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List of hybrid creatures in folklore

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For actual hybridization in zoology, seeHybrid (biology).
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The following is alist ofhybrid entities from thefolklore record grouped morphologically. Hybrids not found inclassical mythology but developed in the context of modernpopular culture are listed in§ Modern fiction.

Mythology

[edit]

Head of one animal, body of another

[edit]

Mammalian bipeds

[edit]
Ganesha, with Elephant's head

Other bipeds

[edit]
Horus, with Falcon's head
Amedieval depiction of a harpy as a bird-woman
  • Alkonost – A creature from Russian folklore with the head of a woman with the body of a bird, said to make beautiful sounds that make anyone who hears them forget all that they know and not want anything more ever again.
  • Bird goddess – Vinca figures of a woman with a bird head.
  • Cuca - A creature fromBrazilian folklore and female counterpart of the Coco that is depicted as awitch with the head of analligator. It will catch and eat children that disobey their parents.
  • Gamayun – A Russian creature portrayed with the head of a woman and the body of a bird.
  • Heqet – Thefrog-headed Egyptian God.
  • Horus,Monthu,Ra, andSeker – Each of these Egyptian Gods has the head of afalcon orhawk.
  • Inmyeonjo – A human face with bird body creature in ancient Korean mythology.
  • Karura – A divine creature of Japanese Hindu-Buddhist mythology with the head of a bird and the torso of a human.
  • Kuk – Kuk's male form has afrog head while his female form has asnake head.
  • Meretseger – Thecobra-headed Egyptian Goddess.
  • Sirin – Half-bird, half-human creature with the head and chest of a woman from Russian folklore; its bird half is generally that of an owl's body.
  • Sobek – Thecrocodile-headed Egyptian God.
  • Thoth – Theibis-headed Egyptian God.

Quadrupeds

[edit]
'Gajasimha', Museum of Cham Sculpture

Other

[edit]
A nure-onna as depicted in Sawaki Suushi'sHyakkai-Zukan
  • Atargatis – Human face,fish body.
  • Cetus –greyhound orboar headed and bodiesdolphin orwhale
  • Draconcopedes (snake-feet) – "Snake-feet are large and powerful serpents, with faces very like those of human maidens and necks ending in serpent bodies" as described byVincent of Beauvais.[7]
  • Gajamina – A creature with the head of anelephant and body of a fish.
  • Merlion – A creature with the head of a lion and the body of a fish.
  • Nure-onna – A creature with the head of a woman and the body of a snake.
  • Tam Đầu Cửu Vĩ or Ông Lốt - is a divine beast with 3 human heads and a 9-tailed snake body, the mount of the god Ông Hoàng Bơ in Đạo Mẫu in Vietnamese folk religion.
  • Ugajin - Aharvest and fertilitykami of Japanese mythology with the body of a snake and the head of a bearded man, for the masculine variant or the head of a woman, for the female variant.
  • Ushi-oni – AYōkai with the head of abull and the body of aspider.
  • Zhuyin – A creature with the face of a man and the body of a snake.

Front of one animal, rear of another

[edit]
  • Echidna – A half-woman and half-snake monster that lives inside a cave.
  • Fu Xi – A god said to have been made by Nu Wa.
  • Glaistig – A Scottish fairy or ghost who can take the form of a goat-human hybrid.[8][9]
  • Griffin – A creature with the front quarters of aneagle and the hind quarters of alion. Some depictions also depict it as having a snake-headed tail.
  • Harpy – A half-bird, half-woman creature of Greek mythology, portrayed sometimes as a woman with bird wings and legs.
  • Hippalectryon – A creature with the front half of ahorse and the rear half has arooster's wings, tail, and legs.
  • Hippocampus (or Hippocamp) – A Greek mythological creature that is half-horse half-fish.
  • Hippogriff – A creature with the front quarters of aneagle and hind quarters of ahorse.
  • Jengu – A water spirit with the tail of a fish.
  • Ketu – AnAsura who has the lower parts of a snake and said to have four arms.
  • Lamia – A female with the lower body like that of a snake and is also spelled as Lamiai. This should not be confused with the Greco-RomanLamia.
  • Matsya – Anavatar of Lord Vishnu that is half-man half-fish.
  • Merfolk – A race of half-human, half-fish creatures. The males are calledMermen and the females are calledMermaids.
    • Auvekoejak – A merman fromInuit folklore ofGreenland and northernCanada that has fur on its fish tail instead of scales.
    • Ceasg – A Scottish mermaid.
    • Sirena – A mermaid from Philippine folklore.
    • Siyokoy – Mermen with scaled bodies from Philippine folklore. It is the male counterpart of the Sirena.
  • Nü Wa – A woman with the lower body of a serpent in Chinese folklore.
  • Nāga – A term referring to human/snake mixes of all kinds.
  • Onocentaur – A creature that has the upper body of a human with the lower body of adonkey and is often portrayed with onlytwo legs.
  • Ophiotaurus – A creature that has the upper body of abull and the lower body of asnake.
  • Peryton – Adeer with the wings of a bird.
  • Sea goat – A creature that is half-goat half-fish.
  • Sea-griffin – A griffin variant with the hindquarters of a fish.
  • Sea-lion – A creature with the head and upper body of a lion and the tail of a fish.
  • Siren – Half-bird, half-woman creature of Greek mythology, who lured sailors to their deaths with their singing voices.
  • Skvader – A Swedish creature with the forequarters and hind-legs of ahare and the back, wings and tail of a femalewood grouse.
  • Tatzelwurm – A creature with the face of a cat and a serpentine body.
  • Tlanchana – An aquatic deity that is part woman and part snake.
  • Triton – A Greek God and the son ofPoseidon who has the same description as the Merman. Some depictions have him with two fish tails.
  • Valravn – A Danish creature that in some description is half-raven half-wolf.[10]

Body of one animal as head of another

[edit]
A Centaur fighting a man

Animals with extra parts

[edit]
Pegasus, as the horse of Muses, was put on the roof ofPoznań Opera House (Max Littmann, 1910)
Detail of the embroidered dress of an Apkallu, showing a pair of 4-legged winged animals. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
  • Angel – Humanoid creatures who are generally depicted with bird-like wings. In Abrahamic mythology and Zoroastrianism mythology, angels are often depicted as benevolent celestial beings who act as messengers between God and humans.
  • Aralez - An Armenian winged dog-like creatures or spirits
  • Bat – An Egyptian goddess with the horns and ears of acow.
  • Cernunnos – An ancientGaulish/Celtic God with the antlers of adeer.
  • Fairy – A humanoid withinsect-like wings.
  • Hathor – An Egyptian goddess with cow horns.
  • Horned God – A god with horns.
  • Jackalope – Ajackrabbit with the horns of awhitetail deer.
  • Satyr – Originally an ancient Greek nature spirit with the body of a man, but the long tail and pointed ears of a horse.[11][12] From the beginning, satyrs were inextricably associated with drunkenness and ribaldry, known for their love of wine, music, and women.[11][12][13] By theHellenistic Period, satyrs gradually began to be depicted as unattractive men with the horns and legs of goats, likely due to conflation with Pan.[11][12] They were eventually conflated with the Roman fauns and, since roughly the second century AD, they have been indistinguishable from each other.[11][12][14]
    • Silenos - A tutor toDionysus who is virtually identical to satyrs and normally indistinguishable, although sometimes depicted as more elderly.[13][12]
  • Seraph – An elite angel with multiple wings.
  • Winged cat – Acat with the wings of a bird.
  • Winged genie – A humanoid withbird wings.
  • Winged horse – Ahorse with the wings of a bird.
    • Pegasus - A particular winged horse from Greek mythology. Sometimes the lowercase spelling is used as a metonym for winged horses in general.
    • Tulpar - A winged horse from Turkic mythology, though not capable of flight.
  • Winged lion – Alion with the wings of a bird.

Body of one animal with legs and extra features of another

[edit]
Satyr men, satyr women, and satyr children.
  • Adlet – A human withdog legs.
  • Bes – An Egyptian god with the hindquarters of alion.
  • Lilitu – A woman with bird legs (and sometimes wings) found in Mesopotamian mythology.
  • Faun – An ancient Roman nature spirit with the body of a man, but the legs and horns of a goat.[11][12] Originally they differed from the Greek satyrs because they were less frequently associated with drunkenness and ribaldry and were instead seen as "shy, woodland creatures".[14] Starting in the first century BC, the Romans frequently conflated them with satyrs and, after the second century AD, the two are virtually indistinguishable.[11][12][14]
  • Goat people are a class of mythological beings who physically resemble humans from the waist up, and had goat-like features usually including the hind legs of goats. They fall into various categories, such assprites,gods,demons, anddemigods.[15]
  • Krampus – A Germanic mythical figure of obscure origin. It is often depicted with the legs and horns of a goat, the body of a man, and animalistic facial features.
  • Kusarikku – A demon with the head, arms, and torso of a human and the ears, horns, and hindquarters of a bull.
  • Lamia – Woman with duck feet.
  • Pan – The god of the wild and protector of shepherds, who has the body of a man, but the legs and horns of a goat. He is often heard playing aflute.
  • Sylvań – Asatyr like creature with a deer’s hooves, a fox tail, and a white coat that is woven to make their clothing.

Other hybrids of two kinds

[edit]
Garuda carrying his master Vishnu. Garuda has an eagle's head, wings and legs
  • Alebrije – A brightly colored creature from Mexican mythology.
  • Alphyn - A Heraldic creature that resembles aTyger where the front legs have varied from a dragons forelegs, an eagle's talons on its forelegs, or the legs or a lion.
  • Anansi - A West African god, also known as Ananse, Kwaku Ananse, and Anancy. In the Americas he is known as Nancy, Aunt Nancy and Sis' Nancy. Anansi is considered to be the spirit of all knowledge of stories. He is also one of the most important characters of West African and Caribbean folklore. Anansi is depicted in many different ways: sometimes he looks like an ordinary spider, sometimes he is a spider wearing clothes or with a human face, and sometimes he looks much more like a human with spider elements, such as eight legs.
  • Avatea – A Mangaian god that has the right half of a man and the left half of afish.
  • Bingfeng - A wild boar/pig hybrid with two heads that has elongated.
  • Cerberus – A Greek mythological dog that guarded the gates of the underworld, almost always portrayed with three heads and occasionally having a mane ofserpents, as well as the front half of one for a tail.
  • Drakaina – A female species from Greek mythology that is draconic in nature, primarily depicted as a woman with dragon features.
  • Feathered serpent - A Mesoamerican spirit deity that possessed a snake-like body and feathered wings.
  • Garuda – A creature that has the head, wings, and legs of aneagle and body of a man.
  • Gorgon – Each of them hassnakes in place of their hair; sometimes also depicted with a snake-like lower body.
  • Jorōgumo - Type of Japaneseyōkai, depicted as a spider woman manipulating small fire-breathing spiders.
  • Musimon - A creature that has the head and horns of a ram sheep and the horns, body, and feet of a goat.
  • Olano - A Spanish mythology creature that resembles a horse with a head of a dog.
  • Pantheon - A creature that resembles a deer with the tail of a fox.
  • Papillequine - A horse or pony withLepidopteran wings.
  • Selkie – Aseal that becomes a human by shedding its skin on land.
  • Karasu-tengu – Acrow-type Tengu.
  • Uchek Langmeidong - A half-woman and half-hornbill creature inManipuri folklore, depicted as a girl who was turned into a bird to escape from her stepmother's torture in the absence of her father.
  • Werecat – A creature that is partcat, part human, or switches between the two.
  • Werehyena - A creature that is parthyena, part human, or switches between the two.
  • Werewolf – A creature that becomes awolf/human-like beast during the nights of the full moon, but is human otherwise.
  • Wyvern – A creature with a dragon's head and wings, a reptilian body, two legs, and a tail often ending in a diamond- or arrow-shaped tip.
  • Zamba Zaara - A hedgehog cryptid with anAnkylosauria-like tail who hits the earth and causing the earth shaking violently.

Hybrids of three kinds

[edit]
Assyrianlamassu dated 721, BCE Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago.

Hybrids of four kinds

[edit]
Horns of agoat and aram, goat's fur and ears, nose and canines of apig, and mouth of adog, a typical depiction of the devil inChristian art. The goat, ram, dog and pig are animals consistently associated with the Devil.[17] Detail of a 16th-century painting byJacob de Backer in theNational Museum inWarsaw.
  • Abraxas – A god-like Gnostic creature with many different types of portrayals, many of which as different types of hybrids.
  • Chouyu - ARabbit/hare-like creature with the face of anowl and a reptilian tail.
  • Enfield – A Heraldic creature with the head of afox, the forelegs and sometimes wings of aneagle, the body of alion, and the tail of awolf.
  • Hatsadiling – A mythical creature with the head and body of alion, trunk and tusks of anelephant, the comb of arooster, and the wings of abird.[18]
  • Jiao - Dog-like canine with leopard spots,ox horns, and a short tail.
  • Kamadhenu – A creature with the head of a human, the body of a cow, the wings of a pigeon, and the tail of a peacock.
  • Monoceros – A creature with the head of adeer, the body of ahorse, the feet of anelephant, and the tail of apig.
  • Nue – A Japanese Chimera with the head of amonkey, the legs of atiger, the body of aJapanese raccoon dog, and the front half of asnake for a tail.
  • Qilin – A Chinese creature with the head and scales of adragon, the antlers of adeer, the hooves of anox, and the tail of alion. The Japanese version is described as a deer-shaped dragon with the tail of an ox.
  • Questing Beast – A creature with the head and tail of aserpent, the feet of adeer, the body of aleopard, and the haunches of alion.
  • Simurgh – A griffin-like creature of Persian mythology with the head of adog, the body of alion, the tail of apeacock, and the wings of ahawk.
  • Taweret – Thehippopotamus-headed Egyptian Goddess.
  • Tyger - A creature with the body of atiger, the jaws of awolf, the mane of ahorse, and the tufted tail of a lion.
  • Wolpertinger – A creature with the head of arabbit, the body of asquirrel, the antlers of adeer, and the legs and wings of apheasant.
  • Yali – A Hindu creature with the head of alion, the tusks of anelephant, the body of acat, and the tail of aserpent.
  • Ypotryll – A Heraldic creature with the tusked head of aboar, the humped body of acamel, the legs and hooves of anox orgoat, and the tail of asnake.

Hybrids of more than four kinds

[edit]
Navagunjara, has limb representing eight animals, including a human hand.

Modern fiction

[edit]

The following hybrid creatures appear in modern fiction:

Dungeons & Dragons

[edit]
  • Dracimera – Half-Chimera, half-dragon. It is the result of a union between a dragon and a Chimera.
  • Dracotaur – Half-man, half-dragon. It debuted inDungeons & Dragons. It also has a counterpart in the form of the Dragonspawn from theWarcraft franchise. Dragoon from theMonster Rancher franchise also fits this description due to it being a fusion of a Dragon and a Centaur.[citation needed]
  • Drider – Half-Drow half-spider, a "monster that looks like a centaur only with the bottom half of a spider instead of a horse."[20]
  • Gnoll – Vicious part-hyena part-men creatures. It debuted inDungeons & Dragons and then spread to other franchises includingWarcraft andPathfinder. It is inspired from but not resembling thegnoles conceived byLord Dunsany.[21] Considered one of the "five main "humanoid" races" inAD&D byPaul Karczag andLawrence Schick[22] and a classic ofD&D by reviewer Dan Wickline.[23] WithinD&D, thedemon lordYeenoghu is worshipped by gnolls.[24]
  • Gorgimera – Half-Gorgon (this franchise's version of Catoblepas), Half-Chimera. It is the result of a union between a Gorgon and a Chimera whose goat's head is replaced by a Gorgon's head.
  • Gorilla bear – A creature with the head, body, and legs of agorilla, and the teeth and arms of abear. It debuted inDungeons & Dragons'Fiend Folio as one of the, according toTheGamer, more "silly monster designs".[25]
  • Mantimera – Half-Manticore, Half-Chimera. It is the result of a union between a Manticore and a Chimera whose lion's head is replaced by a Manticore's head where the creature is sterile.
  • Owlbear – A creature that is half-bear half-owl. It debuted inDungeons & Dragons.
  • Thessalmera – Half-Thessalhydra, Half-Chimera. It is the result of a union between a Thessalhydra and a Chimera.
  • Wemic – Half-man, half-lion with a centaur-like build. It debuted inDungeons & Dragons. It also has a counterpart in the form of the Liontaur from theQuest for Glory video games.
  • Wereape - Half-man, half-ape. They have been featured inDungeons & Dragons and have spread to other franchise likeForgotten Realms andThe Wereworld Series. They come in different varieties.
    • Weregorilla - A gorilla-type wereape. Two appeared inThe Wereworld Series and a monster mask of a weregorilla was advertised in episode 1 ofCreepshow.
    • Wereorangutan - An orangutan-type wereape. One appeared inThe Wereworld Series.
  • Wolftaur – Half-man, half-wolf with a centaur-like build. It debuted inDungeons & Dragons. Some depictions of this creature also have wolf heads like Celious from theMonster Rancher franchise (who is depicted as a fusion of a Tiger and a Centaur) andAdventureQuest 3D (as a Lychimera).[citation needed]

Jurassic Park

[edit]

TheJurassic Park franchise had these hybrids in the films, toylines, and video games.

Other fiction

[edit]
Cecaelia is a half-human, half-octopus.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^S Sanatombi (2014).মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী (in Manipuri). p. 57 – via archive.org.
  2. ^Regunathan, Sudhamahi (2005).Folk Tales of the North-East. Children's Book Trust.ISBN 978-81-7011-967-8.
  3. ^Singh, Moirangthem Kirti (1993).Folk Culture of Manipur. Manas Publications.ISBN 978-81-7049-063-0.
  4. ^Devy, G. N.; Davis, Geoffrey V.; Chakravarty, K. K. (2015-08-12).Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-317-32569-7.
  5. ^Sangeet Natak. 1985.
  6. ^Krasner, David (2008).Theatre in Theory 1900-2000: An Anthology. Wiley.ISBN 978-1-4051-4043-0.
  7. ^Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012).Reading the world : encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 258.ISBN 9780226260709.
  8. ^Rev. J. G. Campbell, "Superstitions of the islands and Highlands of Scotland",Scottish Celtic Review4 (1885), pp155, 157, noted in J. G. McKay, "The Deer-Cult and the Deer-Goddess Cult of the Ancient Caledonians"Folklore43.2 (June 1932), pp. 144–174). p. 152.
  9. ^Sue Weaver (16 April 2011).The Backyard Goat: An Introductory Guide to Keeping and Enjoying Pet Goats, from Feeding and Housing to Making Your Own Cheese. Storey Publishing, LLC. pp. 142–.ISBN 978-1-60342-699-2.
  10. ^Axel, Olrik; Falbe-Hansen, Ida (1909).Danske Folkeviser i Udvalg [Danish] (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
  11. ^abcdefRiggs, Don (2014)."Faun and Satyr". In Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.).The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters. New York City, New York and London, England:Ashgate Publishing. pp. 233–236.ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2.
  12. ^abcdefgHansen, William F. (2004).Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 279–280.ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2.
  13. ^abWest, Martin Litchfield (2007).Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 293.ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.
  14. ^abcMiles, Geoffrey (2009) [1999].Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. p. 30.ISBN 978-0-203-19483-6.
  15. ^Nathan Robert Brown (30 September 2014).The Mythology of Grimm: The Fairy Tale and Folklore Roots of the Popular TV Show. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 195–.ISBN 978-0-698-13788-2.
  16. ^Platt, Rutherford (1926).The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden. Entry:The Book of the Secrets of Enoch chapter XII
  17. ^Fritscher, Jack (2004).Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch's Mouth. Popular Press. p. 23.ISBN 0-299-20304-2.The pig, goat, dog, ram — all of these creatures are consistently associated with the Devil.
  18. ^Stratton, Carol (2004).Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Serindia Publications, Inc.ISBN 9781932476095.
  19. ^"Quest for Glory Shrine - Monsters".tartarus.rpgclassics.com. Retrieved2022-12-17.
  20. ^Hoffer, Chrisitan (2021-05-21)."Dungeons & Dragons' Evil Spider Goddess Gets a Major Redesign".ComicBook.com. Retrieved2024-08-05.
  21. ^Forest, Richard W. (2014). "Dungeons & Dragons, Monsters in". In Weinstock, Jeffrey (ed.).The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters.Ashgate Publishing.
  22. ^Schick, Lawrence (1991).Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games. Prometheus Books. p. 92.ISBN 0-87975-653-5.
  23. ^Wickline, Dan (2016-11-16)."New Dungeons & Dragons Monster Guide Has Limited Edition Cover Option".Bleeding Cool. Retrieved2024-01-29.
  24. ^Kunzelman, Cameron (2016-12-06)."Volo's Guide to Monsters isn't a TypicalDungeons & Dragons Monster Manual".Paste. Retrieved2024-02-21.
  25. ^Bair, Scott (2019-12-12)."Some Of Dungeons & Dragons' Weirdest First Edition Monsters Are Coming Back".TheGamer. Retrieved2024-04-08.
  26. ^abHayward, Philip (2017).Making a Splash. Indiana University Press. pp. 37–38.ISBN 9780861969258.
  27. ^Giuffre, Liz; Hayward, Philip (2023-11-27)."Harry Styles as a Cecaelia: Sexuality, Representation and Media-lore in "Music for a Sushi Restaurant"".Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture (13):442–461.doi:10.18778/2083-2931.13.23.hdl:11089/48985.ISSN 2084-574X.
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