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These lists ofhistorical unrecognized or partially recognized states give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized assovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwidediplomatic recognition. The entries listed here hadde facto control over significant claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence or, if they lacked such control over their territory, they were recognized by at least one other recognized nation.
The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to those of thelist of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimedsovereignty, have not been recognized by any widely accepted state for a significant portion of itsde facto existence, and either:
| Name | Period | Now Part Of | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Republic of Swellendam | 1795 | South Africa | A republic declared in revolt against theDutch East India Company; it lasted 3 months before being re-incorporated into theCape Colony. |
| Graaff-Reinet | Formed in rebellion to Dutch East India Company; it took 2 years to be incorporated into the Cape Colony, though this time under British rule. | ||
 Islands of Refreshment(Tristan da Cunha) | 1811–1816 | United Kingdom | Declared by American whaler Jonathan Lambert and four others, who were the first permanent inhabitants of the modern dayTristan da Cunha islands in the South Atlantic. Lambert declared himself thesovereign of the islands. Annexed in 1816 by theCape Colony under the United Kingdom to prevent France from obtaining the islands. |
| Griqualand West | 1813 | South Africa | Enjoyed de facto independence since the founding of Griquatown in 1813, Griqualand West eventually proclaimed itself a British colony in 1873. It did not gain recognition byBritain nor the neighboringCape Colony and was annexed in 1880. |
 Potchefstroom Republic | 1830 | A republic that existed only for a couple of months before joining withWinburg Republic. It was effectively a city-state. | |
| Winburg Republic | 1836 | Established on land on the Vet and Vaal Rivers donated to theVoortrekkers byBataung Chief Makwana in 1836 in exchange for protection from neighboringBasotho tribes. Joined in union with the newly establishedPotchefstroom Republic in 1838 to form theRepublic of Winburg-Potchefstroom. | |
| Mississippi-in-Africa | 1837–1842 | Liberia | Founded in the 1830s by the Mississippi Colonization Society of the United States and settled by Americanfree people of color, many of them former slaves. Ultimately absorbed into Liberia in the 1840s.[1] |
| Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom | 1838 | South Africa | Formed from the union of thePotchefstroom Republic and theWinburg Republic in 1838; the nation lasted untilPotchefstroom left the union to join withPietermaritzburg. |
 Natalia Republic | 1839 | Established in 1839 by local Afrikaans-speakingVoortrekkers after theBattle of Blood River. This Boer Republic lasted for four years before being annexed by British troops underGeorge Napier. | |
| Andries-Ohringstad Republic | 1845 | A fort was established by a group of Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Hendrik Potgieter with the help of a Dutch merchant Gregorius Ohrig. The settlers arrived in 1845 and were decimated by malaria. Forced to abandon the area, the republic was officially abandoned in 1849. | |
 Liberia | 1847–1862 | Liberia | A collection ofAfrican American settlements inWest Africa, sponsored by theAmerican Colonization Society. The purpose of Liberia was to repatriate freed slaves back to Africa from theUnited States. The US government refused to recognize Liberia's independence until 1862, during theAmerican Civil War. |
| Utrecht Republic | 1854 | South Africa | A republic proclaimed by Andreas Theodorus Spies following a land purchase from the King of the Zulu, Mpande. It joined with theLydenburg Republic in 1858. |
 Republic of Maryland | 1854–1857 | Liberia | An African American settlement in West Africa, whose independence was unrecognized by the United States. It joined the also unrecognized Liberia in 1857 in reaction to a native insurgency. |
| Lydenburg Republic | 1856 | South Africa | A Boer republic which was created following the dissolution of theAndries-Ohringstad Republic. Eventually this nation expanded with the inclusion of theUtrecht Republic in 1858. The republic lasted until 1860 when it was incorporated into theSouth African Republic |
| Republic of Zoutpansberg | 1857 | A smallBoer Republic that joined with theSouth African Republic in 1864. The white settlers in Zoutpansberg had for many years a reputation for lawlessness, and were later regarded as typical "back velt Boers". Zoutpansberg contained a larger native population than any other region of the Transvaal. | |
| Sultanate of Utetera | 1860–1887 | Democratic Republic of Congo | Founded by infamous slave traderTippu Tip |
  Klipdrift Republic | 1870 | South Africa | A Republic proclaimed during a dispute over diamond mines near what would becomeGriqualand West. |
 Free Republic of Rehoboth | 1872–1990 | Namibia | TheBaster are a community of mixed race descent, who left the British-ruled Cape Colony in 1868 and settled in a territory on a high plateau between theNamib andKalahari deserts in what is now central Namibia, where they founded the Free Republic of Rehoboth (Rehoboth Gebiet), in 1872. They adopted a constitution known in Afrikaans as the Vaderlike Wette (Paternal Laws), which still continues to govern the internal affairs of the Baster community into the 21st century. Since the independence of Namibia, in 1990, the new state confiscated all of their territory without compensation. |
 Republic of Stellaland | 1882 | South Africa | ABoer republic located in an area ofBritish Bechuanaland (now in South Africa'sNorth West Province), west of theTransvaal. After unification with the neighbouringState of Goshen, it became theUnited States of Stellaland |
 Goshen | 1882 | A short-livedBoer republic in southern Africa founded byBoers expanding west fromTransvaal who opposedBritish advance in the region. Located in Tswana territory west of theTransvaal, Goshen existed as an independent nation for a short period; from 1882 to 1883 as the State of Goshen and, after unification with neighbouringStellaland, as theUnited States of Stellaland | |
 United States of Stellaland | 1883 | A Boer republic which created from the union of neighboringRepublic of Stellaland andState of Goshen. The republic lasted until it became a protectorate of theSouth African Republic on 10 September 1884 only to be annexed 6 days later. | |
 Colinsland | 1884–1885 | Guinea | Disputed German colony in modern-day Guinea. The colony was initiated by the German merchantFrederick Colin, with limited support from the German government. Conceded toFrance (which had already claimed the area) in exchange for minor territories in other parts of Africa, and respect for Colin's commercial rights in the territory. |
 Republic of Lijdensrust | 1884–1887 | Namibia | It was a short-livedBoer republic in the area of present-dayNamibia. Declared on 20 October 1885, it was originally namedUpingtonia, but its name was changed soon after, as the reason for its original name proved worthless. In 1887, it was merged intoGerman South-West Africa. |
 Nieuwe Republiek | 1884–1888 | South Africa | Created on 16 August 1884 with land donated by the Zulus through a treaty. The territory was part of the old Boer Republic ofNatalia. The republic enjoyed independence until it was annexed by theSouth African Republic by its own request. |
 Mahdist State | 1885–1899 | Sudan | Islamic state established during theMahdist War by rebels. The rebellion failed and the state was dissolved. |
 Klein Vrystaat | 1886 | South Africa | A Boer republic which declared its independence from lands formerly controlled by the Swazi kingMswati II. It was eventually incorporated into theSouth African Republic in 1891 at its own request. |
 Dervish State | 1895–1920 | Somalia,Somaliland andEthiopia | A state inCiid-Nugaal whereinDiiriye Guure was king and his emirMohammed Abdullah Hassan launched an armed resistance against colonial powers (specifically theUnited Kingdom,Italy, andEthiopia) in Somalia. It was eventually defeated in 1920 by the British and Italians. |
 Empire of the Sahara | 1903–1908? | Morocco | A self-proclaimed monarchy declared by wealthy FrenchmanJacques Lebaudy, who wished to establish an imperial territory inCape Juby. Lebaudy was backed by as many as 400 mercenaries and sixteen cannons. Lebaudy later relocated his court to theSavoy Hotel in London. His claim was recognized by no nation. |
| South African Republic | 1914–1915 | South Africa | A provisional government set up in theMaritz Rebellion of theFirst World War. It was an attempt by Boer troops to revive the South African Republic, which had been annexed into the British Empire twelve years prior at the conclusion of theSecond Boer War. The mutiny was put down in under six months by the South African government. |
| Zaian confederation | 1914–1921 | Morocco | A confederation of Berber tribesmen in the interior of Morocco, which resisted French conquest in theMiddle Atlas mountains for several years. The confederacy was supported by theCentral Powers following the outbreak of theFirst World War, and was only subdued after theTreaty of Versailles. |
| Sultanate of Darfur | 1915–1916 | Sudan | A protectorate ofAnglo-Egyptian Sudan. The Sultan,Ali Dinar, renounced his allegiance to the British Empire in support of theOttoman Empire, after their entry into theFirst World War against Britain. The rebellion was put down in the 1916Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition. |
 Senussiyya | 1915–1917, 1923–1932, 1939–1951 | Libya andNiger | AnArab religious order that controlled much of Libya and northern Niger throughout the early 20th century. Fought againstFrench colonial expansion in Niger during theKaocen revolt. Fought againstItalian colonization in three stages:
|
| Tripolitanian Republic | 1918–1923 | Libya | A republic proclaimed following theParis Peace Conference; it disintegrated sometime in 1923 and was annexed intoItalian Tripolitania. |
 Republic of the Rif | 1921–1926 | Morocco | An independent Berber republic declared following a rebellion against Spanish rule within theRif region of northern Morocco. The republic was made up of a confederation of many Berber tribes. Defeated by Spain, with French military assistance, in the protractedRif War. |
| Macha Oromo Confederation | 1936 | Ethiopia | RumpOromo state in westernEthiopia that was proclaimed following Italian victory in theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War. Requested to be accepted as a Britishmandate territory to avoid annexation into the Italian Empire, but was recognized by no country and was occupied by the Italian army within the year. |
 Ethiopian Empire | 1937–1941 | Occupied by Italy in theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War. Despite lobbying by Ethiopian emperorHaile Selassie from exile, only six nations did not recognize Italy's control over Ethiopia by 1937 (China,New Zealand, theSoviet Union, theRepublic of Spain,Mexico, and theUnited States). During theEast African campaign of theSecond World War, the Allies recognized Selassie and restored Ethiopia's full independence. | |
 Sultanate of M'Simbati | 1959 | Tanzania | Latham Leslie-Moore, a retired civil servant, declared the secession of the "Sultanate of M'Simbati" from the then colony ofTanganyika. The "secession" was suppressed in 1962 by Tanzanian government troops. |
 Kingdom of Sanwi | 1959–1970 | Ivory Coast | Following self-government in the Ivory Coast, the traditional kingdom of Sanwi attempted secession from the republic several times during the early decades of decolonization. In 1960, the king of Sanwi even formed an unrecognizedgovernment-in-exile inGhana.[2] The movement was combated by PresidentFélix Houphouët-Boigny, partially with the aid of the French Armed Forces. |
 State of Katanga | 1960–1963 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Declared secession during theCongo Crisis. Controlled the state of the same name within the formerBelgian Congo afterdecolonisation. Although not recognised by any other country, Katanga received considerable financial, military and political support fromBelgium, theCentral African Federation, andPortugal. Lobbyists on behalf of Katanga also unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the government ofCosta Rica in return for diplomatic recognition.[3] |
| Kel Ahaggar | 1962–1977 | Algeria | ATuareg confederation inhabiting theHoggar Mountains (Ahaggar mountains) in Algeria. The confederation is believed to have been founded by the Tuareg matriarchTin Hinan, whose monumental tomb is located atAbalessa. The official establishment is dated to around 1750. It has been largely defunct since 1977, when it was terminated by the Algerian government. |
 Kingdom of Rwenzururu | 1962–1982 | Uganda | A secessionist movement that began just before decolonisation in Uganda and continued for twenty years. Withincolonial Uganda, several kingdoms were allowed to continue their existence as subnational entities with some autonomy. The people of theRwenzururu region demanded separation from theTooro Kingdom as their own monarchy, but were denied by the colonial government. The Rwenzururu kingdom declared its independence three months before Uganda's independence. After two decades of conflict, Rwenzururu became an autonomous kingdom within Uganda. |
 People's Republic of Zanzibar | 1964 | Tanzania | Following the 17 January 1964 coup which deposed theSultan ofZanzibar, the revolutionary group purporting to represent the island's black majority proclaimed a People's Republic ofZanzibar andPemba. It immediately made an offer of union with the government ofTanganyika. |
 People's Republic of the Congo (Stanleyville) | 1964–1967 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Rival government declared by Simba rebels during theSimba rebellion. |
 Rhodesia | 1965–1979 | Zimbabwe | Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965. It did not receive official recognition from any state. It had a trading relationship withapartheid South Africa, which did not formally recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile position with other nations and did not apply UN sanctions against the republic.Portugal also maintained informal relations until theCarnation Revolution of 1974. State received full international recognition after signing theLancaster House Agreement in 1979 and became, on 18 April 1980, the independentRepublic of Zimbabwe. |
 Niger Delta Republic | 1966 | Nigeria | A short lived state declared by Isaac Adaka Boro a soldier and Niger Delta activist[4] |
 Republic of Benin | 1967 | Occupied by Biafra in August, later given independence in September as a puppet state. Retaken by the Nigerian army one day after the declaration of independence. | |
| South Sudan Provisional Government | 1967–1969 | South Sudan | An African insurgency formed mostly from theAnyanya movement during theFirst Sudanese Civil War, in rebellion against the predominantly Muslim, Arabic-speaking Sudanese government. The separatist movement was rife with political wrangling and ethnic tensions within its own ranks. The SSPG collapsed in 1969 and was reformed into the Nile Provisional Government. |
 Biafra | 1967–1970 | Nigeria | MajorityIgbo state which seceded from post-independenceNigeria due to ethnic divisions, beginning theNigerian Civil War. Controlled territory in eastern Nigeria, recognized by five states (Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia). |
| Maquis of Fizi | 1967–1986 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | A Marxist-Leninist-Maoist partisan republic created by future Congolese president and revolutionaryLaurent-Désiré Kabila in the aftermath of the failedSimba Rebellion |
| Nile Provisional Government (Nile Republic) | 1969–1970 | South Sudan | Formed out of the SSPG as an attempt to rebrand the nation from South Sudan to the Nile Republic. Collapsed after one year due to a coup. Following this, most of the separatists agreed to the 1972Addis Ababa Agreement, in which most ofAnyanya agreed to recognize the Sudanese government in return for autonomy, ending the First Sudanese Civil War. |
 Republic of Martyazo | 1972 | Burundi | A state declared by Hutu separatists inside the mountainous Vuzigo commune, between the Makamba and Lake Nyanza; lasted for little over a week. |
 Ciskei | 1972–1994 | South Africa | FormerapartheidBantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa. |
 Cabinda | 1975 | Angola | Cabinda was a Portuguese protectorate known as thePortuguese Congo. During thePortuguese Colonial War period, theFront for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) fought for the independence ofCabinda from the Portuguese. The independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975. After the Angolan independence came in effect in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of thePopular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) with support of troops fromCuba. |
 Sultanate of Aussa | 1975–1991 | Ethiopia | Subnational monarchy in Ethiopia that represented theAfar people. When theDerg regime took power over Ethiopia in 1975, SultanAlimirah Hanfare was exiled, partially resulting in the creation of theAfar Liberation Front which fought against the communist junta. The Sultan returned to Ethiopia in 1991 after the fall of the Derg. |
 Transkei | 1976–1994 | South Africa | FormerapartheidBantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa. |
 Bophuthatswana | 1977–1994 | ||
 Zimbabwe Rhodesia | 1979 | Zimbabwe | See Rhodesia |
 Venda | 1979–1994 | South Africa | FormerapartheidBantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa. |
 Emirate of Imbaba | 1989–1992 | Egypt | In late 1992, theal-Gama'a al-Islamiyya group expanded its influence in parts of Imbaba. In November, the group purportedly announced the establishment of the "Emirate of Imbaba". This challenge to the sovereignty of the Egyptian state triggered the siege of Imbaba, beginning on December 8. In its course, the government deployed over 12,000 police and state Security forces, along with one hundred personnel carriers and bulldozers, all of which put an end to the Emirate.[5][6][7][8] |
 Mohéli | 1997–1998 | Comoros | Seceded in 1997 but quietly rejoined the next year. |
 Anjouan | 1997, 2008 | Joined with Comoros, then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government wasforcefully removed. | |
 Jubaland | 1998–2001 | Somalia | Declared independent during theSomali Civil War. Led by GeneralMohammed Said Hersi Morgan, the former Somali minister of defense and son-in-law ofSiad Barre, the previous military dictator of Somalia. Morgan was ousted by theAllied Somali Forces the next year, which allied with theTransitional Federal Government in 2001.[9] |
 Puntland | 1998–2004 | Declared its own autonomy during the Somali Civil War. It did not seek outright independence, but rather recognition of its status as an autonomous state.[10] Reconciled with the government of Somalia with the signing of theTransitional Federal Charter in 2004. Puntland temporarily operates as a functionally independent state from Somalia in 2024. | |
| Islamic Courts Union | 2006 | During the summer of 2006, the ICUdefeated awarlord alliance backed by the AmericanCentral Intelligence Agency and became the first entity to consolidate control over all of Mogadishu since the collapse of the state. The ICU coalesced into agovernment after taking control of the capital[11] and began reconstituting the Somali state.[12] This period is widely regarded as Somalia's most stable and productive since the civil war began.[13] Six months into their governance, the ICU was toppled during the final days of 2006 by a full scaleEthiopian invasion of Somalia, supported by the United States.[14][15][16] | |
 Democratic Republic of Bakassi | 2006–2009 | Cameroon | Small secessionist movement led by theBakassi Movement for Self-Determination (BAMOSD). The movement began during the transfer of the disputedBakassi territory from Nigeria to Cameroon, with local leaders who were against the transfer declaring independence. By 2009, Cameroon had assumed complete control over Bakassi. |
| Republic of Toumoujagha | 2007 | Mali andNiger | In 2007, a group allegedly consisting ofTuareg rebels proclaimed the independence of a republic made up of the Tuareg regions of Mali and Niger over the internet.[17] Occurred during the2007–2009 Tuareg rebellion. |
 Maakhir | 2007–2009 | Somalia | Short-lived territory on the border between thePuntland state of Somalia, and Somaliland, and was proclaimed as a state independent of both. Quickly subsumed into Puntland. |
 Republic of Azania | 2011–2013 | Republic which claimed sovereignty over the Somali state of Jubaland. Following the capture of most of Jubaland by the Islamic militant groupal-Shaabab,Kenya launched acounteroffensive and aided in setting up the republic from the former Jubaland administration. The action was condemned by Somalia. Azania reformed back into the Jubaland State of Somalia in 2013. | |
 State of Azawad | 2012–2013 | Mali | Self-declared during the2012 Tuareg rebellion and controlled most of NorthernMali. It was unrecognized by any state. Revoked its declaration in return for a peace deal after most of its territory was taken over by jihadist groups. |
 Khatumo State | 2012–2017 | Somaliland | First incarnation; Declared an autonomous state in 2012. Ceased to function by 2015, and was reincorporated into Somaliland by 2017. Re-established in 2023. |
 Logone | 2015–2021 | Central African Republic | Also known as Dar al-Kuti (French: Dar el-Kouti), was a partially-realized, self-declared autonomous region and proto-state internationally recognised as part of the Central African Republic. It was formed by the Muslim rebel movement Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC) with support of other armed groups on 14 December 2015. On 10 April 2021 Kaga-Bandoro was recaptured by government forces. |
| Name | Period | Now Part Of | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tsenacommacah | 1600–1677 | United States | Native Americanconfederation |
| Theocratic Republic of Guairá | 1627–1632 | Brazil | Jesuit missions in western of Paraná |
 Republic of Pirates | 1706–1718 | Bahamas andUnited Kingdom | Loose confederacy run by various pirate ship crews according to an informalpirate code. It was set up following the collapse of English authority in much of the Bahamas. English rule was restored by 1718 with theActs of Grace. |
| Watauga Association | 1772–1778 | United States | Annexed into the State ofNorth Carolina. |
 United States | 1776–1783 (Internationally recognized in 1783) | Thirteen British colonies declared themselves independent in 1776 during theAmerican Revolution and united to form the United States of America, which was recognized following theTreaty of Paris of 1783. | |
 Vermont Republic | 1777–1791 | Admitted to the Union as the State ofVermont, after a compromise ended its jurisdictional disputes withNew York. | |
| Wabash Confederacy | 1780–1792 | Native Americanconfederation | |
| Northwestern Confederacy | 1783–1795 | Native American confederacy in theGreat Lakes region. It was formed at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the goal of resisting the westward expansion of the United States. The U.S. claimed all the territory of the confederacy with theNorthwest Ordinance. The alliance fell apart after theNorthwest Indian War. | |
| State of Franklin | 1784–1788 | Began operating as a de facto independent republic after the failed statehood attempt | |
| Trans-Oconee Republic | 1794 | A short-lived, independent state west of the Oconee River (in the state ofGeorgia). Established by GeneralElijah Clarke in May 1794, it was an attempt to head off the new Federal government's ceding of lands claimed by Georgia back to the Creek. In September 1794, state and federal troops forced Clarke and his followers to surrender and leave the settlements. | |
 State of Muskogee | 1799–1802 | ANative American state inSpanish Florida; consisted of several tribes ofCreeks andSeminoles. Disappeared when the Spaniards captured its founder,William Augustus Bowles and removed him to a prison in Cuba. | |
| Tecumseh's confederacy | 1808–1813 | Native American confederacy formed around the leadership ofTecumseh, aShawnee chief, who resisted American claims to the Northwest territory of the Great Lakes. The alliance fell apart during theWar of 1812, after Tecumseh's death in 1813. | |
 Quito Republic | 1809–1812 | Ecuador | Anti-Spanish movement in theReal Audiencia of Quito, known in Latin America as theFirst Cry of Hispanic American Independence |
 Republic of South Haiti | 1810 | Haiti | Haiti declared its independence in 1804 under Jean Jacques Dessalines. That same year, Dessalines declared himself Emperor. After his assassination in 1806, Haiti was divided between theRepublic of Haiti in the south and theKingdom of Haiti, under Henry Christophe, in the north. The situation was further complicated by the secession of South Haiti in the southwest corner of the country under André Rigaud in 1810. His own republic contained the former Maroon enclave of La Grande Anse under Goman, who was allied with King Henry. A few months after Rigaud seized power, he died, and South Haiti rejoined the Republic. In 1820, Henry Christophe committed suicide.Haiti was reunited soon afterwards. |
 Republic of West Florida | United States | Republic formed out of an Anglo-American rebellion inSpanishWest Florida. Consisted of the part ofLouisiana now known as theFlorida Parishes. None of these Florida Parishes were in what today is the state of Florida. Against the wishes of most of its leaders, the republic was forced to acquiesce to American authority, and later annexed. | |
| Government Junta of Chile | 1811–1812 | Chile | Established after the deposition and imprisonment of KingFerdinand VII of Spain byNapoleon Bonaparte, the anniversary of its establishment is celebrated as thenational day of Chile |
 First Republic of Venezuela | Venezuela | The very firstSpanish American colony todeclare independence. The republic was established at the same time as theNapoleonic Wars was reaching a fever pitch and afterNapoleon forced theabdication ofCharles IV of Spain and his sonFerdinand VII in favour of his brotherJoseph Bonaparte the government of the decided to secede fromNapoleon's Spain when theSupreme Central Junta was dissolved in 1810. However the republic did not last long because certain states of the republic did not recognise its independence and instead followed theCortes of Cádiz and civil war ensued where the republic capitulated in July 1812 | |
 United Provinces of New Granada | 1811–1816 | Colombia | Established duringla Patria Boba |
 Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca | Established duringla Patria Boba | ||
 American Confederation of Venezuela | 1811–1819 | Venezuela | Existed in three different stages as theFirst,Second, andThird Republics of Venezuela |
 Republic of East Florida | 1812 | United States | Republic declared by mostly American insurgents against Spanish rule inEast Florida, with the goal of annexation into the United States. The republic had the support ofPresident James Monroe. A day after declaring independence, the insurgents surrendered their territory to the American army. The American government later disavowed their support of the insurgents and returned all captured land. |
 Second Republic of Venezuela | 1813–1814 | Venezuela andGuyana | In the aftermath ofSimón Bolívar's defeat ofJuan Domingo de Monteverde and theRoyalists in theAdmirable Campaign, Bolívar declared his home country of Venezuela independent. However the republic came to an end whenCaracas was reconquered by the Royalists a year after independence. |
 Free State of Mariquita | 1814–1816 | Colombia | Established duringla Patria Boba |
 League of Free Peoples | 1815–1820 | Uruguay,Argentina,Brazil andParaguay | Established during theArgentine War of Independence |
 Republic of the Floridas | 1817 | United States | Republic proclaimed byGregor MacGregor, Scottish soldier and adventurer, after capturingAmelia Island in East Florida. The republic claimed all of West and East Florida, but in reality Amelia Island was the only territory it held. Following the failure of the Spanish to retake the island, it was occupied by the United States navy. TheAdams–Onís Treaty of 1819, effective 1821, transferred West and East Florida to the United States. |
 Pernambuco | Brazil | The Pernambucan revolt of 1817 occurred in the province ofPernambuco in theNortheastern region of Brazil, and was sparked mainly by the decline ofsugar production rates and the influence of theFreemasonry in the region. Other important reasons for the revolt was to establish an independent state. | |
 Third Republic of Venezuela | 1817–1819 | Venezuela andGuyana | Merged with theUnited Provinces of New Granada to formGran Colombia |
 Republic of Texas | 1819 | Mexico | An 1819 attempt to take control of Spanish Texas by filibusters. It was led by James Long and successfully established a small independent government, known as the Republic of Texas (distinct from the later Republic of Texas created by the Texas Revolution). The expedition crumbled later in the year, as Spanish troops drove the invaders out. Long returned to Texas in 1820 and attempted to reestablish his control. In October 1821, Long was defeated by Spanish troops, captured and sent to Mexico City where he was killed by a guard. |
 Republic of Tucumán | 1820 | Argentina | Now part of Argentine provinces ofCatamarca,Santiago del Estero andTucumán. |
 Republic of Entre Ríos | 1820–1821 | Today the Argentine provinces ofEntre Ríos andCorrientes. | |
 Free Province of Guayaquil | 1820–1822 | Ecuador | After the success of theOctober 9 Revolution in the city of Guayaquil, the revolutionaries underJosé Joaquín de Olmedo declared a provisional government in the liberated areas. In July 1822,Simon Bolívar lead acoup d'état and declared himself 'Supreme Leader' because he viewed Guayaquil as the gateway toliberatingPeru and it was soon annexed byGran Colombia. |
| Isthmus of Panama | 1821 | Panama | Briefly independent before joiningGran Colombia |
 Protectorate of Peru | 1821–1822 | Chile andPeru | Had claims outside of Chile and Peru |
 Republic of Spanish Haiti | Dominican Republic | Annexed by theRepublic of Haiti | |
 Confederation of the Equator | 1824 | Brazil | Another attempted independence fromPernambuco, in theEmpire of Brazil. |
 Republic of Madawaska | 1827–1842 | Canada andUnited States | Within the provinces ofNew Brunswick,Quebec and the state ofMaine. |
| Republic of Indian Stream | 1832–1835 | United States | Annexed by the United States. Within the state ofNew Hampshire. |
 Cabano Government | 1835–1840 | Brazil | A popular revolution and pro-separatist movement that occurred in the then province ofGrão-Pará,Empire of Brazil |
 Riograndense Republic | 1836–1845 | The state was proclaimed by the Farroupilha rebels during theRagamuffin War in 1836. The rebellion eventually failed and republic was dissolved. It is currently the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. | |
  Republic of Texas | 1836–1846 | United States | Declared byAnglo-American settlers in opposition toHispano-Mexican claims, itsannexation by the United States sparked theMexican–American War |
 Peruvian Republic | 1837 | Peru andChile | AChilean puppet state led byAntonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente during theWar of the Confederation. The republic was soon dissolved when the Chilean forces were encircled by the Peruvians and forced to sign theTreaty of Paucarpata. |
 Bahia Republic | 1837–1838 | Brazil | The Sabinada (1837–1838) was a revolt by military officerFrancisco Sabino that occurred inBrazil'sBahia province between 6 November 1837 and 16 March 1838. Calling for the abolition of slavery and the redistribution of land, the rebel "Bahia Republic" fought against the government for one year until their capital ofSalvador was conquered. |
 Republic of Canada | Canada | The self-proclaimed government was established onNavy Island in theNiagara River in the latter days of theUpper Canada Rebellion | |
 Republic of Lower Canada | A government established on the aftermath ofRebellions of 1837 inLower Canada. | ||
 State of Los Altos | 1837–1840 | Guatemala | TheUnited Provinces of Central America were riven by strife for much of their existence.Guatemala’s ruling class was appalled by the thought of an illiterate and brutish peasant Governor Rafael Carrera, and led the six western provinces into secession. The new state of Los Altos, under Liberal leadership, appealed for recognition to the UPCA. In January 1840, Carrera reconquered Los Altos, and then defeated the UPCA's army in March, sounding the death knell for the United Provinces. Los Altos rebelled again when Carrera declaredGuatemala an independent republic in 1847, but was again rapidly crushed. |
 Juliana Republic | 1839 | Brazil | Today'sSanta Catarina. |
 Republic of the Río Grande | 1840 | United States andMexico | Consisted of part of southernTexas and the 3 Mexican states ofCoahuila,Nuevo León, andTamaulipas. |
| Estado del Istmo [es] | 1840–1841 | Panama | A failed attempt to separate Panama fromColombia. It was recognized byCosta Rica. |
 Republic of Yucatán | 1841–1843, 1846–1848 | Mexico | A state from 1841 to 1848, it was proclaimed after the Mexican government tried to centralize and tried to join the US during theMexican–American War; it was rejected and joined a federal Mexico after the war ended. A revolt inYucatán in 1916, led byFelipe Cerillo but with active Mayan involvement, effectively separated the region from the weak Mexican state. On 3 April 1916 Carillo declared the independence of theSocialist Republic of Yucatan, but the Republic failed to garner much support, and was quickly overrun by Mexican forces.[18][19] |
| Adelsverein | 1842–1853 | United States | A colonial attempt to establish a new German settlement within the borders ofTexas. |
 California Republic | 1846 | Formed during an Anglo-American revolt in Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. This "state" never actually possessed a high level of organization, and was only in existence for a matter of weeks before the rebels deferred to the US government and American troops. | |
 Chan Santa Cruz (Noh Cah Santa Cruz Balam Nah) | 1847–1915 | Mexico | Chan Santa Cruz was a Mayan territory in the southeast of what is now the Mexican state ofQuintana Roo (within theRepublic of Yucatán at the time). The local Mayan people revolted in 1847 following the Republic of Yucatán's second secession from Mexico, driving nearly all whites from the Yucatán peninsula in what became known as theCaste War. After being defeated, some rebel Maya established a stratified religious community in the jungle known as Chan Santa Cruz, which remained a base of operations for rebel Cruzobs for the next fifty years. After decades of campaigning on both sides, the Cruzobs recognized the Mexican government in 1915, though some settlements continued anti-Mexican resistance until the 1930s and 40s. |
 Great Republic of Rough and Ready | 1850 | United States | A short-lived secessionist state from the United States to avoid mining taxes. It rejoined less than three months later. |
| Beaver Island | 1850–1856 | Mormon theocracy led byJames Strang, who was declared king of theChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and whose branch was in opposition toBrigham Young andthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in considering itself to be the sole legitimate successor of theChurch of Christ organized byJoseph Smith. This “Strangite” faction controlled Beaver Island of Michigan until Strang was murdered in 1856, whereupon the Strangites were expelled from the area by neighbouring islanders. | |
 State of Buenos Aires | 1852–1861 | Argentina | Resulted from the overthrow of theArgentine Confederation government in theProvince of Buenos Aires on 11 September 1852, rejoined the Argentine Confederation after the former's victory at theBattle of Pavón in 1861 |
 Republic of Baja California | 1853–1854 | Mexico | The filibusterWilliam Walker took control of La Paz, the capital of the sparsely populated Baja California, and 200 more men joined him. Walker declared La Paz the capital of a new Republic of Baja California, with himself as president and a constitution copied fromthat of Louisiana. Although he never gained control ofSonora, less than three months later, he pronounced Baja California part of the largerRepublic of Sonora. |
| Republic of Sonora | 1854 | A lesser toWilliam Walker'sRepublic of Baja California, it was a merger between that andSonora. | |
| Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao | 1857–1861 | Dominican Republic | On July 7, 1857, a popular civic-military movement broke out in Santiago with the purpose of overthrowing the government of the conservative president Buenaventura Báez. The Cibaenians declared themselves governedby a provisional revolutionary government, with its seat in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros. |
 Palmetto Republic | 1860–1861 | United States | Secessionist state established on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. It lasted a month and a half before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America. |
 United States of New Granada | 1860–1861 | Colombia | Cauca State seceded fromGranadine Confederation, withBolivar State following shortly after. They established the United States of New Granada (Magdalena,Santander andTolima joined later), occupyingBogotá and creating theUnited States of Colombia. |
 Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia | 1860–1862 | Argentina andChile | Set up by a French adventurer who tried to gainlegitimacy for his state, only to be denied. The self-proclaimed kingdom was mostly a legal fiction and did only loosely control a small portion of the territory it claimed. In fact theMapuche warlords that submitted to it were totally autonomous, and used the kingdom only as pretext to obtain foreign support. It was conquered and partitioned by Chile and Argentina. |
 Republic of Mississippi | 1861 | United States | Secessionist state established January 9, 1861 when Mississippi seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before joining the Confederate States of America. |
 Republic of Florida | Secessionist state established January 10, 1861, when Florida seceded from the United States. Only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America. | ||
 Republic of Louisiana | Secessionist state formed on January 11, 1861, when Louisiana seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before joining the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861. | ||
 Alabama Republic | Secessionist republic declared January 11, 1861 when Alabama seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before being a founding member of theConfederate States of America. | ||
 Republic of Texas | Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and lasted as an independent state for a month before joining theConfederate States of America. Not to be confused with the earlier (1836–1845), partially recognizedRepublic of Texas. | ||
| Kingdom of Callaway | The Kingdom of Callaway was a county inMissouri that did not agree with the politics of either side in theAmerican Civil War. As a result, it went on its own for a time. What made Callaway unique was that theUniongeneralJohn B. Henderson signed apeace treaty with the Kingdom in October 1861, thus lending legitimacy to its existence. | ||
 Confederate States of America | 1861–1865 | Originally formed by sevensouthern states that seceded from theUnited States, it consisted ofSouth Carolina,Mississippi,Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Texas, andLouisiana. After thebeginning of theAmerican Civil War, the states ofVirginia,Tennessee,Arkansas, andNorth Carolina seceded from theUnion and joined the Confederacy. Reintegrated back into the United States throughout theReconstruction Era. | |
| Confederate government of Kentucky | Shadow government formed in opposition to theUnion | ||
| Confederate government of Missouri | |||
| Confederate government of West Virginia | |||
| Free State of Jones | 1863-1865 | AUnionist government ofJones County, Mississippi, a state that had seceded and joined theConfederate States of America. A small militia, set up by the inhabitants, made Confederate tax-collecting nearly impossible. The Free State ended after the defeat of the Confederates. | |
| Republic of Manitobah | 1867–1869 | Canada | Within the province ofManitoba. |
 Republic of Puerto Rico | 1868, 1898 | United States | State declared independence on 23 September 1868 during theLares uprising againstSpanish rule inPuerto Rico, following the repeated refusal of Spain to give the island autonomy. The uprising began in September in the town of Lares, where the rebels were defeated by November at the latest. The revolt succeeded in garnering limited political reforms. A group of anti-Spanish rebels also declared independence on 13 August 1898 in the closure of thePuerto Rican campaign during theSpanish–American War but were unable to secure independence |
 Provisional Government of Assiniboia | 1869–1870 | Canada | Métis provisional government led by politicianLouis Riel in theRed River Rebellion. Demanded self-government rather than direct rule by the Canadian government, following Canada's purchase ofRupert's Land from theHudson's Bay Company. Negotiated entry into the Confederation of Canada as the province ofManitoba.[20] |
| Provisional Government of Saskatchewan | 1885 | A self-declaredMétis territory formed during theNorth-West Rebellion. Led by Métis political leaderLouis Riel, who had previously organized theRed River Rebellion in 1869. Defeated by the Canadian army after just over two months of fighting.Riel was later found guilty of high treason and hanged.[21] | |
 Republic of Independent Guyana | 1886–1891 | Brazil | Established by French settlers in defiance of both France and Brazil. |
 Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso | 1892 | Modern day'sMato Grosso do Sul | |
 Principality of Trinidad | 1893–1895 | American James Harden-Hickey divorced his wife in 1893 (1894?) and announced his intention to move to India and take up a life of Hindu asceticism. On the trip there, a storm forced his ship aground on the island of Trinidad (no relation to the Caribbean Trinidad) in the South Atlantic. Seeing that the island was uninhabited, Harden-Hickey declared himself Prince James I of Trinidad and advertised for settlers in the London Times. The following year, theUnited Kingdom annexed the island in order to anchor a transatlantic telegraph cable. Prince James was encouraged, hoping that the cable would bring the attention he needed to start his reign. However, the plan was scrapped andBrazil annexed the island again in 1897. | |
| Federal State of Loreto | 1896 | Peru | An autonomous state of Peru proclaimed during theLoretan Insurrection of 1896 by insurgents wishing for afederalized Peruvian state. It was not supported by many of the inhabitants of the state and was soon put down by a Peruvian expedition. |
 Manhuassu Republic | Brazil | Manhuassu Republic was a republican state proclaimed on May 15, 1896, in the municipality of Manhuassu, which lasted twenty-two days. | |
| Jungle Nation | 1899–1900 | Peru | The second attempt to create an independent state in theDepartment of Loreto created by Colonel Emilio Vizcarra, a Peruvian soldier appointedprefect of the department who grew disillusioned with the national government, and declared himself 'Supreme Leader'. The republic came to an end with Vizcarra's death during his tour of the Loretan cities where, inMoyobamba, he got embroiled in a revolt where he got a rock fatally thrown at his head and died.[22][23] |
 Republic of Acre | 1899–1903 | Brazil | Declared independence from Bolivia three times between 1899 and 1903 before being ceded to Brazil in theTreaty of Petrópolis. The region had been long settled byBrazilians for decades prior to its triple secession.[24] |
 Celestial Monarchy | 1912–1916 | Messianic state declared by José Maria de Santo Agostinho during heavy anti-government sentiment among local southern Brazilian farmers and workers in response to land confiscation and railroad construction.[25][26] | |
| Republic of Arauca | 1916–1917 | Colombia | Declared during a rebellion near the border withVenezuela. The republic lasted six weeks, until Colombian authority was restored.[27] |
 Federation of Central America | 1921–1922 | Guatemala,El Salvador, andHonduras | Third attempt at aCentral American union following theFederal Republic of Central America and theGreater Republic of Central America. However, despite attempts at earning recognition from theUnited States under bothWoodrow Wilson andWarren G. Harding, the eventual coup in Guatemala orchestrated by GeneralJosé María Orellana led theUnited States Department of State to predict the federation's coming collapse, which ultimately happened, and so didn't formally recognize it.[28] |
 Republic of Tule | 1925 | Panama | A short-lived state of the indigenousGuna people, which was declared in reaction to colonial persecution. Developed into theGuna Revolution against Panamanian authority. After just under two months, the Gunas agreed to revoke their declaration of independence in return for civil rights.[29][30] |
 Free Territory of Princesa | 1930 | Brazil | Short-lived state with the goal of Rejoining Brazil as its own state, also known as the Republic of Princesa.[31] |
 Encarnación Commune | 1931 | Paraguay | An attempted occupation ofEncarnación, Paraguay, in February 1931 as part of a larger plan to initiate a socialanarcho-libertanian revolution in the country.[32] |
 Socialist Republic of Chile | 1932 | Chile | Established by theGovernment Junta in the midst of theGreat Depression following the resignation of PresidentCarlos Ibáñez del Campo. Lasted for three months before being dissolved due to unpopular drastic economic measures enforced on the country.[33] |
 State of Maracaju | Brazil | Created during theConstitutionalist Revolution, occupying what is todayRio Grande do Sul. An early manifestation of separatism byCuiabá.[34] | |
 State of São Paulo[35] | Rebellion against the presidency ofGetúlio Vargas, who eroded the autonomy of the Brazilian states provided by the1891 Constitution and established a virtual dictatorship through uncontrolled rule-by-decree.Paulistas weren't seeking independence from Brazil, but rather reform of the central government inRio de Janeiro.[citation needed] | ||
 Socialist Republic of Brazil | 1935 | The 1935 Brazilian communist uprising was a military revolt inBrazil led byLuís Carlos Prestes and leftist low-rank military againstGetúlio Vargas's government on behalf of theNational Liberation Alliance (Aliança Nacional Libertadora - ANL). It took place in the cities ofNatal,Recife, and the capitalRio de Janeiro between 23 and 27 November 1935. The uprising was supported by theBrazilian Communist Party (PCB), then called the Communist Party of Brazil, and theCommunist International.[36] Despite its failure, the communist revolt gave PresidentGetúlio Vargas the pretext for acquiring more power. After November 1935, the National Congress of Brazil approved a series of laws that restricted its own power, while the executive gained almost unlimited powers of repression. This process culminated in the coup of 10 November 1937, which closed the National Congress of Brazil, canceled the upcoming 1938 presidential elections, and installedGetúlio Vargas as a dictator. This period of dictatorship is called theEstado Novo, which lasted until 1945.[37] | |
 State Union of Jeová[38] | 1952–1953 | From July 1952 to March 1953, a sect ofJehovah's Witnesses proclaimed a messianic utopian community in the wake of peasant unrest inEspírito Santo andMinas Gerais. As a consequence, it wasn't until 2015 that 40 km2 ofEcoporanga were disputed by both states.[39] | |
| Independent Republics | 1958–1964 | Colombia | Several enclaves in rural Colombia which communist peasant guerrillas held during the aftermath ofLa Violencia. They were overrun by the National Army of Colombia in 1964. Survivors reunited elsewhere and later became part of Bloque Sur, the precursor ofFARC.[40] |
| McDonald Territory[41] | 1961–1962 | United States | An extralegal,unrecognized territory of the United States that comprised all ofMcDonald County, Missouri and existed for a short time from 1961 to 1962. In 1961, a provisional government chose the name when they attempted tosecede the county from the state ofMissouri. The government of the territory was never recognized by the State of Missouri nor theUnited States Congress. Described bythe Neosho Daily News as a "publicity stunt", the McDonald Territory's claims to independence were rarely taken seriously by those not involved.[42] |
 Republic of Anguilla | 1967–1969 | United Kingdom | Created due to opposition toa union with modernSt. Kitts and Nevis. It ceased to exist after being occupied by theBritish Army.[43][44][45] |
 Provisional Government Committee of Rupununi | 1969 | Guyana | Two years after the independence of Guyana from the United Kingdom, the country was shocked by an uprising of cattle ranchers andRupununi Amerindians in its southwestern region ofUpper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, with the insurgents being allegedly supported by Venezuela. Part of the ongoingterritorial dispute between both countries.[46] |
| Republic of Airrecú | 1993 | Nicaragua | Relations betweenCosta Rica andNicaragua have traditionally been strained. This situation was not improved when the Costa Rican government granted land rights to settlers along the San Juan River, which forms part of the border between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. A dispute ended with Costa Rica acknowledging that the territory in fact belonged to Nicaragua, and promised to remove the settlers. The settlers, however, refused to leave. In June 1993, they declared their independence as theRepublic of Airrecú, which means "friendship" in a local Indian language. The Nicaraguan Army immediately descended upon the area and escorted the Republic into Costa Rica.[47] |
 Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities | 1994–2023 | Mexico | De factoautonomous region controlled or partially controlled byneo-Zapatista support bases in theMexican state ofChiapas since theZapatista uprising in 1994 and during the widerChiapas conflict. From 1994 to 2003, the Zapatista territories were structured as regional community centers called Aguascalientes. In 2003, the Aguascalientes were replaced by Centers of Autonomous Resistance and Zapatista Rebellion (CRAREZ), a term coined in 2019, which consisted ofCaracoles as community centers, over local formations (until 2023) as the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (MAREZ) governed by Councils of Good Government (Spanish:Juntas de Buen Gobierno). In 2023, after increased cartel violence, the EZLN announced the dissolution of the CRAREZ and its sub-formations, replacing them with hyperlocal Local Autonomous Governments (GAL) within local Zapatista Autonomous Government Collectives (CGAZ) and regional Assemblies of Collectives of Zapatista Autonomous Governments (ACGAZ).[48][49][50][51][52][53][54] |
 Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca | 2006 | TheMexican state ofOaxaca was embroiled in a conflict that lasted more than seven months and resulted in at least seventeen deaths and the occupation of the capital city ofOaxaca by the Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca (APPO).[55] |
| Name | Period | Now Part Of | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kengwei Republic | 1776–1839 | Indonesia | A member of theChinese diasporic runHeshun Confederation, thiskongsi republic, established byHakka Chinese, accepted Dutch overlordship in 1823, and was eventually absorbed into a strongerkongsi, Dagang.[56] |
| Santiaogou Republic | 1776–1854 | Also known as the Sanda Futing or as the Hexian Zhengting, it allied itself with theSultanate of Sambas and later theDutch East India Company. Ironically, in spite of its alliance with the Dutch, the kongsi republic was ultimately annexed by the Dutch, and its members continued their mining operations until 1857.[57] | |
| Lintian Republic | 1823–1854 | Also known as the Xinle Republic, it emerged late compared to most other kongsi republics, and briefly joined the Heshun Confederation in 1850 before being dissolved by the Dutch colonial government.[58] | |
  Xibei San Ma | 1862–1949 | China | Also known as the Ma Clique, it was a collective name for a group ofHui (Muslim Chinese) warlords inNorthwestern China who ruled theChinese provinces ofQinghai,Gansu andNingxia for 10 years from 1919 until 1928. |
 Republic of Biak-na-Bato | 1897 | Philippines | The republic of Biak-na-bato was a Filipino revolutionary government declared byEmilio Aguinaldo during thePhilippine Revolution |
 Revolutionary Government of the Philippines | 1898 | Succeeded by theFirst Philippine Republic. | |
 Republic of Negros | 1898–1901 | Existed under a local constitution in cooperation withUS military government from October 2, 1899. until the province ofOccidental Negros was established on April 20, 1901,[59] and annexed to thePhilippine Islands by the United States as the "Republic of Negros".[60] | |
| First Philippine Republic | 1899–1901 | Constitutional republic following thePhilippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898 and the ratification of theMalolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, up to the surrender of GeneralMiguel Malvar on April 16, 1902[61][62] It pursued a protractedwar against the United States shortly after the1898 cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain. | |
| Republic of Zamboanga | 1899–1903 | Short-livedZamboangueño breakaway state. | |
| Tianjin Provisional Government | 1900–1902 | China | Formed by theEight-Nation Alliance during theBoxer Rebellion in China, which controlled the major cityTianjin and its surrounding areas from 1900 to 1902.[63] |
| Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun | 1903 | An attemptedChinese Christian state that bore reference to theTaiping Heavenly Kingdom. Its leaders wished to establish a Westernized constitutional monarchy, but were captured a few days before the main insurrection was set to occur. The kingdom lasted for three days. | |
 Great Han Sichuan Military Government | 1911–1912 | Short-livedSichuanese breakaway state. | |
| Uryankhay Republic | 1911–1914 | Russia andMongolia | A nominally independent state that broke away from theQing dynasty of China during theXinhai Revolution. It was proclaimed as a republic in 1911 by theTuvan separatist movement and was encouraged by theRussian Empire |
 Great Mongol State | 1911–1919, 1921–1924 | In 1911, the8th Bogd Gegeen ofOuter Mongolia proclaimed independence from theQing dynasty of China. After 1915 it became ade facto self-governing autonomous region under the suzerainty of theRepublic of China. After rebelling againstChinese rule of 1919–1921, it reaffirmed its independence and became the predecessor of theMongolian People's Republic. Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of the Republic of China. | |
 Fengtian | 1911–1928 | China | it was the faction that supportedwarlordZhang Zuolin duringChina'sWarlord Era. It took its name fromFengtian Province, which served as its original base of support. However, the clique quickly came to control all of theThree Northeastern Provinces |
 Shanxi | 1911–1937 | One of several military factions that split off from theBeiyang Army during China'swarlord era. | |
 Sinkiang | 1911–1944 | A militaryclique that ruledXinjiang during China'swarlord era. Unlike other cliques, its leaders were from outside the province. | |
 Tibet | 1912–1951 | In 1913, the13th Dalai Lama proclaimed independence from theQing dynasty of China,[64] which was onlyrecognized by the internationally unrecognizedMongolia.[65][66] However, there have been doubts over the authority of the Tibetan representative to sign the treaty, and thus its validity.[67] The following year, a treaty accepting Chinesesuzerainty was signed and the border was adjusted in favor ofBritish India.[68] The14th Dalai Lama acknowledged Chinesesovereignty in theSeventeen Point Agreement of 1951,[69] but China continues to reject the 1914 treaty and claimsSouth Tibet (now part of India'sArunachal Pradesh). Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of China. | |
 Uryankhay Krai | 1914–1921 | Russia | A short-livedprotectorate of theRussian Empire that was proclaimed on 17 April 1914, created from theUryankhay Republic which had recently proclaimed its independence from theQing dynasty of China in theMongolian Revolution of 1911.[70][71][72] |
 Empire of China | 1915–1916 | China | A short-lived attempt by Chinese presidentYuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate themonarchy in China, with himself asemperor |
 Yunnan clique | 1916–1927 | It was one of several mutually hostilecliques that split from theBeiyang Government in theRepublic of China'swarlord era. It was named forYunnan Province | |
 Basmachi Kokand | 1916–1922 | Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan andUzbekistan | The polity of theBasmachi movement centered in the city ofKokand, in theFergana Valley |
| Turkestan | 1916–1934 | Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan andTurkmenistan | An uprising againstImperial Russian andSoviet rule inCentral Asia by rebel groups inspired byIslamic beliefs andPan-Turkism. It has been called "probably the most important movement of opposition to Soviet rule in Central Asia".[73] |
| Sultanate of Tarim | 1916–1945 | Yemen | A state in Yemen created after a division of power within theKathiri sultanate in 1916.[74] It was first ruled by Muhsin ibn Ghalib al-Kathiri.[72] Jam'iyat al-Haqq was responsible for civil affairs of Tarim.[74] In exchange for maintaining control of Tarim, the al-Kaf family gave the Kathiri sultanate a monthly stipend |
| Guizhou | 1916–1949 | China | A minor warlord faction in theWarlord Era of theRepublic of China, situated in the province ofGuizhou. Due to its weak economic situation, Guizhou warlords were typically dependent on more economically successful warlords such as theYunnan clique and theHunan warlords. |
| Harbin Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies | 1917 | was asoviet (council) ofRussian workers and soldiers inHarbin at the time of the 1917Russian Revolution. The Harbin Soviet was founded immediately after CzarNicholas II's abdication.[75] The Harbin Soviet sought to seize control over theChinese Eastern Railway and to defend Russian citizens inManchuria | |
 Alash Autonomy | 1917–1920 | Kazakhstan andKyrgyzstan | an unrecognizedKazakhprovisional government, orproto-state, located inCentral Asia and was part of theRussian Republic, and thenSoviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after theBolsheviks banned the rulingAlash party. The goal of the party was to obtainautonomy within Russia, and to form anational,democratic state. The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, theTurkestan Autonomy to the south, andChina to the east. |
| Ukrainian national movement on Gray Klyn (1917-1921) [uk] | 1917–1921 | Russia andKazakhstan | Attempt by ethnic Ukrainians living in southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan at establishing autonomy forGrey Ukraine, where they settled between the mid-18th and early 20th centuries.[76][77] |
| State of Buryat-Mongolia | Russia | A bufferBuryat-Mongolian state during theRussian Civil War. The main government body wasBurnatskom, the Buryat National Committee.[78] The state de facto ceased to exist after the formation of theFar Eastern Republic, which divided Buryat-Mongolia in two: 4aimags became part of theFar Eastern Republic, while the other 4 formed Buryat-Mongolautonomies of RSFSR. | |
 Constitutional Protection Junta | China | Amilitary government established by theKuomintang inGuangzhou in opposition to theBeiyang government on 1 September 1917,[79] after the beginning of theConstitutional Protection Movement on 17 July 1917. | |
 Green Ukraine | 1917–1922 | Russia | After the establishment of theBolshevikFar Eastern Republic on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with an ethnicUkrainian majority attempted to secede and establish an entity called Green Ukraine.[80] This movement quickly proved abortive. |
| Yakutia | 1918 | In February 1918 the acting government of Yakutia proclaimed the independence of Yakutia in response to the Bolshevik seizure of power. This independent government was overthrown on July 1 | |
 Provisional Siberian Government | A short-lived government inSiberia created by theWhite movement in 1918 | ||
| Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia | |||
 Siberian Republic | An unrecognized short-living state that existed on the territory of Russia during the Civil War. | ||
 Provisional Regional Government of the Urals | The Provisional Regional Government of the Urals was an anti-Bolshevik provisional government, created in Yekaterinburg on August 13 or 19, 1918, which controlled the Perm Governorate, parts of the Vyatka, Ufa, and Orenburg Governorates. Abolished in October 1918. | ||
| Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly | TheCommittee of Members of the Constituent Assembly was ananti-Bolshevik government that operated inSamara, Russia, during theRussian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after theCzechoslovak Legion had occupied the city. | ||
 Republic of Aras | 1918–1919 | Azerbaijan | Established during theRussian Civil War, this state only lasted several months.[81] |
 Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian | 1918–1920 | China | Anarchist military government |
 Russian State | Russia,Kazakhstan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan | was aWhite Army anti-Bolshevik state proclaimed by the Act of theUfa State Conference of September 23, 1918 (the Constitution of theProvisional All-Russian Government), “On the formation of the all-Russian supreme power” in the name of “restoring state unity and independence of Russia” affected by therevolutionary events of 1917, theOctober Revolution and the signing of thetreaty of Brest-Litovsk withGermany.[82][83][84][85] | |
| Transbaikal Cossack Republic [uk] | Russia | Provisional government established byCossacks inChita, Zabaykalsky Krai. | |
 Confederated Republic of Altai | 1918–1922 | Attempt at establishing an independentAltai during theRussian Civil War. The long-term aim of the state was to merge with neighboringTuva andKhakassia in order to restore the 17th-centuryDzungar Khanate, butTurkic-led.[86] | |
| Mughan Soviet Republic | 1919 | Azerbaijan | The Mughan Soviet Republic was a short-lived pro-Bolshevik state that existed in present-day southeastern Azerbaijan from March to June 1919. |
| Ferghana Provisional Government | 1919–1920 | Kyrgyzstan | A polity of theBasmachi movement led byMadame Bey. |
 Arab Kingdom of Syria | Syria | A short lived constitutional monarchy led byFaisal I of Iraq.[87] | |
| Balagad state | 1919–1926 | Russia | In 1919 the Buryats established a smalltheocratic Balagad state inKizhinginsky District of Russia and the Buryat's state fell in 1926. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. |
| Anhui clique | 1920 | China | A military and political organization, one of several mutually hostilecliques or factions that split from theBeiyang clique in theRepublic of China'sWarlord Era. It was named afterAnhui province because several of its generals–including its founder,Duan Qirui–were born inAnhui |
| Provisional Government of the Far East | Russia | A local government in the eastern part of Russia during theRussian Civil War between January 31, 1920 and October 28, 1920. | |
| Government of South Russia | Russia andUkraine | AWhite movement government established inSevastopol,Crimea in April 1920. | |
| Eastern Okraina | Russia | A local government in theRussian Far East region in 1920 during theRussian Civil War of 1917–1923 | |
| Kingdom of Syria | Syria | Lasted for 4 months at the end of World War I until dissolved by the French, who took control. | |
 Azadistan | Iran | A short-lived state inIranian Azerbaijan that lasted from early 1920 until September of that year. It was established byMohammad Khiabani, anIranian patriot,[88] who was a representative to theparliament, and a prominent dissident againstSoviet Union and theBritish colonialism.[89] Khiabani and his followers chose the name "Azadistan" as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name "Azerbaijan" to the government centered onBaku inTranscaucasia which was calledAzerbaijan Democratic Republic,[90] and also to serve as a model of freedom and independence for the rest of Iran.[91] | |
 Persian Socialist Soviet Republic | 1920–1921 | Created by local guerilleros (Jangali) when Red Army troops entered Iran, but failed to spread the revolutionary movement over the whole of Iran. | |
| Independent State of Raqqa | Syria | Created by rebels against the French occupation ofSyria | |
 Far Eastern Soviet Republic | 1920–1922 | Russia | Anominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of theRussian Far East. Although nominally independent, it largely came under the control of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which envisaged it as abuffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied byJapan during theRussian Civil War of 1917–1922. |
 Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia | Armenia | Succeeded theFirst Republic of Armenia. | |
 Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic | Azerbaijan | Succeeded theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic. | |
 Khorezm People's Soviet Republic | 1920–1924 | Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan andKazakhstan | Succeeded theKhanate of Khiva. |
 Bukharan People's Soviet Republic | Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan andTajikistan | Succeeded theEmirate of Bukhara. | |
| Zhili | 1920–1928 | China | A military faction that split from theRepublic of China'sBeiyang Army of the during the country'sWarlord Era. It was named forZhili Province (modern-dayHebei), which was the clique's base of power. |
 Republic of Mountainous Armenia | 1921 | Armenia andAzerbaijan | An anti-Soviet Armenian state which existed from 26 April until 13 July 1921, roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-dayArmenian provinces ofVayots Dzor andSyunik, and some parts of the present-dayAzerbaijan. |
 Autonomous Government of Khorasan | Iran | A short-livedmilitary state set up inIran. It was formally established on the April 2, 1921, and collapsed a few months later, on October 6, 1921. | |
| Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia | 1921–1922 | Abkhazia | Succeeded by theAbkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. |
 Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia | Georgia | Succeeded theDemocratic Republic of Georgia. | |
 Kingdom of Kurdistan | 1921–1924 | Iraq | Established by Kurdish nationalists following thecollapse of Ottoman Turkey, but were defeated by Britain and incorporated into theBritish Mandate of Mesopotamia. |
 Tuvan People's Republic | 1921–1944 | Russia | Attempt byTuvans to gain independence following centuries ofChinese rule and years of domination byImperial Russia; it was put under Soviet control and later formally annexed. Internationally, territories controlled by this state were widely recognized as part of theRepublic of China. The Soviet Union and theMongolian People's Republic were the only countries to recognize its independence.[92][93] |
 Mongolian People's Republic | 1921–1945, 1953–1992 | Mongolia | Was unrecognized by several countries from 1940 to 1960 due to being claimed as an integral part of theRepublic of China.[94] |
 Tungus Republic | 1924–1925 | Russia | The Tungus Republic was a short-lived state started by the Tunguska uprising as part of the Yakut uprisings of the 1920s the state was ceded back to the USSR in 1925. |
 Hailufeng Soviet | 1927 | China | it was the first Chinese Soviet territory, established in November 1927, byPeng Pai withYe Ting's remnant troops from theNanchang Uprising. After theLittle Long March and the near-rout at theBattle of Shantou these troops were much diminished and were directed by theComIntern to lie low in the deep countryside and to avoid any further battles.[95] |
| Shanghai Commune | was aprovisional administration that briefly governed the city ofShanghai during theNorthern Expedition. Established by people's committees with the assistance ofChen Duxiu,Zhou Enlai, and theChinese Communist Party (CCP),[96] the commune briefly administered the city of Shanghai before its forceful dissolution by order ofChiang Kai-shek | ||
 Republic of Ararat | 1927–1930 | Turkey | One of the first Kurdish republics in history, founded inAğrı Province, Turkey. |
| Sichuan | 1927–1938 | China | A group of warlords in thewarlord era inChina. During the period from 1927 to 1938,Sichuan was in the hands of six warlords:Liu Xiang,Yang Sen,Liu Wenhui,Deng Xihou,He Zhaode, andTian Songyao, with minor forces beingXiong Kewu andLü Chao. |
 Emirate of Afghanistan | 1929 | Afghanistan | Government set up in Kabul during theAfghan Civil War (1928–1929). Was not recognized by any country.[97] |
 Korean People's Association in Manchuria | 1929–1931 | China | Anautonomousanarchist zone inManchuria nearKorea populated by two millionKorean migrants. |
 Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet | 1930–1931 | Vietnam | it was the series of uprisings, strikes and demonstrations in 1930 and 1931 byVietnamese peasants, workers, and intellectuals against thecolonial French regime, themandarinate, and landlords.Nghệ-Tĩnh (Vietnamese:[ŋêˀtǐŋˀ]) is a compound name for the twocentral provinces,Nghệ An andHà Tĩnh, where the revolt mainly took place. Demonstrations expressed the general anger against French colonial policies such as heavy taxation and state monopolies on certain goods, as well as the corruption and perceived unfairness of local notables and mandarins. |
| Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet | 1931–1935 | China | Now part ofPeople's Republic of China |
 Chinese Soviet Republic | 1931–1937 | Recognised by thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) as a "rehearsal" of the PRC and a "cradle" in which theCommunist Party seized power. | |
 Manchukuo | 1932–1945 | A Japanese puppet state not recognised by most allied powers. | |
 Mengjiang | Puppet state of theEmpire of Japan | ||
 First East Turkestan Republic | 1933–1934 | Set up as part ofthe movement for an independentXinjiang. It was defeated by theNationalists of theRepublic of China. | |
 Fujian People's Government | Formed following the Fujian Incident, when the former19th Route Army of theNational Revolutionary Army broke with commanderChiang Kai-shek and declared a new government. Although originally enjoying popular support, the government lost favour and was crushed byNationalist forces in 1934. | ||
| Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation | 1935–1936 | was a confederation of two ethnic minority governments established on May 30, 1935, including the ethnicallyGyalrongRevolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha and theTibetan People's Republic | |
| Tibetan People's Republic | 1936 | The ethnicallyTibetan half of theNorthwest Chinese Soviet Federation. | |
 Great Way Government | 1937–1938 | The Great Way or Dadao Government, formally the Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai, was a short-lived puppet government proclaimed in Pudong on December 5, 1937, to administer Japanese-occupied Shanghai in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War. | |
 Hatay State | 1938–1939 | Turkey | A transitional political entity that existed from 7 September 1938 to 29 June 1939, being located in the territory of theSanjak of Alexandretta of theFrench Mandate of Syria. The state was transformedde facto into theHatay Province of Turkey on 7 July 1939,de jure joining the country on 23 July 1939 |
.svg) Wang Jingwei regime | 1940–1945 | China | Puppet government of theEmpire of Japan dissolved at the end of World War II. Recognized by the Empire of Japan and its allies. |
 Second Philippine Republic | 1943–1945 | Philippines | The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines or known in the Philippines as Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a puppet state established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation. |
 State of Burma | Myanmar | Japanesepuppet state. | |
 Provisional Government of Free India | India | Japanesepuppet state. Had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. | |
 Second East Turkestan Republic | 1944–1949 | China | Sovietsatellite state set up inXinjiang. The Soviets later turned against it and approved itsincorporation by China. |
 Kingdom of Luang Prabang | 1945 | Laos | Japanesepuppet states. |
 / Empire of Vietnam | Vietnam | ||
 Kingdom of Kampuchea | Cambodia | ||
 Inner Mongolian People's Republic | China | During World War II, the Japanese support inInner Mongolia was established, and a new puppet state namedMengjiang was created. In August 1945, it was destroyed by Soviet and Mongolian troops. On September 9, 1945, the Sunid Yutsi held a Congress of People's Representatives and aimags khoshuns of Inner Mongolia. Held for three days, the Congress proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia and elected an interim government. In November, theChinese Communist Party managed to bring the situation under control, and reorganized the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Government. | |
 Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune | Vietnam | Anti-Japanese and anti-FrenchTrotskyist state established in theHòn Gai-Cẩm Phả coal region north ofHaiphong.[98] | |
| Saigon Commune | Anti-Japanese and anti-FrenchTrotskyist state established in theSaigon, the capital ofSouth Vietnam.[99][100] | ||
 Kingdom of Laos | 1945–1946 | Laos | Partisan state |
 Azerbaijan People's Government | Iran | Soviet puppet state set up inIranian Azerbaijan but later reclaimed by Iran. | |
 Republic of Indonesia | 1945–1949 | Indonesia | Independencede facto recognized by theNetherlands,de jure recognition byEgypt,Syria, andLebanon. |
 Republic of Mahabad | 1946–1947 | Iran | Declared independence from Iran, but then occupied by Iran after the withdrawal of the SovietRed Army from the north of the country. |
 Khanate of Kalat | 1947–1948 | Pakistan | Kalat was aprincely state inBaluchistan Agency, one of the agencies ofBritish India. The Khan of Kalat declared his nation's independence on August 15, 1947, one day after India and Pakistan declared independence. From 15 August 1947 to 27 March 1948, the region was de facto independent before acceding to Pakistan on 27 March 1948. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Khan relented and acceded Kalat to Pakistan in 1948. |
 Manipur State | 1947–1949 | India andMyanmar | Manipur was aprincely state of theBritish Indian Empire from 1891 to 1947. It was granted independence at midnight of 14 August 1947. From 14 August 1947 to October 1949, the region was de jure independent, before acceding to India on 15 October 1949. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Manipur KingBodhchandra Singh relented and acceded Manipur to India in 1949[101] following the Manipur Merger Agreement.[102] |
 State of Pasundan | 1948–1949 | Indonesia | Originally established as the Pasundan Republic on 4 May 1947 by Musa Suriakartalegawa, who was backed by the Dutch colonial government, it would become the State of Pasundan on 26 February 1948. Pasundan was incorporated into the newly independent Republic of Indonesia on 27 December 1949 and dissolved on 11 March 1950, being succeeded by the modern Indonesian province ofWest Java.[103] |
 | 1950–1963 | The Moluccas formed part of the United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950), but declared independence in April 1950 in reaction of centralizing tendencies from Jakarta. It was quicklyconquered by Indonesian troops, but maintains a government in exile in the Netherlands. | |
 Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 1954–1961 | India | Territory made up of two formerexclaves of thePortuguese district of Daman (Portuguese India). In 1954, it wasinvaded and occupied by supporters of their integration in the Indian Union. Thereafter and until formal annexation by India in 1961, it enjoyed ade facto independence. Portugal continued to consider Dadra and Nagar Haveli as Portuguese territory until 1974. The native citizens of the territory continued to be entitled to the grant of Portuguese citizenship until 2006. |
| Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia | 1958–1961 | Indonesia | A revolutionary government set up inSumatra to oppose the central government ofIndonesia in 1958.[104] Although frequently referred to as the PRRI/Permesta rebellion, thePermesta rebels were a separate movement inSulawesi, that had pledged allegiance with the PRRI on 17 February 1958.[105][106] |
 Suvadive Islands | 1959–1963 | Maldives | Attempted break-away state; it was supported by Britain briefly before being abandoned. |
 Republic of Timor | 1961 | Timor-Leste | In early 1961 theBattle Office for the Liberation of Timor (Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor) was formed under the leadership ofMaoclao and backed byIndonesia. A republic was proclaimed in the border town ofBatugade on 9 April 1961. It was quickly put down by Portuguese troops.[107] |
  Central Highlands Montagnard–Champa | 1964–1992 | Vietnam | Minority coalition of indigenous Muslim and HinduCham,Montagnards, and BuddhistKhmer Krom against the majorityethnic Kinh Vietnamese. |
| Shanghai People's Commune | 1967 | China | Attempt at recreating a Paris commune-style revolution in China. |
 Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam | 1969–1976 | Vietnam | A puppet government ofNorth Vietnam formed from theProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam shadow government. |
 Fatahland | 1969-1982 | Lebanon | PLO controlled administration during theLebanese Civil War. |
| People's Republic of Tyre | 1975 | ||
 Marounistan | 1976-1991 | Christian militia controlled administration during theLebanese Civil War | |
 Free Lebanon State | 1979–1984 | In 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, theLebanese army began to break up. MajorSaad Haddad, commanding an army battalion in the south which had been part of theArmy of Free Lebanon, broke away and founded a group known as the Free Lebanon Army (FLA). The FLA fought against various groups including thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO), theAmal Movement and (after the1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon) the emergingHezbollah. The1978 Israeli invasion allowed the Free Lebanon Army to gain control over a much wider area in southern Lebanon. On April 18, 1979, Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force "Independent State of Free Lebanon" (Dawlet Lebnaan El Horr El Mest’ell) with the capitalBeirut, though his actual headquarters were in Marjayoun. In May 1980, " Free Lebanon Army" was renamed "South Lebanon Army". The statehood claim was downplayed following the death of Haddad in 1984, though his successor Antouan Lahed continued to exercise some authority in Southern Lebanon until the year 2000. On 24 May 2000, following Israeli withdrawal and final collapse of the SLA, Lebanese forces occupied the small townMarjayoun, which was the "capital" of southern Lebanon.[108] | |
| Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan | 1980 | Afghanistan | A smallSalafist state located in the northernBashgal Valley founded by clericMawlawi Afzal during theAfghan mujahideen insurgency. |
 Civil Administration of the Mountain | 1983-1991 | Lebanon | DruzeSocialist Administration during theLebanese Civil War |
 Republic of Artsakh | 1991–2023 | Azerbaijan | Declared independence in 1991 andde facto acquired it after theFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War of 1988–1994, backed byArmenia, but was unrecognized by the international community. Lost part of its territory in 2020 due to theSecond Nagorno-Karabakh War and was ultimately taken over byAzerbaijan in a2023 military offensive, with its government going intoexile.[109] |
| Armenia | 1991–2025 | Armenia | Not recognised by Pakistan until 2025.[110] |
| Gorno-Badakhshan Republic | 1992 | Tajikistan | When the civil war broke out in Tajikistan in 1992, the local government in Gorno-Badakhshan declared independence from the Republic of Tajikistan. |
 Democratic Republic of Yemen | 1994 | Yemen | Breakaway state formed during the1994 civil war in Yemen. It only lasted six weeks before being reconquered. |
 Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia | 1994–1998 | Cambodia | Rival government of the restoredKingdom of Cambodia by theKhmer Rouge. Dissolved following the death ofPol Pot. |
| Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan | 1994–2003 | Iraq | The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan was a short-lived unrecognized Kurdish Islamic quasi-state from 1994 to 2003. |
| Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan | 1996 | Afghanistan | An unrecognizedIslamic state ruled bySharia law in modern dayBadakhshan Province,Afghanistan. |
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | 1996–2001 | Afghanistan andPakistan | In 1996, The Taliban took control over Kabul but lost control of the regions they controlled in 2001. However, after theFall of Kabul in 2021, the Taliban reinstated their rule. |
 Degar State | 1999 | Vietnam | Founded in 1999, as a form of resistance by theMontagnards againstpersecution and mistreatment by theVietnamese government. It then ran a government in exile in theUnited States under theMontagnard Foundation organization. |
 Tamil Eelam | 2002–2009 | Sri Lanka | For much theSri Lankan Civil War, the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka were controlled by theLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a Tamil militant organization which fought to establish a separate state known as "Tamil Eelam". Tamil Eelam was not recognized by any other state. After a failed 26-year military campaign, theSri Lanka Armed Forces began a relentless offensive against the LTTE in 2006, beginning thefinal stage of the civil war. By 18 May 2009, the Sri Lankan Army had recaptured all land formerly controlled by the LTTE, and the self-declared Tamil Eelam ceased to exist. |
| Islamic Emirate of Rafah | 2009 | Palestine | A short-lived unrecognized Islamic state located in Rafah. It was founded by Jund Ansar Allah when they declared independence in 2009, two years after the Hamas takeover of Gaza. It collapsed after the 2009 Battle of Rafah. |
 Bangsamoro Republik | 2013 | Philippines | Following their defeat inZamboanga City by theArmed Forces of the Philippines on September 28, 2013, theMoro National Liberation Front self-declared Bangsamoro Republic ceased to exist. |
 Islamic Emirate of Yemen | 2015–2020 | Yemen | Short-lived unrecognized Islamic state established byAl-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula after the2015 Battle of Mukalla, as part of their goal to establish an Islamicemirate inHadhramaut.[111] |
 Goyce Zengezur Turkish Republic | 2022 | Azerbaijan | The Goyce-Zengezur Turkish Republic was a short-lived, self-proclaimed state declared in 2022 in SouthernArmenia region, aiming to establish Turkish governance.[112] |
| Name | Period | Now Part Of | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Couto Misto | 10th century–1868 | Spain andPortugal | De facto independent microstate on the border between Galicia (Spain) and Northern Portugal. By the1864 Treaty of Lisbon, its territory was partitioned between Spain and Portugal. |
| Miecław's State | 1037–1047 | Poland | A state located inMasovia with capital inPłock. It was formed around 1037 byMiecław by breaking away fromDuchy of Poland during the crisis inside the country.[113] It existed until 1047, whenCasimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland, reconquered the state into Duchy of Poland. |
 Commune of Rome | 1144–1193 | Italy andVatican City | Established in the summer of 1143[114] after a rebellion led by the people of Rome. A people's revolt was led due to the increasing powers of thePope and the entrenched powers of the higher nobility. The goal of the rebellion was to organize the civil government of Rome in a similar fashion to that of the previousRoman Republic, including the reestablishment of the Senate. |
| Republic of Poljica | 1239–1807 | Croatia | Had a population of 6566 in 1806, was best known for itsPoljica Statute |
| Senarica | 1343–1797 | Italy | Had a peak population of 300 |
| Duchy of Gniewkowo | 1373–1374 1375–1377 | Poland | Adistrict principality and afiefdom within theKingdom of Poland during theera of fragmentation that was formed in 1314 from part of theDuchy of Inowrocław. The country was located in theKuyavia and consisted of Gniewkowo and Słońsk Lands |
  Principality of Wales | 1400–1415 | United Kingdom | Controlled a majority ofWales between 1403 and 1406 |
 Republic of Cospaia | 1440–1826 | Italy | Cospaia unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV, who was embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel, made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence. By error, a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty, and its inhabitants declared themselves independent. On May 25, 1826, Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States. |
 Golden Ambrosian Republic | 1447–1450 | Founded during theMilanese War of Succession | |
 Eastern Hungarian Kingdom | 1526–1551, 1556–1570 | Slovakia,Hungary,Romania andUkraine | Ruled by the Ottoman-backedZápolya dynasty who didn't accept theHabsburg claim over the entirety of Hungary |
| First Earldom of Desmond | 1569–1572 | Ireland | Early war of Irish resistance toEnglish rule |
 Kingdom of Livonia | 1570–1578 | Estonia andLatvia | Declared by Russian TsarIvan the Terrible during theLivonian War as a Russian vassal in opposition toDano–Norwegian,Polish–Lithuanian andSwedish claims on the region, withMagnus, the brother of the Danish KingFrederick II, enthroned as its monarch. Following the Russian defeat in the war, Livonia was partitioned between Denmark, Poland, and Sweden, respectively acquiringÖsel,Livonia/Courland–Semigallia, andEstonia.[115] |
 Second Earldom of Desmond | 1579–1582 | Ireland | Early war of Irish resistance toEnglish rule |
 Polish–Swedish union | 1592–1599 | Poland,Sweden,Finland,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,Belarus,Ukraine andRussia | Declared by Polish KingSigismund III Vasa who also succeeded his father, the Swedish KingJohn III Vasa. Led to aSwedish civil war that ultimately resulted in the ejection of Sigismund from Sweden and the dissolution of the union. Successive Polish kings would maintain an uninterrupted claim on the Swedish throne until 1660.[116][117] |
 Irish alliance | 1593–1603 | Ireland andUnited Kingdom | Early war of Irish resistance toEnglish rule |
| Catalan Republic | 1640–1641 | Spain andFrance | Declared during theReapers' War |
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania | 1655–1657 | Lithuania,Belarus andPoland | Adominium directumprotectorate of theSwedish Empire under the rule ofKingCharles X Gustav in accordance with theUnion of Kėdainiai. Itde jure existed from 1655 until 1657 |
 Grand Principality of Ruthenia | 1658 | Ukraine andBelarus | A project of Ruthenia (Ukraine) as a member of thePolish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth in the territory ofKiev Voivodeship,Bracław Voivodeship andChernihiv Voivodeship. Its creation was proposed byHetmanIvan Vyhovsky withYuri Nemyrych andPavlo Teteria in September 1658 during the negotiations between theCossack Hetmanate and the Commonwealth. The project of the Duchy was approved in the first version of theTreaty of Hadiach, but later, because of the strong resistance of Polish society, the idea of theGrand Principality of Rus was completely abandoned.[118] |
 Kingdom of Corsica | 1736 | France | A short-lived kingdom on the island ofCorsica. It was formed after the islanders crowned theGerman adventurerTheodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff[119] as King of Corsica. |
| Corsican Republic | 1755–1769 | Seceded fromRepublic of Genoa. Recognized only byBey of Tunis.[120] | |
 Republic of Liège | 1789–1791 | Belgium | A short-lived state centred on the town ofLiège in modern-dayBelgium. The republic was created in August 1789 after theLiège Revolution led to the destruction of the earlier ecclesiastical state which controlled the territory, thePrince-Bishopric of Liège. It coexisted with the even more short-lived revolutionary state, theUnited States of Belgium, created by theBrabant Revolution of 1789, to the north. By 1791, the forces of the republic had been defeated byPrussian andAustrian forces and the Prince-Bishopric was restored. |
| Paris Commune | 1789–1795 | France | Declared during theFrench Revolution |
 United Belgian States | 1790 | Belgium andLuxembourg | A short-livedconfederalrepublic in theSouthern Netherlands (modern-dayBelgium) established under theBrabant Revolution. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against theHabsburg Emperor,Joseph II. |
| Rauracian Republic | 1792 | Switzerland | A short-livedFrench occupation zone that included parts of modernSwitzerland around theJura mountains.[121][122] It was created from the northern portion of thePrince-Bishopric of Basel, which was part of theHoly Roman Empire. |
 Transpadane Republic | 1796–1797 | Italy | Asister republic ofFrance established inMilan from 1796 to 1797. |
 Republic of Crema | 1797 | Arevolutionarymunicipality[123] inLombardy, which was created when theFrench Army enteredCrema on 28 March 1797 | |
 Ligurian Republic | 1797–1805 | AFrench client republic formed byNapoleon on 14 June 1797. It consisted of the oldRepublic of Genoa, which covered most of theLigurian region of NorthwestItaly, and the smallImperialfiefs owned by theHouse of Savoy inside its territory. | |
| Republic of Bergamo | 1797 | Shortlived French client republic inBergamo[124] | |
 Tiberina Republic | 1798 | Arevolutionarymunicipality proclaimed on 4 February 1798, whenrepublicans took power in the city ofPerugia. It was an occupation zone that took its name from the riverTiber. A month later, the government of all thePapal States was changed into a republic: theRoman Republic, which Perugia belonged to | |
| Republic of Connacht | Ireland | French client republic. | |
 Lemanic Republic | Switzerland | Formerly a subject territory ofBern. The Lemanic Republic declared its independence in January 1798 before being incorporated into theHelvetic Republic as Canton of Léman (today:Vaud) in April of the same year. | |
 Roman Republic | 1798–1799 | Italy | Declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of thePapal States was temporarily replaced by arepublican government due toPope Pius IX's departure toGaeta. |
 The Gozitan Nation | 1798–1801 | Malta | Independent kingdom under Neapolitan KingFerdinand III; actually ruled by a provisional government set up bySaverio Cassar, after French troops on the island capitulated to rebels. It became part of theBritish protectorate of Malta in 1801. |
 Revolutionary Serbia | 1804–1813 | Serbia,Bosnia and Herzegovina | The state established by theSerbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of theFirst Serbian Uprising against theOttoman Empire in 1804. TheSublime Porte first officially recognized the state as autonomous in January 1807, however, the Serbian revolutionaries rejected the treaty and continued fighting the Ottomans until 1813 |
| Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1812) [be] | 1812 | Belarus,Lithuania andPoland | Napoleonic attempt at restoring the historicalGrand Duchy of Lithuania after theGrande Armée occupied Vilnius on 28 June 1812. Established on 1 July 1812, the provisional government had seven committees, a president, and even an army that cost 500,000francs to create, along with anative Lithuanian regiment which served inNapoleon's Imperial Guard.[125] |
 Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission | 1812–1813 | Merged with theDuchy of Warsaw to form theGeneral Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland | |
 General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland | Poland,Lithuania,Ukraine | A puppet state of France that was made from the reorganisedDuchy of Warsaw duringNapoleon'sRussian campaign | |
 Kingdom of Norway | 1814 | Norway | Norway declared its independence, as a result of the refusal of theTreaty of Kiel after theNapoleonic Wars, adopted aConstitution and elected DanishPrince Christian Frederik as its own king. Resulting to a shortwar with Sweden, leading to Norway accepting entering into apersonal union with Sweden at theConvention of Moss. |
| State of Franche-Comté | France | A Short-lived state which existed from January 27 to June 6, 1814,[126] | |
 Republic of Pontecorvo | 1820–1821 | Italy | In April 1820, theCarbonari, a secretive revolutionary organisation, unilaterally declared the secession of the exclave ofPontecorvo from the Papal States.[127] Pontecorvo requested twice to join theKingdom of the Two Sicilies but both attempts were refused, with the Two Sicilies wishing not to negotiate the affairs of the exclave except through the Pope.[128] The republic was occupied by Austrian forces in March 1821 which restored it to the Papal States.[129] |
| Messenian Senate | 1821 | Greece | Unrecognised Protostates during the Greek war of independence |
| Achaean Directory [el] | 1821–1822 | ||
| Senate of Western Continental Greece | 1821–1823 | ||
| Peloponnesian Senate | |||
 Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece | 1821–1825 | ||
 Military-Political System of Samos | 1821–1834 | ||
| Provisional Government of the Island of Crete [el] | 1822 | ||
 First Hellenic Republic | 1822–1832 | was the provisionalGreek state during theGreek Revolution against theOttoman Empire.[130][131] From 1822 until 1827, it was known as the Provisional Administration of Greece, and between 1827 and 1832, it was known as the Hellenic State | |
 Italian United Provinces | 1831 | Italy | A short-lived state (aRepublic) that was established in 1831 in some territories of thePapal States (Romagna,Marche andUmbria) and in theDuchies ofParma andModena. It existed from 5 February (following thepopular uprising inBologna, when the temporal power of thePope and theEmilianDukes were declared to be revoked) until 26 April, the day thecity of Ancona was taken by theAustrian troops. |
 Kingdom of Poland | Poland | A Polish shadow government established during theNovember Uprising | |
| First Paris Commune | 1832 | France | Anti-monarchist rebellion against KingLouis Philippe I |
 Kingdom of Tavolara | 1836–1962? | Italy[132] | TheBertoleoni family claimed to be monarchs of an island off the northeast coast ofSardinia. |
| Sonderbund | 1845–1847 | Switzerland | A rival Confederation which broke away from Switzerland 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power. |
| Provisional Government of Milan | 1848 | Italy | Italian revolutionary state established during theRevolutions of 1848. |
 Republic of Mosina | Poland | A short-livedmicrostate centred around the city ofMosina, which existed for five or six days in May 1848. The country was proclaimed on 3 May 1848, during theGreater Poland uprising, out of lands ofinsurrect-controlled lands ofGrand Duchy of Posen,Kingdom of Prussia, withJakub Krotowski-Krauthofer as its head of state. The republic ceased to exist five or six days later, on 8 or 9 May 1848 after the defeat of rebel forces.[133][134] | |
| Sicily | 1848–1849 | Italy | Italian revolutionary state established during theRevolutions of 1848. |
 Repubblica di San Marco | Following 1848 unrests, the republic was proclaimed in 1848 in the territories ofVenetia with the capitalVenice. Allied with the other Italian states againstAustrian Empire, it eventually voted to federate underKingdom of Sardinia, but it went back to independence after piedmontese defeat. Remaining only Venice andits lagoon under control, the republic surrendered after almost 5 months of siege and after 17 months of existence. | ||
 German Empire | Germany | A short-lived proto-state which existed from 1848 to 1849. In one view, it was a revolutionary new created national state. According to another view, it was the reformed German Confederation. | |
| Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune | France | A union of two cities who seceded fromMonaco due to high tax rates and increasing poverty, later absorbed by theKingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia | |
 Slovak National Council | Slovakia | An organisation that was formed at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries to act as the highest representative of the Slovak nation. It originated in the mid-19th century as a focus for Slovak nationalist aspirations to break away from theKingdom of Hungary but its bid for independence was suppressed. The second SNR was more successful, issuing a celebrated declaration of Slovak independence in 1918, though it too was ultimately dissolved by the state afterCzechoslovakia was formed. The third SNR coordinated Slovak resistance to theNazis and their Slovak puppet government, and evolved into a Communist-controlled organ of state power after theSecond World War. Following the 1989Velvet Revolution it was transformed into the new democratically elected Slovak parliament A number of mostly short-lived and not particularly influential Slovak National Councils were also proclaimed abroad between the 1920s and 1940s, the last one seeking to mobilise Slovak émigré resistance to Communist rule. | |
 Serbian Vojvodina | Serbia andRomania | A short-lived self-proclaimedSerb autonomous province within theAustrian Empire during theRevolutions of 1848, which existed until 1849 when it was transformed into the new (official) Austrian province namedVoivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. | |
 Hungarian State | 1849 | Hungary,Romania,Serbia,Austria,Slovakia andUkraine | A short-lived unrecognised state that existed for 4 months in the last phase of theHungarian Revolution of 1848–49. |
 Roman Republic | 1849–1850 | Italy andVatican City | A short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of thePapal States was temporarily replaced by arepublican government due toPope Pius IX's departure toGaeta. The republic was led byCarlo Armellini,Giuseppe Mazzini, andAurelio Saffi. Together they formed atriumvirate, a reflection of a form of government during the first century BCcrisis of theRoman Republic. |
 United Provinces of Central Italy | 1859–1860 | Italy | A short-livedmilitary government established in 1859 by theKingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the formerGrand Duchy of Tuscany, theDuchy of Parma, theDuchy of Modena, and thePapal Legations, after theSecond Italian War of Independence. |
 Polish National Government | 1863–1864 | Poland | A Polish shadow government established during theJanuary Uprising |
| Republic of Ploiești | 1870 | Romania | Anti-monarchist rebellion against KingCarol I |
 Croatian People's Government | 1871 | Croatia | Attempt by Croatian revolutionaryEugen Kvaternik at restoring Croatian statehood after769 years offoreign rule.The revolt lasted from 8 October 1871 to 11 October 1871.[135] |
| Canton of Málaga | 1873 | Spain | A short-lived federal entity that was created during theCantonal rebellion of 1873, in theFirst Spanish Republic. |
| Valencian Canton | One of the first independent cantons proclaimed in theCantonal rebellion during theFirst Spanish Republic (1873–1874). It was officially proclaimed on July 18, 1873, and 178 municipalities of theValencia province adhered to it.[136] It fell on August 8, when the troops ofMartínez Campos, sent by thefederal republican government ofNicolás Salmerón, entered the city of Valencia, causing the surrender of the Canton. | ||
| Catalan State | Shortlived state inCatalonia and theBalearic Islands | ||
| Canton of Cartagena | 1873–1874 | In 1873Cartagena was proclaimed as an independent canton, called the Canton of Cartagena. This proclamation started theCantonal Revolution inSpain, during theFirst Spanish Republic. It was the beginning of thecantonalism, a movement that sought to establish afederal state composed of autonomous cantons. Some cities and territories joined the cantonal cause and were declared independents too, but they surrendered a few days later. The only canton with an organized government as state, control on its territory and military power was Cartagena, which declared war and faced the Spanish central government during six months, until it was invaded. | |
 Republic of Tamrash | 1878–1886 | Bulgaria | The Republic of Tamrash was a self-governing administrative structure of thePomaks, living in the Tamrash region of the Rhodope Mountains. |
| Gurian Republic | 1902–1906 | Georgia | The Gurian Republic or the Gurian peasant republic was an insurrection that took place in the westernGeorgian provinceGuria (then part of theImperial Russia) prior to and during theRussian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the November 1905 to January 10, 1906. |
 Kruševo Republic | 1903 | North Macedonia | Republic established inKruševo, North Macedonia at the start of the Ilinden Uprising. It lasted solely 10 days, from the third to the thirteenth of August. It can be considered as one of the first modern governments with leftist views, as both the president,Nikola Karev and his co-writer of the Kruševo Manifesto, Nikola Kirov, were socialists and members of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party. |
 Strandzha Commune | Bulgaria andTurkey | Rebel polity in theOttoman Empire region during theIlinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising. | |
| Liubotyn Republic andShuliavka Republic | 1905 | Ukraine | The Lyubotinskaya Republic — proclaimed in December 1905, independent workers' state in the armed insurrection of the workers and railwaymen in Lyubotin during theRussian Revolution of 1905. Republic existed from the December 26 to 30, 1905. The Shuliavka Republic was an early 20th-century worker-based quasi-government organization in the city ofKiev, Ukraine, whose main task was self-defence. The uprising lasted a total of four days, from December 12–16 (o.s., in the Gregorian Calendar, 26–29), 1905. |
| Republic of Zagłębie andRepublic of Sławków | Poland | The Polish townsZagłębie Dąbrowskie andSławków were taken over by revolutionaries during theRussian Revolution of 1905. Both republics existed in November–December 1905, each about 10–12 days. | |
| Chita Republic,Krasnoyarsk Republic,Novorossiysk Republic,Sochi Republic,Stary Buyan Republic | 1905–1906 | Russia | The Chita Republic was a workers and peasants' dictatory republic inChita during theRussian Revolution of 1905, installed by actual seizure of power in Chita RSDLP Committee and the Council of Soldiers 'and Cossacks' Deputies in November 1905 – January 1906. The Krasnoyarsk Republic — government, organized by the Joint Board of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies inKrasnoyarsk during the First Russian Revolution. Lasted from 9 to 27 December 1905. The Novorossiysk Republic — the worker-peasant self-government established by the Council of Workers' Deputies inNovorossiysk on 12 December 1905 and lasted until 26 December of the same year. The Sochi Republic — political education social democratic sense, arising from the modern city ofSochi as a result of the revolutionary uprisings of 1905, lasted from December 28, 1905, to January 5, 1906 (i.e., about 9 days). The Starobuyanskaya Republic — peasant self-government established during the First Russian Revolution in the village ofStary Buyan, lasted from 12 to 26 November 1905. |
| Markovo Republic | The Markovo Republic was a self-proclaimed peasant state, located in Russia, in theVolokolamsk area. It was proclaimed on October 18, 1905, when during theRussian Revolution of 1905 peasants took control of the local government in the village Markovo and 5 other villages. It had existed until July 18, 1906. | ||
| Republic of Ostrowiec | Poland | The Republic of Ostrowiec (Republika Ostrowiecka) — government set December 27, 1905 during the First Russian Revolution in citiesOstrowiec,Iłża,Ćmielów and locality. Republic fell in the middle of January 1906. | |
 Comrat Republic | 1906 | Moldova | Established in the village of Comrat, in the Bessarabia Governorate, in protest of the tsarist regime of the Russian Empire. It was created after a mutiny by Andrey Galatsan, a socialist revolutionary, with the support of the local Gagauz population. It lasted six days (from 6 January to 12 January) and is today viewed positively in Gagauzia (now in Moldova) as a premonition of the future Gagauz territorial autonomy. |
 Free State of Ikaria | 1912 | Greece | Small shortlived state on the island ofIkaria and some Neighbouring islands such asFournoi Korseon |
 Provisional Government of Western Thrace | 1913 | Greece andBulgaria | A small, short-lived republic from August 31 to October 25, 1913, at the end of theSecond Balkan War when Western Thrace was then occupied by theOttoman Empire. It was founded as a state with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after theTreaty of Bucharest, in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Balkan powers and the Ottomans signed theTreaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition ofEastern Thrace. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, the area was annexed by Bulgaria.[137][138] |
 Republic of Central Albania | 1913–1914 | Albania | The Republic of Central Albania was a republic declared following the pullout of Ottoman forces from the formerAlbanian Vilayet. Declared byEssad Pasha Toptani, the republic's existence came to an end when the troops ofWilliam of Wied took control of the country. |
 Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus | 1914 | A short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aftermath of theBalkan Wars on 28 February 1914, by the local Greek population in southernAlbania (Northern Epirotes).[139] | |
| General Government of Galicia and Bukovina | 1914–1917 | Poland andUkraine | A temporaryImperial Russianmilitary administration of eastern parts of theKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria captured fromAustria-Hungary duringWorld War I. |
| General Government of Belgium | 1914–1918 | Belgium | AGerman Armyoccupation administration which administered one of the three separate occupation zones established inGerman-occupied Belgium during theFirst World War. |
| Government General of Warsaw | 1915–1918 | Poland | An administrative civil district created by theGerman Empire inWorld War I.[140] It encompassed the north-western half of the formerRussian-ruledCongress Poland.[140] |
 Military Government of Lublin | Amilitary administration of an area of theRussian Empire under the occupation ofAustria-Hungary, during theWorld War I, that existed from 1915 to 1917. It was administered under the command ofGovernors-General, with the seat of government originally based inKielce, and in October 1915, moved toLublin. | ||
 Irish Republic | 1916 | Ireland andUnited Kingdom | An independent republic covering the entireisland of Ireland declared on 24 April 1916 during theEaster Rising; sent out a radio broadcast to the nations of Europe:"Irish Republic declared inDublin today. Irish troops have captured city and are in full possession. Enemy cannot move in city. The whole country rising." The rebels surrendered on 29 April.[141] |
 Samarina Republic | 1917 | Greece | First Attempt at anAromanianState. |
| Provisional Land Council of Vidzeme | Latvia | Created in theGovernorate of Livonia on March 13, 1917 following the democraticFebruary Revolution inRussian Empire. Initially it supported ideas ofLatvian land unity and self-determination, but by the second half of 1917 it came under increasingBolshevik influence and on January 2, 1918 it ceased to exist, relinquishing its authority to the BolshevikIskolat. | |
| Provisional Land Council of Courland | Created on 27 April 1917 inTartu as the representative organ ofCourland Governorate. Because Courland was under German military occupation since the summer of 1915, the Council was created in Estonian city ofTartu, and following the German offensive, was evacuated to Russian cityKazan in October 1917.[142] | ||
 Crimean People's Republic | 1917–1918 | Ukraine | Defeated by theRed Army. |
 Provisional Land Council of Latgale | Latvia | The Provisional Land Council was a temporary governing body formed amid revolutionary upheaval to address urgent land reforms and local self-governance. | |
  Moldavian Democratic Republic | Moldova andUkraine | JoinedKingdom of Romania | |
 Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets | Ukraine | Soviet Russia puppet state created on efforts of the localBolsheviks and military support fromMoscow andPetrograd. It was cleared out of Ukraine by the Ukrainian People's Republic with the help from Germany and Austria. | |
 Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia | Latvia | The governing body in the territory ofLatvia that was under control of the pro-CommunistRed Latvian Riflemen in 1917–1918. | |
| The South-Eastern Union of Cossack Troops, Highlanders of the Caucasus, and Free Peoples of the Steppes [ru] | Ukraine andRussia | Short-lived anti-Bolshevik confederation | |
| Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) | Poland | A short-livedpolity that was proclaimed duringWorld War I by theGerman Empire andAustria-Hungary on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruledCongress Poland held by the Central Powers as theGovernment General of Warsaw and which became active on 14 January 1917. It was subsequently transformed between 7 October 1918 and 22 November 1918 into the independentSecond Polish Republic, the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918. In spite of the initial total dependence of thisclient state on its sponsors,[143] | |
 Union of Highlanders [ru] | 1917–1919 | Russia | Also known as theMountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus |
 Bashkurdistan | After theRussian Revolution, the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled byÄxmätzäki Wälidi Tıwğan proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashkir Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and the autonomous entityBashkurdistan on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashkortostan the first everdemocraticTurkicrepublic in history, precedingCrimea,[144]Idel-Ural,[145] andAzerbaijan.[146] Annexed by theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in March 1919 and succeeded by theBashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[147] | ||
| Orenburg Cossack Republic [ru] | 1917–1920 | Provisional government established byCossacks inOrenburg | |
 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | 1917–1922 | Revolutionary soviet state led byVladimir Lenin during the Russian civil war. | |
 Baku Soviet Commune | 1918 | Azerbaijan | The commune was established in the city ofBaku, which was then the capital of the briefly independentAzerbaijan Democratic Republic, and is now the capital of theRepublic of Azerbaijan. The commune, led byStepan Shahumyan, existed until 26 July 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced out of power by a coalition ofDashnaks,Right SRs andMensheviks. After their overthrow, the Bakucommissars attempted to leave Baku but were captured by theCentrocaspian Dictatorship and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during thefall of Baku to Ottoman forces,Red Army soldiers broke into their prison and freed the commissars; they then boarded a ship toKrasnovodsk, where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September, executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on theTranscaspian Railway by soldiers of theAshkhabad Committee. They were executed for essentially letting theIslamic Army of the Caucasus seize Baku.[148] |
| Kazan Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic | Russia | Formed in opposition toIdel-Ural State | |
| Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly | Ananti-Bolshevik government that operated inSamara, Russia, during theRussian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after theCzechoslovak Legion had occupied the city. | ||
| Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council | Germany | The effective government ofMainz from 9 November until the arrival of French troops on 9 December 1918 during theGerman Revolution of 1918. | |
| Republic of Zakopane | Poland | An area inGalicia centered on the city ofZakopane that created its own parliament ("National Organisation") on October 13, 1918. The parliament's principal goal was to joinan independent state of Poland. On October 30, the Organisation officially declared its independence fromAustria-Hungary and, two days later, made itself a "National Council". This was eventually disestablished on November 16 when thePolish Liquidation Committee took control of Galicia. | |
| Supreme Administration of the Northern Region | Russia | Ananti-Bolshevik left-wingAllied government part of theWhite movement during theRussian Civil War. | |
 Idel-Ural State | An unsuccessful attempt of the autonomy ofTatar peoples that claimed to uniteTatars,Bashkirs, and theChuvash in the turmoil of theRussian Civil War. The republic was proclaimed on 1 March 1918, by a Congress ofMuslims fromRussia's interior andSiberia, but defeated byBolsheviks the same month.[145]Idel-Ural means "Volga-Ural" in theTatar language. | ||
| Republic of Heinzenland | Austria | A short-lived and unrecognized nation in the region now known as the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, aimed at protecting the German-speaking population in Western Hungary | |
 Slovak People's Republic | Slovakia | A short-lived state that lasted from 11 December to 29 December 1918. The Eastern Slovak National Council was established as an organisation concurrent to theSlovak National Council in November 1918.[149] The council was led byViktor Dvorcsák [sk], an advocate and ex-archivist fromPrešov working for the Hungarian revisionist movement.[150] | |
 State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs | Slovenia,Croatia,Bosnia-Hercegovina,Serbia andMontenegro | Temporary state of theAustro-HungarianSouth Slavs, declared on October 29, 1918, and merged with theKingdom of Serbia on December 1, 1918, into theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) | |
| First Republic of Pińczów | Poland | Area ofPińczów and the surrounding area which was captured at the end of 1918 for a period of six weeks by the city's inhabitants, led by Jan Lisowski, after the disarmament of theoccupation troops without a fight. | |
| Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic | Finland andRussia | Lasted only three months during theFinnish Civil War, but was recognized bySoviet Russia. | |
 Republic of Vorarlberg | Austria | Amidst the chaos in collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire the Vorarlbergers proclaimed themselves a separate non-Austrian, Germanic people and declared on 3 November 1918 the independence asRepublic of Vorarlberg. The secession was blocked by the Allies and the new Austrian republican government. In April 1919, over 80% of the Vorarlbergers voted to secede fromAustria and attach themselves toSwitzerland, but they were again blocked.[151] | |
| Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic (Republic of Alsace–Lorraine) | France | The Soviet Republic, existed inAlsace from 10 to 22 November 1918. | |
| Banat Republic | Romania,Serbia andHungary | Established in the Banat region of modern Serbia by members of ethnic groups in the region, it was only recognized byHungary. It was invaded bySerbia and in 1919 partitioned between Hungary,Romania, andthe newly created Yugoslavia. | |
| Bunjevac People's Republic | Serbia | Proclaimed atSombor in alliance with theBanat Republic to represent the interests of the CatholicBunjevci.[152] | |
| Terek Soviet Republic | Russia | A short-lived republic on the territory of the former Terek Oblast. Its capital was first Pyatigorsk, and later Vladikavkaz. | |
| Don Soviet Republic | A short-livedSoviet republic of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that existed from March to May 1918. Claiming the territory of theDon Host Oblast, the republic was proclaimed in March 1918 after the retreat of theWhite Army from the area. In May, after the revolt of theDon Cossacks and the German advance into the region as a result of theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk, the republic was overthrown and its leaders fled. The Don Cossacks'Don Republic took over the territory of the Don Soviet Republic. | ||
 Chuvashia[153] | The third indigenousVolga state declared during theRussian Civil War afterIdel-Ural andBashkurdistan | ||
| Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918) | Latvia | GermanClient State | |
 Lithuania | Lithuania | An attempt to establish an independentconstitutionalLithuanian monarchy in February 1918. It was created towards the end ofWorld War I when Lithuanian-speaking lands were undermilitary occupation by theGerman Empire. The state was officially dissolved in November 1918. | |
| Republic of Tarnobrzeg | 1918–1919 | Poland | The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was proclaimed November 6, 1918 in thePolish town ofTarnobrzeg. Disestablished spring 1919. |
 Crimean Regional Government | Ukraine | Short-lived government in theCrimean Peninsula. The Regional Government was a German puppet state that collapsed soon after the withdrawal of the German forces. The new state soon started to crumble due to tensions withAnton Denikin'sVolunteer Army and fell after the Allies withdrew. | |
 Kars Republic | Turkey | Declared by Muslims inEastern Anatolia seeking unification with Azerbaijan | |
 Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine | Ukraine | A provisional Soviet administration created to govern the areas, in Ukraine, occupied by Soviet Russia. | |
| West Ukrainian People's Republic | Established in easternGalicia leading to alosing war with Poland after which it was overrun byPoland and its government joined the Ukrainian People's Republic. | ||
| Komancza Republic | An association of 30 pro-Ukrainian villages, it planned to merge with the West Ukrainian People's Republic but was suppressed byPoland during thePolish-Ukrainian War | ||
 Belarusian Democratic Republic | Belarus | Attempt byBelarusiannationalists but conquered byPoland and theSoviet Union.De facto recognized only byFinland andUkraine.[154][155] Still exists today as agovernment-in-exile. | |
 Republic of German-Austria | Austria andCzech Republic | Brief state declared following the collapse ofAustria-Hungary. TheAllies of World War I opposed it and it was succeeded by theFirst Austrian Republic. | |
| Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic | Lithuania | A short-livedSovietpuppet state[156] during the earlyInterwar period. It was declared on 16 December 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led byVincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas. It ceased to exist on 27 February 1919, when it was merged with theSocialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia to form theLithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel). | |
 Commune of the Working People of Estonia | Estonia | A communist government that administered theBolshevik occupied areas of Estonia during theEstonian War of Independence.[157] | |
| Rudabel Republic [ru] | 1918–1920 | Belarus | Bolshevik state established inRudabelka |
| Republic of Batumi [ru] | Georgia | British Puppet State during the Russian Civil War lead byJames Cooke-Collis[158] | |
| Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic | South Ossetia | Succeeded by theSouth Ossetian Autonomous Oblast | |
 Kuban People's Republic | Russia | A territory in Russia, it was declared byKuban Cossacks in 1918. It supported theWhite Movement and was overrun by theBolsheviks in 1920.De jure recognized byUkraine,Azerbaijan,Germany,Turkey,Georgia, and theMountain Republic.[159] | |
 Don Republic | Republic was established on the historic territory of theDon Cossacks and was recognized by theUkrainian State. In 1919 it was part of theArmed Forces of South Russia and eventually overran byBolsheviks with its annexation to theSoviet Russia anddecossackization. | ||
 Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic | Latvia | A short-livedsocialist republic formed during theLatvian War of Independence. It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing ofVladimir Lenin and hisBolshevik government in theRussian SFSR. The head of government wasPēteris Stučka withJūlijs Daniševskis as his deputy.[160] | |
| Latvian Provisional Government | Latvia andBelarus | Established during theLatvian War of Independence | |
 Republic of Perloja | 1918–1923 | Lithuania | In the chaos after World War I, responding to such situation the locals established a self-governing parish committee, often called the Republic of Perloja. The Republic of Perloja had its own court, police, prison, currency (Perlojalitas), and an army of 300 men. |
| Free State of Schwenten | 1919 | Poland | An independent state proclaimed in 1919 with the capital inSchwenten. The declaration of independence had defensive role as local government was aware of thePolish uprising in Greater Poland. It existed for 7 months until it joinedWeimar Republic.[161] |
| Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic | Ukraine | A state allied withSoviet Russia that existed inCrimea for several months in 1919 during theRussian Civil War. | |
| Kodun State [ru] | Russia | Shortlived theocratic state in Buryatia | |
| Hutsul Republic | Ukraine | A state formed from territory in the formerLands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, it was invaded by theHungarian Soviet Republic in June 1919 and then became part of theFirst Czechoslovak Republic. It originally intended to join the Western Ukrainian National Republic[162] | |
| Bavarian Soviet Republic andBremen Soviet Republic | Germany | The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic was, as part of theGerman Revolution of 1918–1919, the attempt to establish a socialist state in the form of a democratic workers' council republic in theFree State of Bavaria. It lasted four weeks. Another Republic that also existed for four weeks was the Bremen Soviet Republic.[163] | |
| Slovak Soviet Republic | Slovakia | A pro-Hungarian puppet state set up by Red Guards from the Hungarian Soviet Republic inUpper Hungary. It lasted three weeks.[163] After abrief war it was returned to the authority of Czechoslovakia as promised by early peace agreements. | |
 Republic of Prekmurje | Slovenia | Existed for six days. | |
 Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia | Belarus | An early republic in the historical territory ofBelarus for only one month in 1919 after the collapse of theRussian Empire as a result of theOctober Revolution. | |
| Chyhyryn Soviet Republic | Ukraine | Unrecognised Soviet state during theUkrainian War of Independence[164] | |
| Steppe-Badzheyskaya Republic [ru] | Russia | Established by anti-White insurgents inYenisei Governorate during theRussian Civil War | |
 Monarchy of the North | Portugal | A stated that established by monarchists trying to restore the monarchy. It was crushed by the Portuguese Army. | |
 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | Ukraine | TheSoviet Republic Ukrainian SSR existed from 1919 to 1991. It was not until 1945 when it was officially recognized as a founding member of theUnited Nations. It was created as another puppet state of theSoviet Russia. With thefall of the Soviet Union transitioned toUkraine. | |
 Italian Regency of Carnaro | 1919–1920 | Croatia | A self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (nowRijeka, Croatia) led byGabriele d'Annunzio between 1919 and 1920. |
 North Caucasian Emirate | Russia | A mainlyAvar andChechenIslamic state that existed in the territory ofChechnya and westernDagestan during theRussian Civil War from September 1919 to March 1920. Theemirate's temporary capital was established in the village ofVedeno and its leader,Uzun Hajji Saltinsky[165] (Узун-Хаджи), was given the title "His Majesty theImam and theEmir of the North Caucasus Emirate,Sheikh Uzun KhairHaji Khan (Узун Хаир Хаджи Хан)". | |
 Republic of North Ingria | The Republic ofNorth Ingria was a state ofIngrian Finns in the southern part of theKarelian Isthmus, which seceded fromBolshevist Russia after theOctober Revolution. Its aim was to be incorporated intoFinland. It ruled parts ofIngria from 1919 until 1920. With thePeace Treaty of Tartu it was re-integrated into Russia. Established -January 23, 1919. Disestablished — December 5, 1920. | ||
 Republic of Uhtua | The Republic of Uhtua (or the Republic of East Karelia) was an unrecognized state, with the focus of a state led by Finns. It existed from 1919 to 1920, created out of five Volosts in the Kemsky uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, now in the Republic of Karelia. The capital of the republic was the village of Uhtua (now Kalevala). | ||
| Independent Medvyn Republic | 1919–1921 | Ukraine | Established during theUkrainian War of Independence |
| Kholodny Yar Republic | 1919–1922 | Aself-proclaimed state formation, partisan movement, which ran on part of the lands of the formerUkrainian People's Republic (UPR — or Ukrainian National Republic, UNR), in theChyhyryn district of theKyiv province (modernCherkasy Oblast), in the area of the Kholodny Yar forest tract. The village of Melnyky was its capital. It had a 15,000-strong army composed of peasants and soldiers from the UNR army, which was defeated by the White Army inPodolia earlier.[166] | |
| Mliev Republic [ru] | Established during theUkrainian War of Independence | ||
| Irish Republic | Ireland andUnited Kingdom | An unrecognizedIrish nationalist state during theIrish War for Independence it ceased to exist following theAnglo-Irish Treaty which gave Southern Ireland independence as theIrish Free State while keepingNorthern Ireland underBritish control. These terms caused much of the victoriousIrish Republican Army to reject the treaty, leading to theIrish Civil War (1922–1923) between pro-treaty Free State forces and Anti-TreatyIRA, who viewed the dissolution of the Republicas illegal. | |
 Galician Soviet Socialist Republic | 1920 | Ukraine | TheSoviet Republic Galician SSR existed from July 8, 1920, to September 21, 1920, during thePolish-Soviet War within the area of the south-western front of the Red Army. |
| Olonets Government of Southern Karelia | Russia | Merged with theRepublic of Uhtua to form | |
| Eastern Okraina | White holdout in theRussian Far East during theRussian Civil War | ||
| Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee | Poland andBelarus | A revolutionary committee created under the patronage of Soviet Russia with the goal to establish a Soviet republic within Poland. | |
| Boyko Soviet Republic [ru] | Ukraine | Bolshevik state established inPrykarpattia | |
| Koidanovskaya Independent Republic [ru] | Belarus | Anti-Bolshevik state established in theDzyarzhynsk district | |
| Republic of the Tambov Partisan Region [ru] | 1920–1921 | Russia | Formed during the Civil War on the territory of the formerRussian Empire, closer to the end of theTambov Uprising |
 Republic of Central Lithuania | 1920–1922 | Lithuania andBelarus | was a short-lived puppet republic of Poland, that existed from 1920 to 1922, without an international recognition. It was founded on 12 October 1920, after Żeligowski's Mutiny, when soldiers of the Polish Army, mainly the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Infantry Division under Lucjan Żeligowski, fully supported by the Polish air force, cavalry and artillery, attacked Lithuania. It was incorporated into Poland on 18 April 1922. |
| Karelian United Government | 1920–1923 | Russia | Attempt at establishing an independentKarelia |
| Karelian Labor Commune | Bolshevik counter to theKarelian United Government | ||
 Lajtabánság | 1921 | Austria andHungary | State declared in theBurgenland state of Austria byethnic Hungarians following theTreaty of Trianon, where Hungary was forced to surrender the territory. It was ceased to exist after a month when Austria annexed it. |
 Labin Republic | Croatia | Republic established inLabin, Croatia. | |
 Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic | Hungary andCroatia | ASoviet-minded[vague] state set up byHungarian communists fleeing thewhite terror following the collapse of theHungarian Soviet Republic. It was supported by theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes but was quickly re-conquered byHungary. | |
 Republic of Mirdita | Albania | Set up byAlbanian Catholics trying to break away from Albania which was amainly Muslim country. It was backed byYugoslavia but only lasted three months. | |
| Life and Labor Commune | 1921–1939 | Russia | Tolstoyanagricultural commune founded nearMoscow and later moved toNovokuznetsk |
 Soviet Union | 1922–1933 | Post-Soviet states except forMoldova,Lithuania,Latvia, andEstonia | The Soviet Union was not recognised by multiple Western states until 1933 and joined theLeague of Nations the following year. |
| Autonomous Palatinate | 1924 | Germany | APalatine separatist state founded around the same time of the separatist fervor in theRhineland by Franz Josef Heinz. The state was brought down by the Bavarian anti-separatistViking League who assassinated Heinz and perpetrated multiple massacres against his supporters |
 Catalan Republic | 1931 | Spain | Established on April 14 during the events of the proclamation of theSecond Spanish Republic. Three days later, it became an autonomous government ofCatalonia within Spain, theGeneralitat. |
 Asturias and León | 1936–1937 | Established during theSpanish Civil War. | |
| Free City of Asch | 1938 | Czech Republic | Established during theSudeten German uprising |
 Carpatho-Ukraine | 1939 | Ukraine | Carpatho-Ukraine was an autonomous region withinCzechoslovakia from 30 December 1938 to March 15, 1939. It declared itself an independent republic on March 15, 1939, but was occupied and annexed byHungary between March 15 and March 18, 1939. |
| First Slovak Republic | 1939–1945 | Slovakia | Between 1939 and 1945, First Slovak Republic was a puppet state ofNazi Germany. |
 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic | 1940–1941, 1944–1990/91 | Estonia | The threepuppet states[167] which, following the 1940 Soviet invasion of the three countries, were proclaimed inSoviet-occupied Baltic countries in July 1940 and annexed into theSoviet Union in August 1940. The Soviet annexationwas not recognized by the majority of Western countries. |
| Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic | Latvia | ||
| Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic | Lithuania | ||
 Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia | 1940–1944 | Russia | Attempt at establishing an independentCiscaucasian state from the Soviet Union with Nazi German support, led by Chechen insurgentsHasan Israilov andMairbek Sheripov as well as Ingush insurgentAkhmed Khuchbarov.[168][169] |
| Ukrainian State Board | 1941 | Ukraine | Proclaimed restoration of Ukrainian statehood by theOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists after the occupation of Lviv by Nazi Germany which immediately suppressed it. |
 Republic of Užice | Serbia | Area briefly liberated byYugoslav partisans after theInvasion of Yugoslavia; it was retaken by the German Army during theFirst anti-Partisan offensive. | |
 Lokot Autonomy | 1941–1942 | Russia | Established as aNaziclient state duringOperation Barbarossa |
| Principality of the Pindus | 1941–1943 | Greece | Second attempt at anAromanianState |
| Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia[170] | 1941-1944 | Russia | A provisional government established byChechen ex-communist intellectualHasan Israilov during the1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya |
 Independent State of Croatia | 1941–1945 | Croatia,Bosnia and Herzegovina | Affiliated with theThird Reich. |
| Ukrainian Independent United State [uk] | 1941–1949 | Ukraine andPoland | Territories of Western Ukraine, controlled byUkrainian Insurgent Army during theWorld War II. |
| Bihać Republic | 1942–1943 | Croatia,Bosnia and Herzegovina | Area liberated by Yugoslav partisans before being recaptured by the German Army. |
 Kolky Republic | 1943 | Ukraine | A small parcel of land centred around the village of Kolky that was seized by theUkrainian Insurgent Army from theGerman Occupation. It was soon brutally attacked on both sides by Nazi andSoviet forces that ended in the death of up to 500 villagers. |
| Belarusian Central Rada | 1943–1944 | Belarus | Puppet administrative body inGerman-occupied Belarus during World War II.[171] It was established byNazi Germany withinReichskommissariat Ostland in 1943–44,[172] following requests bycollaborationist Belarusian politicians hoping to create a Belarusian state with German support.[172] |
| Italian Social Republic | 1943–1945 | Italy | German-dominatedpuppet state under Benito Mussolini, formed in the North of Italy after the Italian KingVictor Emmanuel III signed an armistice with the Allies. |
| Mountain Government | 1944 | Greece | Established by theNational Liberation Front and dominated by theCommunist Party of Greece in opposition to both thefascist puppet regime and theexiled monarchy |
 Free Republic of Vercors | France | On 3 July 1944, the Free Republic of Vercors was proclaimed, the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The republic ceased to exist before the end of the month. | |
 Republic of Alto Monferrato | Italy | Short livedpartisan state existing from September to December 2, 1944. The state came to exist following the political union of two Italianresistance movements based inNizza Monferrato andCostigliole d'Asti of the southernMontferrat region.[173] Its main territory comprised the towns ofMoasca,San Marzano Oliveto,Calamandrana,Mombercelli,Bruno,Bergamasco, andCastelnuovo Belbo.[174] | |
 Republic of Bobbio | Short livedpartisan state centered around theItalian city ofBobbio inPiacenza province. The republic extended for ~90 kilometers, fromVal Trebbia to theOltrepò Pavese.[175] | ||
| Republic of Carnia | Shortlived Partisan state aroundAmpezzo[176] | ||
 Ossola Partisan Republic | TheOssola Republic was apartisan republic that was established innorthern Italy on September 10, 1944 and recaptured by the fascists on October 23, 1944. Unlike other partisan republics, the Ossola Republic was able, in little more than a month of existence, to cope not only with the contingencies imposed by the state of war, but also to give itself an articulate organization, with the establishment of the Provisional Government Council of Domodossola and the liberated zone (G.P.G.). During the albeit briefForty Days of Freedom[177] | ||
| Second Republic of Pińczów | Poland | Region inŚwiętokrzyskie Voivodeship liberated by joint forces of Polish Resistance formations:Home Army,People's Army andPeasants' Battalions, during a period from July to August 1944.[178][179] | |
| Red Republic of Caulonia | 1945 | Italy | Shortlived Socialist State |
 East Germany | 1949–1972 | Germany | Both were established in 1949 and claimed to the exclusive mandate over Germany. TheHallstein Doctrine prevented states which recognised East Germany to establish diplomatic relationships with West Germany. TheOstpolitik andBasic Treaty, 1972 started mutual recognition and both were accepted as members of the United Nations in 1973 with theResolution 335. |
| West Germany | |||
| Republic of Sbarre Centrali | 1970–1971 | Italy | During theYears of Lead, backlash following the decision to makeCatanzaro the capital ofCalabria led to a briefneo-fascist takeover of Reggio Calabria.[180] |
 Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration | 1974–1975 | Northern Cyprus | de facto administration established by theTurkish Cypriots in present-dayNorthern Cyprus immediately after theTurkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974.[181][182] |
| Turkish Federated State of Cyprus | 1975–1983 | Succeeded by theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | |
  Gagauz Republic | 1989–1995 | Moldova | The Gagauz people were in general uncomfortable with the potentialunification between Moldova andRomania. Thus, the Gagauz Republic declared itself as separate from Moldova. It was later reintegrated into Moldova as an autonomous region in 1995. |
 Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | 1990–1992 | Transnistria | Created In 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within theSoviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR and possiblyunite with Romania. The PMSSR was never recognised as a Soviet republic by the authorities in eitherMoscow orChișinău. In 1991, thePridnestrovian Moldavian Republic succeeded the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.[183] |
 Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic laterRepublic of Tatarstan | 1990–2002 | Russia | On August 30, 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution. Some 62% of those who took part voted in favor of the constitution. In the 1992 Tatarstan Constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court. Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002 define Tatarstan as a part of the Russian Federation, removing the "sovereignty" term. |
 Dubrovnik Republic | 1991–1992 | Croatia | Suppressed byCroatia. |
 SAO Romanija | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Self-proclaimedSerbian Autonomous Oblast within today'sBosnia and Herzegovina. It was declared in the majoritySerb municipalities during the prelude of theBosnian War.[184][185][186] | |
| Republic of Vevčani | 1991–1993 | North Macedonia | Originally declared in opposition toYugoslav communist government water policies, now a symbolicmicronation |
 Republic of Serbian Krajina | 1991–1995 | Croatia | Suppressed byCroatia. |
 Republic of Kosova | 1991–1999 | Kosovo | AfterUnited Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo became the republic ofKosovo |
 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | 1991–2000 | Russia | De facto recognized only byGeorgia andAfghanistan, resisted post-Soviet Russian expansion during theFirst andSecond Chechen Wars |
| Kurdish Republic of Laçin | 1992 | Azerbaijan | Declared byKurds in Azerbaijan during theFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War[187] |
| Republic of Tatarstan | 1992–1994 | Russia | Now part of Russia |
| Republika Srpska | 1992–1995 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Transformed into an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, covering 50% of the land with 90%+ ethnic Serbs. |
 Republic of Crimea | Ukraine | Rejoined Ukraine to becomeAutonomous Republic of Crimea | |
 Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia | 1992–1996 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Suppressed byBosnia and Herzegovina. |
 Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic | 1993 | Azerbaijan | Short-lived attempt at autonomy. |
 Republic of Western Bosnia | 1993–1995 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, existed during theBosnian War. Its leader was later convicted of war crimes. |
 Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia | 1995–1998 | Croatia | The UN gives Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia to Croatia. |
| Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan | 1998-1999 | Russia | Declared Wahhabist State declared independence in 1998[188][189] |
| Tatarstan | 2008 | Declared in response to the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia.[190] | |
| Republic of Crimea | 2014 | Ukraine | As part of theAnnexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, on 17 March 2014 following the official announcement of theCrimean status referendum results, theSupreme Council of Crimea declared the formalindependence of theRepublic of Crimea, comprising the territories of both theAutonomous Republic of Crimea and the city ofSevastopol.[191] Russia officially recognised the Republic of Crimea 'as a sovereign and independent state' bydecree[192] before approving the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol asfederal subjects of Russia.[193] |
 Novorossiya ( Donetsk People's Republic/ Luhansk People's Republic) | 2014–2015 | Due to non-resolution to thewar in Donbas, althoughMinsk Protocol/Minsk II are in effect. Both states attempted to form an unrecognised Confederation-like union known asNovorossiya based on ahistorical Russian region of the same name. This project was suspended however in 2015, and reverted as allied rebellious separatistPeople's Republics from Ukraine as since, up untilRussian invasion of Ukraine, where later that year, these were (illegally) annexed by Russian Federation. | |
| Donetsk People's Republic | 2014–2022 | The Donetsk People's Republic existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 7 April and designated as aterrorist organisation by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's presidentVladimir Putin announcedthe annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions. | |
| Luhansk People's Republic | The Luhansk People's Republic, existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 27 April and designated as aterrorist organisation by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's presidentVladimir Putin announcedthe annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions. | ||
 Republic of Stakhanov | 2015 | Anti-Minsk agreements quasi-state declared within the Luhansk People's Republic. | |
| Catalan Republic | 2017 | Spain | The Autonomous Community ofCatalonia of theKingdom of Spain, put forth an unrecognized referendum without democratic guarantees or approval Spanish Government that resulted in a majority of "yes",[194] a declaration of independence was passed in parliament, but it was suspended byparliament itself later to allow negotiations. Some claim eight seconds after it was declared.[195] The Spanish government has effectively since disbanded the self-proclaimed republic, and announced anew regional election instead. Some of the Catalan leadership went to jail according to theSpanish Constitution of 1978.[196] though,Charles Puigdemont and other Ministers set up a"Government in exile" in Brussels named thecouncil for the republic which still claims anIndependent Catalonia. In June 2021, the nine jailed leaders were pardoned. Prime MinisterPedro Sánchez said that he pardoned them because it was the best decision for Spain and Catalonia, but did not overturn their bans from holding public office.[197] |
 Kherson State [eu] | 2022 | Ukraine | On 28 September 2022, as part of theannexation of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by the Russian Federation and following the announcement of theannexation referendums results in Russian-occupied Ukraine, theKherson Military-Civilian Administration declared Kherson Oblast an independent state. On 29 September 2022,Russia officially recognised Kherson's state sovereignty and independence bypresidential decree,[198] one day before admitting Kherson Oblast as afederal subject of Russia. |
 Zaporizhzhia State [eu] | On 28 September 2022, as part of theannexation of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by the Russian Federation and following the announcement of theannexation referendums results in Russian-occupied Ukraine, theZaporizhzhia Military-Civilian Administration declared Zaporizhzhia Oblast an independent state.[199] On 29 September 2022,Russia officially recognised Zaporizhzhia's state sovereignty and independence bypresidential decree,[198] one day before admitting Zaporizhzhia Oblast as afederal subject of Russia. |
| Name | Period | Now Part Of | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 United Tribes of New Zealand | 1835–1840 | New Zealand | Independence declared by BritishResidentJames Busby and northernMāori tribal leaders as an attempt to safeguard British claims against French territorial expansion. Led to a formal treaty (theTreaty of Waitangi) between Māori leaders and the British crown in 1840. |
 Kingdom of Fiji | 1852–1871 | Fiji | Created by Fijian chiefSeru Cakobau, who styled himself the king of Fiji. His claim was not recognized by the other chiefs of Fiji, leading to almost 20 years of warfare until Cakobau finally succeeded in unifying the island. |
 Kingdom of Easter Island | 1868–1876 | Chile | Formed by French sailorJean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier, who bought up much of the severely depopulated Easter Island, and declared his indigenous wife to be its Queen. The kingdom ceased to exist after Dutrou-Bornier's death, with a remaining population of only 111 people. |
 Kingdom of Huahine | 1888–1894 | France | A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. QueenTehaapapa II acquiesced to French annexation, and like in Raiatea, an anti-French insurrection rose up to rally around a rebel government with the Queen's daughter,Teuhe, installed on the throne. |
 Kingdom of Bora Bora | 1888–1895 | A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. Unlike in Raiatea and Huahine, Bora Bora remained officially neutral, but due to the war in the rest of the Leewards Islands, the French weren't able to take control over the kingdom until 1895. | |
 Kingdom of Raiatea–Tahaa | 1888–1897 | APolynesian kingdom that resisted theFrenchannexation of the Leeward Islands. The King of Raiatea,Tamatoa VI, requested a French protectorate, but many of the lesser chiefs refused to comply with French authority and deposed Tamatoa. This led to a resistance government being set up with QueenTuarii installed on the throne. | |
 Kingdom of Rapa Nui | 1888–1914 | Chile | An independence movement inRapa Nui (Easter Island). Due to a misunderstanding in the Chilean treaty of annexation, the islanders believed they retained their sovereignty. KingRiro Kāinga attempted to negotiate the island's continued sovereignty with Chile, but died under mysterious circumstances. Several other Rapa Nuians declared themselves kings, such asEnrique Ika,Moisés Tuʻu Hereveri, andMaría Angata |
 Independent Commune of Franceville | 1889–1890 | Vanuatu | Its independence guaranteed by France, this community of Melanesian natives and European settlers experimented with universal suffrage until France and Britain intervened in the New Hebrides.[200] |
 Provisional Government of Hawaii | 1893–1894 | United States[201] | Under the 13-memberCommittee of Safety’s chairmanHenry E. Cooper and former judgeSanford B. Dole, Hawaii’smonarchy was overthrown, with a temporary republic established in place with the aim of ultimately annexing the archipelago to the United States.[202] |
| Republic of Hawaii | 1894–1898 | Essential continuation of the Provisional Government of Hawaii with the aim of ultimately merging the archipelago with the United States without regards for theNative Hawaiians.[203] | |
| Sokeh | 1910–1911 | Federated States of Micronesia | Brief anti-colonial revolt by indigenousMicronesians against German rule onSokehs Island.[204] |
 Republic of West Papua | 1961–1962, 1971, 1988 | Indonesia | Many West Papuans demanded a new referendum on the region's status because only around 1,000 of almost 1 million Papuans were consulted in theAct of Free Choice, when West Papua was absorbed into Indonesia. Both West Papuan insurgents and Indonesian military have committed acts of violence against civilians, including an incident in the late 1960s where Indonesian personnel forced 50 men to dig their own grave before killing them.[205][206] |
 State of Vemerana | 1980 | Vanuatu | Lasted about 12 weeks. The rebels blockadedSanto-Pekoa International Airport, destroyed two bridges, and declared the independence ofEspiritu Santo island as the "State of Vemerana". |
 Republic of Rotuma | 1987–1988 | Fiji | Shortly after theSeptember 1987 Fijian coup aRotuman man named Henry Gibson declared to the newspapers the declaration of independence of the island ofRotuma citinghuman rights violations by the military-backed regime and the lack of representation of the Rotuman people in Fijian politics. However a small contingent of soldiers arrested Gibson and his fellow protestors and the separatists were charged withsedition.[207] |
 Bougainville Interim Government | 1990–1998 | Papua New Guinea | Signed a peace deal withPapua New Guinea giving the island autonomy pending an independence referendum within a decade. |
| Name | Period | Now Part Of | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Yamato Yukihara | 1912 | Ross Dependency | An unrecognised Japanese Antarctic claim made byImperial Japanese Army LieutenantNobu Shirase, spanning the entirety of theRoss Ice Shelf, but was not recognised by the Japanese government. |
Islamic extremists declared the crowded district a state within a state in the 1990s, calling it "the Islamic Republic of Imbaba," one of the country's hottest spots of Islamic militancy.
At around the same time, the Islamist group Jama'a Islamiya took de facto control of Imbaba - creating what the foreign press quickly dubbed 'the Islamic Republic of Imbaba'. The government dispatched more than 12,000 soldiers to carry out a six-week siege, round up the Islamists, and reimpose its authority.
The Puntland State of Somalia has considered itself autonomous since 1998, with its own capital city of Garoowe and has designated regions with recognized regional capitals. The Putland authorities, headed by President Adde Muse Hersi, maintain a low profile and do not seek independence from the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia (Mogadishu being the capital). The autonomous State of Puntaland emerged after the fall of President Siyad Barre in 1991. In the south of Somalia, Islamic courts, warlords and regional tribes jostle for power and control whilst the State of Puntland experiences relative political stability with one dominant clan currently and historically controlling the region.The stability of Puntland is largely a product of its clan system that creates an established order based on family loyalty and cultural bonds and creates a more proactive and solution oriented politi-cal system.
Discussions about the propriety of these actions and the need for settlement-wide self-government took place with residents of other parishes through November of 1869, particularly at the Convention of Twenty-four that began 16 November. By 8 December inhabitants of the French Parishes had organized, instituted, and proclaimed a provisional government under President John Bruce. Individuals from English parishes had been involved in supporting this development at various stages and to varying degrees — notably James Ross of St. John's, Thomas Bunn from St. Clement's, and Andrew G.B. Bannatyne of the Town of Winnipeg.
Riel's council bore the strange name of Exovedate, but it was understood to be, and often called by all participants, a provisional government. Riel's followers not only formed a government, they took hostages, demanded to negotiate with Canada, and fought pitched battles with the police and militia.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)The first issue of the magazine was brought out on 15 Jawzā 1299/5 June 1920, one month after the historic province had been renamed "Āzādīstān" (Land of freedom) by Ḵīābānī and his followers as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name "Azerbaijan" to the part of Caucasia centered on Bākū.
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Hutsul Republic.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)In 1992 the area of Laçin was occupied by Armenian forces; a "Kurdish Republic of Laçin" was subsequently declared by local Kurds, but this remained a rather short-lived - not to say stillborn - adventure
