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This is alist of Greek countries and regions throughouthistory. It includesempires,countries,states,regions andterritories that have or had in the past one of the following characteristics:
During the Bronze Age a number of entities were formed inMycenean Greece (1600-1100 BC), each of them was ruled by aWanax,[citation needed] including:
Knossos, aMinoanpalace centre, was later occupied by the Mycenaeans[1]
During the history ofAncient Greece a total of 1,500 to 2,000[2]city-states were established. These included:
Byzantine Empire (610 AD – 1204 AD; 1261 - 1453): The Greek language had official status | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of historical Greek countries and regions" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The GreekMiddle Ages are coterminous with the duration of theByzantine Empire (330–1453).[citation needed]
After 395 theRoman Empire split in two. In the East, Greeks were the predominant national group and their language was thelingua franca of the region. Christianity was the official religion of this new Empire, spread through the region by the Greek language, the language in which the first gospels were written. The language of the aristocracy however remained Latin, until gradually replaced by Greek by 7th century. The East Roman Empire retained its status as the power at least in the Mediterranean world until the 12th century. Amongst its impacts was the spread of Christianity to Eastern Europe and theSlavs, the halting of the Persian, Slavic and Arab expansions towards Europe and the preservation of a significant body of the cultural heritage ofGreek-RomanAntiquity. In 1204, after a civil struggle over the succession of throne among the members of rulingAngelid(Angeloi), theFourth Crusade conquered the capital,Constantinople. The Empire was subject to partitions and crises from which it never recovered.
Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
Principality of Theodoro (early 14th century–1475).svg)
Lordship of Turbessel:vassal of the County of Edessa
Principality of Antioch (1098–1268): crusader state with a partly Greek population
Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291): crusader state with a partly Greek population
County of Tripoli (1102–1289): crusader state with a partly Greek population.svg)
Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority and partly Greek dynasty
Latin Empire (1204–1261): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority, established after the sack ofConstantinople by theCrusaders of theFourth Crusade
Kingdom of Thessalonica (1202–1224): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority
Duchy of Neopatria (1204–1390): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority
Principality of Achaea (1205–1432): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority
Duchy of Athens (1205–1458): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority.svg)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (1205–1388): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority
Duchy of the Archipelago (1207–1579): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (1310–1522): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majorityKnights of St. John of Kastellorizo (1309–1440): crusader state with an ethnic Greek majority
Various possessions of theRepublic of Venice in Greece:
Septinsular Republic (1799–1815), independent under nominal Russian and Ottoman sovereignty. TheIonian Islands were under Venetian Sovereignty from 1386-1797. During this time, the main administrative body of the islands was the General Council ofCorfu which was made up of aristocratic families, both Orthodox and Catholic. This led to the islands being ruled as a kind of oligarchic proto-republic until the formal establishment of theSeptinsular Republic in 1799.
/
Greece (1822–present)
Cyprus (1960–present)
Autonomous Monastic State of the Holy Mountain: autonomous region of Greece since 1913. Autonomy dated at least to 943.
Himara (15th century - 1912): autonomous region located in modern-day southern Albania.
Cycladic islands (1537-1828): most of the Cycladic islands in the Aegean Sea retained their distinct local governments and charters, being ruled by locally elected representatives or dukes.
Koinon of the Zagorisians (1431/1670–1868): the Zagori village mountains formed league of important villages in Epirus governed by a council of elders, located in the modern-dayZagori municipality of Greece.
Phanariote period inWallachia &Moldavia (1560/1711–1822): autonomous principalities ruled by thePhanariotes. Greeks had been established as rulers in Wallachia as early as the 16th century. From 1701-1822 AD, the country was controlled exclusively by Greek Phanariotes appointed by Constantinople.
Mani (1461 – 1833): sovereign region in thePeloponnese. The first post-Byzantine lord of Mani is considered to be Michael Rallis, after his death in 1466Krokodeilos Kladas succeeded him. From the 16th-18th centuries Mani was a heavily decentralised region ruled by local Orthodox Christian Captains. After 1776, the lordship of Mani was formally recognised by the Ottomans, and the local ruler was called abey. Mani was famous for being a Christian stronghold and a trustworthy ally for theHoly League during their wars with the Ottoman Empire. By the late 1700s the Maniots controlled large swathes of land in the southern Peloponnese, and the area became a refuge for many Greeks who were fleeing from Albanian raiders in the aftermath of theOrlov Revolt. During the late 1600s,Limberakis Gerakaris was the most powerful Captain of Mani and was recognised asBey by the Ottomans, he was famous for his numerous slave raids on Ottoman and Venetian ships.Tzanetos Grigorakis, who ruled Mani from 1782-1798 was famous for his attempts to centralise the region and his reign was romanticised by the poetNikitas Niphakos who stayed at his court. Mani was governed according to a mixture of local oral law and Orthodox Church canon law. The first region in which theGreek Revolution began in 1821 was in Mani and it was orchestrated byPetrobey Mavromichalis. After 1833, Mani was integrated into theKingdom of Greece.
United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864):amical protectorate of theUnited Kingdom.
Regional administrations during theGreek War of Independence (March 1821 – c. 1825):
Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (1821-1825)
Military-Political System of Samos (1821-1834)
Principality of Samos (1835–1912): incorporated into Greece.
Cretan State (1898–1913): incorporated into Greece.
Free State of Icaria (1912): short-lived independent state, incorporated into Greece.
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (1914): short-lived autonomous Greek state in modern-day SouthernAlbania (Northern Epirus) under aprovisional government. Autonomy recognised in theProtocol of Corfu.[8]State of Thessaloniki (1916–1917): short-livedVenizelist Provisional Government established inMacedonia amidst theNational Schism. It controlled northern Greece and the island of Crete. The rest of Greece was controlled by the government in Athens (State of Athens). Greece was reunited in 1917.
Republic of Pontus (1917–1922):Pontian Greek short-lived state.[9]
Ionian autonomy (1922): short-lived Greek dependency in the region ofIonia,Asia Minor, during the final stages of theAsia Minor expedition.Political Committee of National Liberation (1944), otherwise known as the "Mountain Government": a provisional government established in liberated areas by theNational Liberation Front in the last stages of theAxis occupation of Greece duringWorld War II. It was integrated with theGreek government-in-exile in anational unity government at theLebanon conference in May 1944, and existed until the full German withdrawal from the country in October.Provisional Democratic Government (1947-1949): aCommunist Party-dominated provisional government established during theGreek Civil War in opposition to theroyal government in Athens. It ceased to exist with the victory of the royalist forces in the civil war.(...) Hellenistic-era Iranian kingdom (...) But all in all, Cappadocia remained an Iranian kingdom, one which developed from an Achaemenid satrapy.
As in Pontus the ruling family was of Iranian descent.
In May 1914, the Great Powers signed the Protocol of Corfu, which recognised the area as Greek.
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