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List of human spaceflights

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For a list of spaceflights with human crews organised by program, seeList of human spaceflights by program. For a list of spaceports that have launched humans to space, seeSpaceport.
Apollo 7 heads into orbit with its crew of three, 1968

This is alist of all crewed spaceflights throughout history. Beginning in 1961 with the flight ofYuri Gagarin aboardVostok 1,crewed spaceflight occurs when a human crew flies aspacecraft intoouter space. Human spaceflight is distinguished fromspaceflight generally, which entails both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft.

There are two definitions of spaceflight. TheFédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international record-keeping body, defines the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space at 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea level. This boundary is known as theKármán line. The United States awardsastronaut wings to qualified personnel who pilot a spaceflight above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km).

As of the launch ofSoyuz MS-27 on 8 April 2025, there have been 398 human spaceflight launches. Two missions did not cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space and therefore do not qualify as spaceflights. These were the fatalSTS-51-L (Challenger disaster), and the non-fatal aborted Soyuz missionT-10a. Two aborted missions did cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space. One was the non-fatal aborted Soyuz missionMS-10 which did not reach the Kármán line but did pass the 80 km (50 mi) line. The other was the non-fatal Soyuz mission,18a which crossed the Kármán line. Four missions successfully achieved human spaceflight, yet ended as fatal failures as their crews died during the return. These wereSoyuz 1,X-15 flight 191,Soyuz 11, andSTS-107 (Columbia disaster). Twenty two flights in total reached an apogee beyond 50 miles (80 km), but failed to go beyond 62 miles (100 km), so therefore do not qualify as spaceflights under the FAI definition.

Summary

[edit]

Since 1961, three countries (China, Russia, and the United States) and one former country (Soviet Union) have conducted human spaceflight using seventeen different spacecraft series, or: "programs", "projects".


Entity Soviet Union (1961–1991) /
 Russia (1992–present)		 United States ChinaSubtotals
by decade
AgencySoviet space program
Roscosmos		NASAPrivate space corporations operating sub-orbital flights out of the United StatesPrivate space corporations operating orbital flights out of the United StatesCMSA
DecadesProgramDates[a]No.[b][c]Program[d]DatesNo.[e]CompanyProgramDatesNo.[f]CompanyProgramDatesNo.ProgramDatesNo.
1961–1970Vostok1961–19636Mercury1961–1963652
Voskhod1964–19652X-151962–196813
Soyuz1967–199166Gemini1965–196610
Apollo1968–197211
1971–198039
Skylab1973–19743
Apollo–Soyuz19751
1981–1990Space
Shuttle		1981–201113563
1991–2000Soyuz1992–present8983
2001–2010Scaled CompositesSpaceShipOne20043Shenzhou2003–present1661
2011–2020Virgin GalacticSpaceShipTwo2018–202411SpaceXCrew Dragon (Commercial Crew)2020–present1947
2021–2030Blue OriginNew Shepard2021–present15BoeingBoeing Starliner (Commercial Crew)2024–present162
Subtotals
by entity		163179292016Total407

Human spaceflights

[edit]

TheSalyut series,Skylab,Mir,ISS, andTiangong series space stations, with which many of these flights docked in orbit, are not listed separately here. See the detailed lists (links below) for information.

  • Missions which were intended to reach space but which failed to do so are listed inbold.
  • Missions between 50 miles (80.45 km) and 100 km (62 mi), which satisfy the US Military definition of space(50 Miles), but not the NASA or Internationally recognized Karman Line definition (100 km) are listed initalics.
  • Fatal missions are marked with a dagger (†) symbol.

1961–1970

[edit]
Vostok 1 —Mercury-Redstone 3 —Mercury-Redstone 4 —Vostok 2
Mercury-Atlas 6 —Mercury-Atlas 7 —X-15 Flight 62 —Vostok 3 —Vostok 4 —Mercury-Atlas 8
X-15 Flight 77 —Mercury-Atlas 9 —Vostok 5 —Vostok 6 —X-15 Flight 87 —X-15 Flight 90 —X-15 Flight 91
Voskhod 1
Voskhod 2 —Gemini 3 —Gemini 4 —X-15 Flight 138* —X-15 Flight 143* —Gemini 5 —X-15 Flight 150 —X-15 Flight 153 —Gemini 7 —Gemini 6A
Gemini 8 —Gemini 9A —Gemini 10 —Gemini 11 —X-15 Flight 174 —Gemini 12
Soyuz 1† —X-15 Flight 190 —X-15 Flight 191†
X-15 Flight 197 —Apollo 7 —Soyuz 3 —Apollo 8
Soyuz 4 —Soyuz 5 —Apollo 9 —Apollo 10 —Apollo 11 —Soyuz 6 —Soyuz 7 —Soyuz 8 —Apollo 12
Apollo 13 —Soyuz 9

1971–1980

[edit]
Apollo 14 —Soyuz 10 —Soyuz 11† —Apollo 15
Apollo 16 —Apollo 17
Skylab 2 —Skylab 3 —Soyuz 12 —Skylab 4 —Soyuz 13
Soyuz 14 —Soyuz 15 —Soyuz 16
Soyuz 17 —Soyuz 18a —Soyuz 18 —Soyuz 19 —Apollo-Soyuz
Soyuz 21 —Soyuz 22 —Soyuz 23
Soyuz 24 —Soyuz 25 —Soyuz 26
Soyuz 27 —Soyuz 28 —Soyuz 29 —Soyuz 30 —Soyuz 31
Soyuz 32 —Soyuz 33
Soyuz 35 —Soyuz 36 —Soyuz T-2 —Soyuz 37 —Soyuz 38 —Soyuz T-3

1981–1990

[edit]
Soyuz T-4 —Soyuz 39 —STS-1 —Soyuz 40 —STS-2
STS-3 —Soyuz T-5 —Soyuz T-6 —STS-4 —Soyuz T-7 —STS-5
STS-6 —Soyuz T-8 —STS-7 —Soyuz T-9 —STS-8 —Soyuz T-10a —STS-9
STS-41-B —Soyuz T-10 —Soyuz T-11 —STS-41-C —Soyuz T-12 —STS-41-D —STS-41-G —STS-51-A
STS-51-C —STS-51-D —STS-51-B —Soyuz T-13 —STS-51-G —STS-51-F —STS-51-I —Soyuz T-14 —STS-51-J —STS-61-A —STS-61-B
STS-61-C —STS-51-L† —Soyuz T-15
Soyuz TM-2 —Soyuz TM-3 —Soyuz TM-4
Soyuz TM-5 —Soyuz TM-6 —STS-26 —Soyuz TM-7 —STS-27
STS-29 —STS-30 —STS-28 —Soyuz TM-8 —STS-34 —STS-33
STS-32 —Soyuz TM-9 —STS-36 —STS-31 —Soyuz TM-10 —STS-41 —STS-38 —STS-35 —Soyuz TM-11

1991–2000

[edit]
STS-37 —STS-39 —Soyuz TM-12 —STS-40 —STS-43 —STS-48 —Soyuz TM-13 —STS-44
STS-42 —Soyuz TM-14 —STS-45 —STS-49 —STS-50 —Soyuz TM-15 —STS-46 —STS-47 —STS-52 —STS-53
STS-54 —Soyuz TM-16 —STS-56 —STS-55 —STS-57 —Soyuz TM-17 —STS-51 —STS-58 —STS-61
Soyuz TM-18 —STS-60 —STS-62 —STS-59 —Soyuz TM-19 —STS-65 —STS-64 —STS-68 —Soyuz TM-20 —STS-66
STS-63 —STS-67 —Soyuz TM-21 —STS-71 —STS-70 —Soyuz TM-22 —STS-69 —STS-73 —STS-74
STS-72 —Soyuz TM-23 —STS-75 —STS-76 —STS-77 —STS-78 —Soyuz TM-24 —STS-79 —STS-80
STS-81 —Soyuz TM-25 —STS-82 —STS-83 —STS-84 —STS-94 —Soyuz TM-26 —STS-85 —STS-86 —STS-87
STS-89 —Soyuz TM-27 —STS-90 —STS-91 —Soyuz TM-28 —STS-95 —STS-88
Soyuz TM-29 —STS-96 —STS-93 —STS-103
STS-99 —Soyuz TM-30 —STS-101 —STS-106 —STS-92 —Soyuz TM-31 —STS-97

2001–2010

[edit]
STS-98 —STS-102 —STS-100 —Soyuz TM-32 —STS-104 —STS-105 —Soyuz TM-33 —STS-108
STS-109 —STS-110 —Soyuz TM-34 —STS-111 —STS-112 —Soyuz TMA-1 —STS-113
STS-107† —Soyuz TMA-2 —Shenzhou 5 —Soyuz TMA-3
Soyuz TMA-4 —SpaceShipOne Flight 15P —SpaceShipOne Flight 16P —SpaceShipOne Flight 17P —Soyuz TMA-5
Soyuz TMA-6 —STS-114 —Soyuz TMA-7 —Shenzhou 6
Soyuz TMA-8 —STS-121 —STS-115 —Soyuz TMA-9 —STS-116
Soyuz TMA-10 —STS-117 —STS-118 —Soyuz TMA-11 —STS-120
STS-122 —STS-123 —Soyuz TMA-12 —STS-124 —Shenzhou 7 —Soyuz TMA-13 —STS-126
STS-119 —Soyuz TMA-14 —STS-125 —Soyuz TMA-15 —STS-127 —STS-128 —Soyuz TMA-16 —STS-129 —Soyuz TMA-17
STS-130 —Soyuz TMA-18 —STS-131 —STS-132 —Soyuz TMA-19 —Soyuz TMA-01M —Soyuz TMA-20

2011–2020

[edit]
STS-133 —Soyuz TMA-21 —STS-134 —Soyuz TMA-02M —STS-135 —Soyuz TMA-22 —Soyuz TMA-03M
Soyuz TMA-04M —Shenzhou 9 —Soyuz TMA-05M —Soyuz TMA-06M —Soyuz TMA-07M
Soyuz TMA-08M —Soyuz TMA-09M —Shenzhou 10 —Soyuz TMA-10M —Soyuz TMA-11M
Soyuz TMA-12M —Soyuz TMA-13M —Soyuz TMA-14M —Soyuz TMA-15M
Soyuz TMA-16M —Soyuz TMA-17M —Soyuz TMA-18M —Soyuz TMA-19M
Soyuz TMA-20M —Soyuz MS-01 —Shenzhou 11 —Soyuz MS-02 —Soyuz MS-03
Soyuz MS-04 —Soyuz MS-05 —Soyuz MS-06 —Soyuz MS-07
Soyuz MS-08 —Soyuz MS-09 —Soyuz MS-10 —Soyuz MS-11 —VSS Unity VP-03
VSS Unity VF-01 —Soyuz MS-12 —Soyuz MS-13 —Soyuz MS-15
Soyuz MS-16 —Crew Dragon Demo-2 —Soyuz MS-17 —SpaceX Crew-1

2021–present

[edit]
Soyuz MS-18 —SpaceX Crew-2 —Virgin Galactic Unity-21 —Shenzhou-12 —Virgin Galactic Unity-22 —Blue Origin NS-16 —SpaceX Inspiration4 —Soyuz MS-19 —Blue Origin NS-18 —Shenzhou-13 —SpaceX Crew-3 —Soyuz MS-20 —Blue Origin NS-19
Soyuz MS-21 —Blue Origin NS-20 —Axiom Mission 1 —SpaceX Crew-4 —Blue Origin NS-21 —Shenzhou-14 —Blue Origin NS-22 —Soyuz MS-22 —SpaceX Crew-5 —Shenzhou-15
SpaceX Crew-6 —Axiom Mission 2 —Virgin Galactic Unity 25 —Shenzhou-16 —Galactic 01 —Galactic 02 —SpaceX Crew-7 —Galactic 03 —Soyuz MS-24 —Galactic 04 —Shenzhou-17 —Galactic 05
Axiom Mission 3 —Galactic 06 —SpaceX Crew-8 —Soyuz MS-25 —Shenzhou-18 —Blue Origin NS-25 —Boeing CFT —Galactic 07 —Blue Origin NS-26 —Polaris Dawn —Soyuz MS-26 —SpaceX Crew-9 —Shenzhou-19 —Blue Origin NS-28
Blue Origin NS-30 —SpaceX Crew-10 —Fram2 —Soyuz MS-27 —Blue Origin NS-31 —Shenzhou-20 —Blue Origin NS-32 —Axiom Mission 4 —Blue Origin NS-33 —SpaceX Crew-11 —Blue Origin NS-34 —Blue Origin NS-36 —Shenzhou-21

Timeline

[edit]

List by decades

[edit]
DecadeTotal flightsMajor milestonesFirst by nationality

1960s

41

Soviet UnionYuri Gagarin, first human in space.
Soviet UnionValentina Tereshkova, first woman in space.
Soviet UnionAlexei Leonov, firstEVA.
United StatesNeil Armstrong, first human on the Moon.

Soviet UnionYuri Gagarin
United StatesAlan Shepard

1970s

38

United StatesAlfred Worden, first deep spaceEVA.

CzechoslovakiaVladimír Remek
PolandMirosław Hermaszewski
East GermanySigmund Jähn
BulgariaGeorgi Ivanov
HungaryBertalan Farkas
VietnamPhạm Tuân
CubaArnaldo Tamayo Méndez

1980s

61

United StatesBruce McCandless II, first untethered spacewalk.

MongoliaJügderdemidiin Gürragchaa
RomaniaDumitru Prunariu
FranceJean-Loup Chrétien
GermanyUlf Merbold
IndiaRakesh Sharma
CanadaMarc Garneau
Saudi ArabiaSultan Salman Al Saud
NetherlandsWubbo J. Ockels
SyriaMohammed Faris
AfghanistanAbdul Ahad Mohmand
MexicoRodolfo Neri Vela
JapanToyohiro Akiyama

1990s

83

RussiaYuri Gidzenko,RussiaSergei Krikalev andUnited StatesWilliam M. Shepherd, first crew on ISS.

United KingdomHelen Sharman
AustriaFranz Viehböck
BelgiumDirk Frimout
RussiaAleksandr Viktorenko andAleksandr Kaleri
SwitzerlandClaude Nicollier
ItalyFranco Malerba
UkraineLeonid Kadeniuk
SpainPedro Duque
SlovakiaIvan Bella

2000s61

United StatesDennis Tito, first paying space tourist.
SpaceShipOne flight 16P, first private suborbital flight

South AfricaMark Shuttleworth
IsraelIlan Ramon
ChinaYang Liwei
SwedenChrister Fuglesang
MalaysiaSheikh Muszaphar Shukor
South KoreaYi So-yeon

2010s

44—

DenmarkAndreas Mogensen
KazakhstanAidyn Aimbetov
United Arab EmiratesHazza Al Mansouri

2020-present

51Inspiration4, first fully private orbital flight
Axiom Mission 1, first fully private ISS orbital flight
Polaris Dawn, first fully private orbital spacewalk
Fram2, first polar retrograde orbital flight		PortugalMário Ferreira
EgyptSara Sabry
Antigua and BarbudaKeisha Schahaff andAnastatia Mayers
PakistanNamira Salim
TurkeyAlper Gezeravcı
BelarusMarina Vasilevskaya
Malta / Saint Kitts and Nevis[g]Chun Wang

AustraliaChris Boshuizen
Norway / United Kingdom[h]Jannicke Mikkelsen
The BahamasAisha Bowe
PanamaJaime Alemán
New ZealandMark Rocket
Nigeria Owolabi Salis

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Dates in this table refer only to actual flights, and not the broader duration of their associated programs. For example, while Project Gemini was begun in 1961 and concluded in 1966, its crewed spaceflights occurred only from 1965–1966.
  2. ^ Soyuz missions include the following: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 18a, a non-fatal aborted mission which reached space as a sub-orbital flight; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo–Soyuz; and Soyuz T-10a, a non-fatal accident in which the crewed launch was aborted due to a fire, failing to reach space.
  3. ^Soyuz missions include Soyuz MS-10.
  4. ^Following the Apollo program, the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz flights also used Apollo hardware.
  5. ^includes two fatal missions, STS-51-L, and STS-107. The former did not reach space, while the latter did. Includes X-15 flights over 80 km (50 miles).
  6. ^Includes VP-03 and VF-01, which both satisfied the United States definition of spaceflight (50 mi (80.47 km)), but fell short of theKármán line (100 km (62.14 mi)), theFédération Aéronautique Internationale definition.
  7. ^Wang was born inChina but lives primarily inSvalbard and since 2023 is also a citizen ofMalta andSaint Kitts and Nevis through theirgolden visa programs. He will wear the flag of Malta on his spacesuit during the spaceflight.[1]
  8. ^Mikkelsen was born in theUnited Kingdom, but is now a citizen ofNorway. She will wear the flag of Norway on her spacesuit during the spaceflight.[2]

External links

[edit]
  • Spacefacts Compare with the present article. TheSpacefacts list includes most flights listed here, but omits twelve: The three failed launches of STS-51-L, Soyuz T-10a and Soyuz MS-10, none of which achieved human spaceflight, the uncrewed launch of Soyuz 34 (which nevertheless returned a crew to Earth), and the eight sub-orbital human spaceflights: Mercury-Redstone 3 and 4, X-15 flights 90 and 91, SpaceShipOne flights 15P, 16P and 17P, and Soyuz 18a.
  • Astronautix Similarly, see the list for "Manned Spaceflight" given atAstronautix, which includes other related categories.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Rogge, Rabea [@rprogge] (27 November 2024)."We just completed another round of training!" (Tweet). Retrieved10 March 2025 – viaTwitter.
  2. ^Bjørnstad, Nora Thorp (2 December 2024)."Jannicke Mikkelsen blir første nordmann i verdensrommet: Her er det første bildet" [Jannicke Mikkelsen becomes the first Norwegian in space: Here is the first photo].VG (in Norwegian). Retrieved10 March 2025.
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