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List of heads of state of Iran

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Timeline
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This article lists theheads of state ofIran since the establishment of the modern Iraniannation-state[1] in1501AD.

Heads of State of Iran

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The Expansive Realm of Iran (1501–1736)

[edit]
No.NamePortraitBirth–DeathReign startReign endDynasty
Shah of Persia
1Shah Ismail I1487–1524July 1501[a]23 May 1524Safavid
.
2Shah Tahmasp I1514–157623 May 152414 May 1576Safavid
Regency:
3Shah Ismail II1537–157723 May 157624 November 1577Safavid
.
4Shah Mohammad Khodabanda1532–1595/9611 February 15781 October 1588Safavid
.
5Shah Abbas I1571–16291 October 158819 January 1629Safavid
.
6Shah Safi1611–164228 January 162912 May 1642Safavid
.
7Shah Abbas II1632–166612 May 164225 September 1666Safavid
.
8Shah Suleiman I1648–16941 November 166629 July 1694Safavid
.
9Shah Sultan Husayn1668–17266 August 169423 October 1722  SurrenderedSafavid
.

Ghilji rebellion

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10Mahmud Shah1699–172523 October 172225 April 1725Hotak
.
11Ashraf Shah1700–173026 April 172513 November 1729Hotak
.

Safavid restoration

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12Shah Tahmasp II1704–174010 November 17222 September 1732Safavid
He was crowned on 9 December 1729 afterliberation of the Safavid Capital.
Reigned at exile:
13Shah Abbas III1732–17402 September 17328 March 1736Safavid
Regency:

Realm of Iran (1736–1796)

[edit]
14Nader Shah1688–17478 March 173620 June 1747Afsharid
.
15Adil Shah1719–17496 July 174729 September 1748Afsharid
.
16Ebrahim Shah1724–174929 September 1748May 1749Afsharid
.
17Shahrokh Shah1734–1796May 174930 December 1749Afsharid
Proclaimed asShah at 30 September 1748 and one day later crowned atMashhad.

Second Safavid restoration

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18Suleiman II1714–176313 January 175020 March 1750Safavid
Proclaimed after deposing and blinding ofShahrokh Shah and crowned at 14 January 1750.
19Ismail III1733–177329 June 17501773Safavid
He was aPuppet ruler who raised to the throne byAli Mardan Khan Bakhtiari andKarim Khan Zand as a front tolegitimize their rule.[7]
Regency:

Afsharid restoration

[edit]
(17)Shahrokh Shah1734–17969 May 175514 May 1796Afsharid
.
Wakil-al Raʿāyā
20Karim Khan1705–177917731 March 1779Zand
.
21Abol-Fath Khan1755–17876 March 1779May/June 1779Zand
He and his younger brotherMohammad Ali Khan wereCo-rulers.
22Mohammad Ali Khan1760–17796 March 177919 June 1779Zand
He and his elder brotherAbol-Fath Khan wereCo-rulers until May/June 1779.
(21)Abol-Fath Khan1755–178719 June 177922 August 1779Zand
.
23Sadeq Khan?–178122 August 177914 March 1781Zand
.
24Ali-Morad Khanc. 1720–178515 March 178111 February 1785Zand
.
–Bagher Shah?–178612 February 178517 February 1785  Surrendered—
After the death of Ali-Morad Khan,Bagher Khan Khorasgani Governor ofIsfahan proclaimed himself asShah and mentioned himself in theKhutbah andon coins. He was defeated from the corps of Jafar Khan.[9]
25Jafar Khan?–178918 February 178523 January 1789Zand
.
26Seyd Morad Khan?–178923 January 178910 May 1789Zand
.
27Lotf Ali Khanc. 1769–179410 May 178920 March 1794Zand
.
Shah of Iran
(27)Lotf Ali Shahc. 1769–179421 March 179430 October 1794Zand
.
28Agha Mohammad Shah1742–179714 May 179617 June 1797Qajar
Agha Mohammad decided to move his capital to the small town ofTehran on 1786.[10] He was formally crowned asShah during spring 1796 at theMugan plain, on his return afterthe conquest of Tbilisi.[11][12]
29Fath-Ali Shah1772–183417 June 179723 October 1834Qajar
.
30Mohammad Shah1808–18489 November 18345 September 1848Qajar
.
31Naser al-Din Shah1831–189613 September 18481 May 1896Qajar
Queen-mother Mahd-e Olia: 5 September 1848 – 1 October 1848.
32Mozaffar ad-Din Shah1853–19072 May 18968 January 1907Qajar
.
33Mohammad Ali Shah1872–19258 January 190716 July 1909  SurrenderedQajar
.
34Ahmad Shah1898–193016 July 190915 December 1925Qajar
Reigned in exile: from 2 December 1923
Regency:
No.NameBirth–DeathTook officeLeft officePolitical Affiliation
Provisional Head of State
35Reza Khan1878–194431 October 192515 December 1925Military
.
No.NameBirth–DeathTook officeLeft officeDynasty
Shah of Iran
(35)Reza Shah1878–194415 December 192516 September 1941  SurrenderedPahlavi
.
36Mohammad Reza Shah1919–198016 September 194111 February 1979Pahlavi
Reigned in exile:
No.NameBirth–DeathTook officeLeft officePolitical Affiliation

Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)

[edit]
Leader of theRevolution
37Ruhollah Khomeini1900-19895 February 19793 December 1979Independent
.
Supreme Leader of Iran
(37)Ruhollah Khomeini1900-19893 December 19793 June 1989Independent
.
38Ali Khamenei1939–present4 June 1989IncumbentIndependent[b]
.

Timeline

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See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^Is equivalent toMuharram 907AH.
  2. ^Resigned fromCombatant Clergy Association after selection asSupreme Leader.[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Mikaberidze 2011, p. 432.
  2. ^abcPotts 2014, p. 230: "During the first nine years of his reignShah Tahmasp was advised, in succession, by aRumlu regent (Div Sultan Rumlu); aTriumvirate including aTakkalu (Chuha Soltan Takkalu) and anUstajlu (Köpek Sultan Ustajlu) chief; a Takkalu (Chuha Sultan) who distributed land widely to members of his own tribe during his four years in office and was ruler of Iran in all but name; and aShamlu (Husayn Khan Shamlu) who held his post for three years before being put to death in 1533 in alleged complicity with theOttoman regime."
  3. ^Mitchell 2009: "Ṭahmāsp'spuppet status continued with his accession to the throne on 23 May 1524, and the self-appointed status of Div Solṭān Rumlu as the Shah'sVicegerent andthe Empire'sDe facto ruler.."
  4. ^Savory 1995: "Dīv Solṭān, by virtue of a testamentory disposition of the late Shah, retained theoffice ofAmīr al-Omarā and was madeAtābeg (Guardian) of the young princeṬahmāsb, who succeeded his father at the age of ten and a half. Dīv Solṭān thus became theDe facto ruler of the state... After a period of negotiation, aTriumvirate was formed consisting ofDīv Solṭān Rūmlū,Čūha Solṭān Takkalū, andKopek Ostājlū, but civil war broke out between rivalQezelbāš factions in 932 AH / 1526 AD. Kopek Solṭān was killed in 933 AH / 1526 or 1527 AD, and Čūha Solṭān succeeded in persuading Shah Ṭahmāsb that Dīv Solṭān was the cause of the discord."
  5. ^Savory 2004: "Ḥosayn Khan, however, did not draw the obvious conclusions from the fate of Čuha Sultan, but proceeded to repeat the latter's mistakes, appointing members of the Šāmlu tribe to provincial governorships and fatally underestimating the Shah's new determination to ruleDe facto as well asDe jure."
  6. ^Savory 1982: "After the deposition of his father byNāder Khan Afšār inRabīʿ I 1145AH / August 1732AD, the eight-month-old Abbas was invested asʿAbbās III on 7 September 1732. Nader Khan, who was the real ruler of the country, dropped his own now obviously inappropriate style ofṬahmāsp-qolī Khan and assumed the titles ofVakīl-Al-dawla (Deputy of the state) andNāʾeb-al-salṭana (Viceroy)."
  7. ^abPerry 1998.
  8. ^Perry 1991, pp. 68: "The early months of 1751 thus mark the beginning of Karim Khan's rule asViceroy of thenominal KingIsmaʿil III, a position to be hotly disputed for twelve more years but never wrested from him."
  9. ^Bamdad 2005, p. 177.
  10. ^Gharipour 2012, p. 204.
  11. ^Axworthy 2008, p. 192.
  12. ^Hambly 1963, p. 169.
  13. ^Mahbubi Ardakani 1988: "After the deposition of Mohammad Ali Shah on 16 July 1909, a regent had to be appointed because Ahmad Shah was aMinor. The choice fell on ʿAżod-al-molk. As a senior dignitary and thechief of theQajar tribe, he enjoyed the respect of theconstitutionalists and was in good relationship with theolamā. He served asregent for one year and three months until his death."
  14. ^Bakhash 2015: "Citing the disordered state of affairs in Iran, the divisions inparliament, the lack of parliamentary unanimity over his own election, he left France for Iran only in December, arriving home two months later. He did not take theOath of office until March 1911."
  15. ^"جامعه روحانيت مبارز جوان مي‌شود" [Combatant Clergy Association gets younger] (in Persian). Fararu. 8 July 2012. 118101.Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved25 June 2016.

Bibliography

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External links

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