly grilled on a charcoal flame.[citation needed]
chandan kebabmixed meat kebabs[citation needed]
gilafi kebab[citation needed]
kaleji tava kebabliver kebabs.[citation needed]
tawa chicken boti kebab[citation needed]
dawat e ishq kebab[citation needed]
sindhi handi kebab[citation needed]
chicken tikka resa kebab[citation needed]
chicken angara kebab[citation needed] big chicken chunks marinated with a special spice combination and grilled over charcoal
mahi seeks kebabfish seekh kebabs[citation needed]
chicken tandoori kebab[citation needed]
Patta TikkaPatta Tikka is a traditional delicacy from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. It is a unique dish where marinated chunks of meat/ liver, often beef or lamb, are wrapped in fat (locally referred to as "patta") and grilled over a charcoal flame. Tender chunks of beef or lamb are used, preferably with a good fat-to-meat ratio.

Portugal

[edit]
Main article:Portuguese cuisine
NameImageDescription
EspetadasMeat skewer, usually beef[46]

Romania

[edit]
Main article:Romanian cuisine
NameImageDescription
FrigăruiSmall pieces of meat (usually pork, beef, mutton, lamb or chicken) grilled on a skewer, very similar toshashlik,[47] orshish kebab. Often, the pieces of meat alternate with bacon, sausages, or vegetables, such as onions, tomatoes, bell peppers and mushrooms. It is seasoned with spices such as pepper, garlic, savory, rosemary, marjoram and laurel.

South Africa

[edit]
Main article:South African cuisine
NameImageDescription
SosatieA dish of theCape Malay people ofSouth Africa.[48] It is a type of kebab related tosatay, which came to Indonesia via Muslim traders from India, and was brought from there to South Africa.[9]

Spain

[edit]
Main article:Spanish cuisine
NameImageDescription
Pincho morunoMeat skewer, usually made of chicken or pork, sliced in cubes, marinated in paprika and other spices.[49]

Turkey

[edit]
Main article:Turkish cuisine
NameImageDescription
Adana kebabıAlso known as kıyma kebabı – kebab with hand-minced (zırh) meat mixed with chili on a flat wide metal skewer (shish); associated withAdana region although very popular all over Turkey.[50]
Ali Paşa kebabı (Ali Pasha kebab)Cubed lamb with tomato, onion and parsley wrapped infilo[50][51]
Alinazik kebabGround meat kebab sautéed in a saucepan, with garlic, yogurt and eggplants added
Bahçıvan kebabı[52]Boneless lamb shoulder mixed with chopped onions and tomato paste
Beykoz kebabıTomato and onion flavoured lamb, wrapped in aubergine slices and garnished with lamb brains[50]
Beyti kebabGround lamb or beef, seasoned and grilled on a skewer, often served wrapped inlavash and topped withtomato sauce andyogurt, traced back to the famous kebab houseBeyti inIstanbul and particularly popular in Turkey's larger cities.[53]
Bostan kebabıLamb and aubergine casserole.[50]
Cağ kebabı (spoke kebab)Cubes of lamb roasted first on a cağ (a horizontalrotating spit) and then on a skewer, a specialty ofErzurum region with recently rising popularity
Çardak kebabı[54]Stuffed lamb meat wrapped in acrepe orfilo.
Ciğer kebabı (liver kebab)Lamb liver kebab on a skewer (a.k.a.ciğer şiş)
Çökertme kebabıSirloin veal kebap stuffed withyogurt and potatoes
Çöp şiş (small skewer kebab)A specialty ofSelçuk andGermencik nearEphesus, pounded boneless meat with tomatoes and garlic marinated with black pepper,thyme and oil on wooden skewers[55]
Doner kebab
İskender kebapDöner kebap served withyogurt, tomato sauce andbutter, originated inBursa. The kebab was invented by İskender Efendi in 1867. He was inspired from Cağ kebab and turned it from horizontal to vertical.
İslim kebabı (stew)Another version of theaubergine kebab without its skin, marinated in sunflower oil[50][55]
Kağıt kebabıLamb (or veal) cooked in a paper wrapping[55]
Kılıç şişBrochette of swordfish[50]
Şiş köfteAlso known as Shish köfte – minced lamb meatballs with herbs, often includingparsley andmint, on a stick, grilled
Kuyu kebabı (pit kebab)Prepared from the goat it is special forAydın region, similar totandır kebabı
Kuzu şişShish kebap prepared with marinated milk-fed lamb meat
Manisa kebabıThisManisa region version of the kebab is smaller and flat size shish meat on the slicedpide bread, flavored with butter, and stuffed with tomato, garlic and green pepper.
Orman kebabı (forest kebab)Lamb meat on the bone and cut in large pieces mixed with carrots, potatoes and peas[50]
Patates kebabı[56]Beef or chicken mixed with potatoes, onions, tomato sauce and bay leaves
Patlıcan kebabı (aubergine kebab)A unique kebap meat marinated in spices and served withaubergines, hot pide bread and a yogurt sauce[55]
Şiş kebabıPrepared with fish, lamb or chicken meat on thin metal or reed rods, grilled[50][55]
Şiş tavukAlso known as Tavuk şiş or –Yogurt-marinated chicken grilled on a stick[55]
Sivas kebabıAssociated with theSivas region, similar to Tokat kebab but especially lamb ribs are preferred and it also differs from Tokat kebabı on the point that there are no potatoes inside
Lamb tandooriLamb pieces (sometimes a whole lamb) baked in an oven called atandır, which requires a special way of cooking for hours. Served with bread and raw onions.[50]
TantuniTantuni is aspicydürüm consisting ofjulienne cutbeef or sometimeslambstir-fried on asac with a hint ofcotton oil. It is a specialty of the city ofMersin,Turkey.
Tas kebap (veal stew)Stewed meat in a bowl, beginning with the cooking of the vegetables in butter employing a method called yağa vurmak, ("butter infusion"), before the meat itself is cooked in the same grease
Testi kebabı (earthenware-jug kebab)Ingredients are similar toçömlek kebabı, prepared in atesti instead of agüveç, generally found in Central Anatolia and the Mid-Western Black Sea region
Tire kebabıMinced meat cooked on sheesh and served with maydanoz and sauce, on top of special tire bread
Tokat KebabAssociated with theTokat region, it is made with marinated lamb, grilled inside an oven, together with aubergines, tomatoes, potatoes, entire onions and garlics and served over a special flatbread calledlavaş (a thicker yufka) and softened with the juice of the meat and tomatoes.
Urfa kebabıFromUrfa, similar to Adana kebab, but not spicy
Vali Kebabı

(Governor Kebab)

Essentially a mix of kebabs.

Others

[edit]
NameImageDescription
AnticuchoPeruvian meat dishes that originated in the Andes during thepre-Columbian era.[57] The meat may be marinated in vinegar and spices (such as cumin, ají pepper and garlic). While anticuchos can be made of any type of meat, the most popular are made ofbeef heart.[58]
ArrosticiniItalian skewers made from mutton or lamb cut in chunks and pierced by a skewer. Arrosticini cooked on a brazier with a typically elongated shape, called furnacella, which resembles a gutter.[59]
ChislicThis is a migration ofRussian culture into South Dakota by the German-Russian population.
ChurrascoPopular in certain parts of South America like Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay where it's a national barbecue tradition. It involves grilling various cuts of meat, often on skewers, and is typically served with a chimichurri sauce.[60]
Nem nướngA skewered dish from Vietnam consisting of ground pork or ground beef mixed with shallot, garlic, fish sauce. Usually dipped withnước chấm sauce or peanut sauce.[61][62]
RažnjićiWestern Balkan dish similar to shish kebab and shashlik.
Samak kebabA kebab dish consisting of grilled fish on a stick, it is typically marinated in an olive oil and lemon dressing.[63]
SatayASoutheast Asian dish consisting of diced or sliced meat, skewered and grilled over a fire, then served with various spicy seasonings. It was developed byJavanese street vendors as a unique adaptation of Indiankebabs.[64][9]
SekuwaNepalese skewered dish consisting of meat that is marinated with a blend of spices and then grilled over an open flame or charcoal, giving it a smoky, rich flavor. Typically made with meats such as goat, chicken, buffalo, or lamb, though variations may include pork or a mixture of meats.[65][66]
ShashlikShashlyk, meaning skewered meat, was originally made of lamb.[67] Nowadays it is also made of pork or beef depending on local preferences and religious observances.
Shish kebabA popular meal of skewered andgrilled cubes ofmeat.[68]
SteckerlfischBavarian and Austrian dish meaning “fish on a stick.” Whole fish, usuallymackerel ortrout are marinated with oil, salt, lemon, and herbs, then skewered lengthwise on wooden sticks and grilled. Traditionally served whole with rye bread and lemon, it’s a popularbeer garden and festival food, especially duringOktoberfest.[69][70]
Stonner kebabThe stonner kebab is apork sausage wrapped in strips of gyro meat, coated in two layers of batter, then deep fried and later served on a bed of chips. The namestonner is derived from a combination of "sausage" and "donner", and is the Glaswegian slang word for an "erection".[71][72][73]

See also

[edit]
Portals:

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^"In Pakistan, animal tallow is used as commercial deep-frying agent for the traditional foodchapli kebab. Thechapli andshami kabab are considered as one of the most commercially available traditional dishes of people living in Pakistan, ..."[45]

References

[edit]
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  10. ^DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Cyprus. DK Publishing. 2010. p. 174.ISBN 978-0-7566-7405-2.Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  11. ^Osseo-Asare, Fran (2005).Food culture in sub-Saharan Africa. Greenwood Press. p. 41.OCLC 58527114.
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  15. ^"Bihari kabab".ALL THINGS PAKISTAN. 10 November 2006.Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved2 November 2014.
  16. ^Singh, S. (2009).India. Ediz. Inglese. Country Guide Series (in Turkish). Lonely Planet. p. 262.ISBN 978-1-74220-347-8. Retrieved26 May 2017.
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  19. ^India Today. Vol. 26. Thomson Living Media India Limited. 2001. p. 163.Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  20. ^Kraig, B.; Sen, C.T. (2013).Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 176.ISBN 978-1-59884-955-4.Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  21. ^"8 meatilicious kebabs you must try out immediately".India Today. 11 May 2016.Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  22. ^Banerji, C. (2008).Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 125.ISBN 978-1-59691-712-5.Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  23. ^Chaturvedi, A.; Kanwar, D.; Sengupta, R. (2013).DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. DK Publishing. p. 253.ISBN 978-1-4654-1492-2.Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  24. ^Kalra, J.I.S.; Das Gupta, P. (1986).Prashad: Cooking with Indian Masters. First Edition. Allied Publishers Private Limited. p. 20.ISBN 978-81-7023-006-9.Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  25. ^Kapoor, S.; Kapoor, A. (2009).Marwari Vegetarian Cooking (in German). Popular Prakashan. p. 25.ISBN 978-81-7991-399-4.Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  26. ^World, E.Y.; Siciliano-Rosen, L.; Rosen, S. (2014).Delhi Food and Travel Guide: The inside scoop on the best North Indian foods in Delhi. 107. Eat Your World. p. pt51.Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  27. ^DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Delhi, Agra & Jaipur. DK Publishing. 2015. p. 248.ISBN 978-1-4654-4945-0.Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  28. ^DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Delhi, Agra & Jaipur. DK Publishing. 2015. p. 246.ISBN 978-1-4654-4945-0.Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  29. ^"Reshmi Kebab (Silken Kebabs)". Allrecipes.com.Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved2 November 2014.
  30. ^"Streetfood - Adam's Kabab (Phears Lane, Chuna Gali, near Central Metro station, Kolkata)". 22 October 2012.Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved20 July 2015.
  31. ^Yelda, Rami (2012).A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited. AuthorHouse.ISBN 9781477202913.Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved2 October 2020.
  32. ^"Kebab festival to bring foodies, meat eaters together". 9 July 2019.Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved13 December 2020.
  33. ^"Kushikatsu".Gurunavi, Inc. Retrieved30 March 2015.
  34. ^Kikuchi Takeaki.Ano menyūga umareta mise (in Japanese). Heibonsha. p. 60.
  35. ^"おっと! むろらん—室蘭やきとり" [Muroran yakitori—Oh! Muroran]. Muroran Tourist Association. Retrieved4 July 2017.
  36. ^In the mountainous area ofAichi,Gifu,Nagano,Shizuoka,Toyama andYamanashi Prefectures, steamed and mashed rice basted on flat skewers and grilled with coat of sweet miso is calledgohei mochi (ja:五平餅). When cooked rice is mashed and basted around kushi to form cylinders inAkita Prefecture, it is called"tampo" which is cut and cooked inkiritanpo.
  37. ^"Hiragushi flat bamboo skewer". Fujita Dougu Co.Ltd. Retrieved4 July 2017.
  38. ^"types oftakegushi bamboo skewer". Izumo Takezai Kōgyōsho. Retrieved4 July 2017.
  39. ^"Yakitori (Roast meat on skewers), dated 10 May, 2010". Gurunavi. Retrieved14 February 2016.
  40. ^An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words. Seoul: Hakgojae Publishing Co. 2002. pp. 59.ISBN 9788985846981.
  41. ^"Kuwait News Agency (KUNA)".Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved2 November 2014.
  42. ^The Cooking of the Middle East, Time-Life Books (1969)
  43. ^Agence France-Presse (22 May 2012)."Nigerian roadside barbecue shacks thrive in the midst of Islamist insurgency".The Raw Story.Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved5 April 2014.
  44. ^Raichlen, S.; Fink, B. (2008).The Barbecue! Bible. Workman Pub. p. 226.ISBN 978-0-7611-4943-9.Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  45. ^Pakistan, Chemical Society of (2008).Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan. Vol. 30. Chemical Society of Pakistan. p. 750.Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  46. ^Raichlen, S.; Fink, B. (2008).The Barbecue! Bible. Workman Pub. p. 163.ISBN 978-0-7611-4944-6.Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  47. ^Marks, Gil (2010).Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.ISBN 978-0-544-18631-6.Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved22 March 2018.
  48. ^Raichlen, S. (2015).Planet Barbecue!: 309 Recipes, 60 Countries (in German). Workman Publishing Company. p. 251.ISBN 978-0-7611-6447-0.Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved26 May 2017.
  49. ^Technology, United States National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and (1997).World Swordfish Fisheries: An Analysis of Swordfish Fisheries, Market Trends, and Trade Patterns Past-present-future. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service.
  50. ^abcdefghiTurkish Cookery by M.GünürISBN 975-479-100-7
  51. ^Roden, Claudia (2008).The New Book of Middle Eastern food. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 241.ISBN 9780307558565.OCLC 430828581.Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved2 October 2020.
  52. ^Tatlıdan, tuzluya Türk sofrası: alaturka - alafranga; yemekler ve tatlılar. Geçit Kitabevi. 1982.Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved10 January 2016.
  53. ^"Three Renowned Turkish Restaurants: Beyti Meat Restaurant".Skylife - Turkish Airlines Magazine (12):1–4. 2000.Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved9 November 2013.
  54. ^Banu Atabay.Mütevazi Lezzetler Deutsch. Banu Atabay. pp. 98–. GGKEY:QQKUPZ6WZ7J.Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved10 January 2016.
  55. ^abcdefThe Complete Book of Turkish Cooking, A.Algar (1985)ISBN 0-7103-0334-3
  56. ^Metin Sözen (2005).Taşın belleği Mardin. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncıkık.ISBN 978-975-08-1029-9.Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved10 January 2016.
  57. ^"Anticuchos: Peruvian Beef Kabobs".Arousing Appetites. Archived fromthe original on 26 May 2015.
  58. ^Rachowiecki, Rob (6 January 2015).National Geographic Traveler - Peru. National Geographic Books.ISBN 9781426213625.
  59. ^Il Devoto-Oli 2014. Vocabolario della lingua Italiana, edited byLuca Serianni andMaurizio Trifone, Le Monnier, 2013.
  60. ^"Brazil Cuisine". DiscoverBrazil.com. Archived fromthe original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved20 November 2007...churrascaria restaurant ...A small army of waiters square your table with every imaginable cut of beef, pork, and chicken on a meter long skewer (called "espeto"), all of them hot from the grill. They serve you small slices or portions until you raise the white flag
  61. ^Lagasse, Emeril."Vietnamese BBQ Pork Meatballs (Nem Nuong)".Food Network. Food Network.Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved31 December 2014.
  62. ^"Nem Nướng Nha Trang". VIỄN ĐÔNG DAILY NEWS. 13 April 2014.Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved31 December 2014.
  63. ^Prepared Foods. Vol. 157. Gorman Publishing Company. 1988. p. 92.Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved13 June 2018.
  64. ^Bruce Kraig; Colleen Taylor Sen (2013).Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 183.ISBN 9781598849554.Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved2 October 2020.
  65. ^Pathak, R. (2006).Nepali Cooking and Culture. Kathmandu: Nepalese Culinary Institute.https://www.nepaleseculinaryinstitute.com
  66. ^Koirala, S. (2010). 'Traditional Nepalese Cuisine. Dharan: Himalayan Press.https://www.himalayanpress.com
  67. ^Aidells, B.; Kelly, D. (2001).The Complete Meat Cookbook: A Juicy and Authoritative Guide to Selecting, Seasoning, and Cooking Today's Beef, Pork, Lamb, and Veal. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 466.ISBN 978-0-547-34760-8.Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved13 June 2018.
  68. ^John Ayto (18 October 2012).The Diner's Dictionary: Word Origins of Food and Drink. OUP Oxford. pp. 192–.ISBN 978-0-19-964024-9.
  69. ^"Steckerlfisch Tastes Better Than It Looks".mygermantravels.com. Retrieved1 September 2015.
  70. ^"Munich Steckerlfisch".perob.com. Retrieved1 September 2015.
  71. ^Crabb, Annabel (12 September 2004)."Batter up for kebab that's hit health snag".The Age.
  72. ^Moore, Tim (2011).Highway to Hull: Travels Through Unloved Britain. London: Jonathan Cape.ISBN 9780224090117.
  73. ^Staff (9 August 2004)."The UK's Deadliest Doner Kebab".Sky News. Archived fromthe original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved30 January 2017.

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