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List of heads of state of Haiti

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  • Electoral body:CEP
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This article lists theheads of state ofHaiti[1] since the beginning of theHaitian Revolution in 1791. Full independence of Haiti wasdeclared in 1804.

Between 1806 and 1820 Haiti wasdivided between the northernState, renamedKingdom in 1811, and the southernRepublic. Between 1822 and 1844 the reunifiedRepublic of Haiti ruled over the entire island ofHispaniola, during theHaitian occupation ofSanto Domingo.

Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)

[edit]
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of officePartyTitle(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Toussaint Louverture
(1743–1803)		21 August 17916 May 180210 years, 258 daysIndependentLeader of theHaitian Revolution (21 August 1791 – 6 May 1802)
Lieutenant Governor ofSaint-Domingue (1797 – 7 July 1801)
Governor-General for Life of the entire island ofHispaniola (7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802)
Post vacant (6 May 1802 – 1 January 1804)
1Jean-Jacques Dessalines
(1758–1806)		1 January 180422 September 1804265 daysIndependentGovernor-General of Haiti

First Empire of Haiti (Monarchy of Jacques I, 1804–1806)

[edit]
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		ReignCoronationRoyal houseCoat of arms
Reign startReign endedDuration
Jacques I
(1758–1806)		22 September 180417 October 18062 years, 25 days8 October 1804Dessalines

Divided Haiti (1806–1820)

[edit]

North Haiti (1806–1820)

[edit]

State of Haiti (1806–1811)

[edit]
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of officePartyTitle(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
2Henri Christophe
(1767–1820)		17 October 180628 March 18114 years, 162 daysIndependentProvisional Chief of the Haitian Government (17 October 1806 – 17 February 1807)
President (17 February 1807 – 28 March 1811)[a]

Kingdom of Haiti (Monarchy of Henry I, 1811–1820)

[edit]
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		ReignCoronationRoyal houseCoat of arms
Reign startReign endedDuration
Henry I
(1767–1820)[a]		28 March 18118 October 18209 years, 194 days2 June 1811Christophe

Republic of Haiti (1806–1849)

[edit]
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of officePartyTitle(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
South Haiti (1806–1820)
3Alexandre Pétion
(1770–1818)		17 October 180629 March 181811 years, 163 daysIndependentPresident (17 October 1806 – 9 October 1816)
President for Life (9 October 1816 – 29 March 1818)[b]
4Jean-Pierre Boyer
(1776–1850)		30 March 181818 October 18202 years, 202 daysIndependentPresident for Life[c]
Reunified Haiti (1820–1849)
(4)Jean-Pierre Boyer
(1776–1850)		18 October 182013 February 184322 years, 118 daysIndependentPresident for Life
5Charles Rivière-Hérard
(1789–1850)		4 April 18433 May 18441 year, 29 daysIndependentPresident
6Philippe Guerrier
(1757–1845)		3 May 184415 April 1845347 daysIndependentPresident
7Jean-Louis Pierrot
(1761–1857)		16 April 18451 March 1846[d]319 daysIndependentPresident
8Jean-Baptiste Riché
(1780–1847)		1 March 184627 February 1847363 daysIndependentPresident
9Faustin Soulouque
(1782–1867)		2 March 184726 August 18492 years, 177 daysIndependentPresident

Second Empire of Haiti (Monarchy of Faustin I, 1849–1859)

[edit]
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		ReignCoronationRoyal houseCoat of arms
Reign startReign endedDuration
Faustin I
(1782–1867)		26 August 184915 January 18599 years, 142 days18 April 1852Soulouque

Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)

[edit]
Status
  Acting president
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		ElectedTerm of officePartyTitle(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
10Fabre Geffrard
(1806–1878)		—15 January 185913 March 18678 years, 57 daysIndependentPresident
—Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget
(1810–1880)		—13 March 18674 May 186752 daysIndependentProvisional President
11Sylvain Salnave
(1827–1870)		—4 May 186727 December 18692 years, 237 daysIndependentPresident
12Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget
(1810–1880)		—27 December 186914 May 18744 years, 138 daysLiberal PartyPresident
—Council of Secretaries of State—14 May 187414 June 187431 daysIndependentCouncil of Secretaries of State
13Michel Domingue
(1813–1877)		—14 June 187415 April 18761 year, 306 daysNational Party[2]President
14Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
(1832–1905)		—23 April 187617 July 18793 years, 85 daysLiberal PartyProvisional President (23 April 1876 – 17 July 1876)
President (17 July 1876 – 17 July 1879)
—Public Order Committee—17 July 187926 July 18799 daysIndependent[e]
—Joseph Lamothe
(?–1891)		—26 July 18793 October 187969 daysIndependentProvisional President
—Florvil Hyppolite
(1828–1896)		—3 October 187926 October 187923 daysNational PartyProvisional President[f]
15Lysius Salomon
(1815–1888)		—26 October 187910 August 18888 years, 289 daysNational PartyPresident
—Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
(1832–1905)		—10 August 188816 October 188867 daysLiberal PartyProvisional President
16François Denys Légitime
(1841–1935)		—16 October 188823 August 1889311 daysLiberal PartyPresident
—Monpoint Jeune
(1830–1905)		—23 August 188917 October 188955 daysIndependentProvisional President
17Florvil Hyppolite
(1828–1896)		—17 October 188924 March 18966 years, 159 daysNational PartyPresident
18Tirésias Simon Sam
(1835–1916)		—31 March 189612 May 19026 years, 42 daysNational PartyPresident
—Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
(1832–1905)		—14 May 190217 December 1902217 daysLiberal PartyPresident of the Committee of Public Safety (14 May 1902 – 26 May 1902)
Provisional President (26 May 1902 – 17 December 1902)
19Pierre Nord Alexis
(1820–1910)		—17 December 19022 December 19085 years, 351 daysMilitaryPresident
—Commission for Public Order—2 December 19086 December 19084 daysIndependent[g]
20François C. Antoine Simon
(1843–1923)		—6 December 19082 August 1911[7]2 years, 239 daysLiberal PartyPresident
21Cincinnatus Leconte
(1854–1912)		—15 August 19118 August 1912[8]359 daysNational PartyPresident[h]
22Tancrède Auguste
(1856–1913)		—8 August 19122 May 1913267 daysNational PartyPresident
23Michel Oreste
(1859–1918)		—12 May 191327 January 1914[9]260 daysIndependentPresident
—Edmond Polynice
(1855–1915)		—27 January 19148 February 1914[10]12 daysMilitaryProvisional President
24Oreste Zamor
(1861–1915)		—8 February 191429 October 1914263 daysMilitaryPresident
—Edmond Polynice
(1855–1915)		—29 October 19146 November 19148 daysMilitaryProvisional President
25Joseph Davilmar Théodore
(1847–1917)		—7 November 191422 February 1915107 daysMilitaryPresident
26Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
(1859–1915)		—25 February 191528 July 1915153 daysMilitaryPresident[i]
—Revolutionary Committee—28 July 191511 August 191514 daysIndependent[j]
27Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave
(1863–1926)		—12 August 191515 May 19226 years, 276 daysIndependentPresident[k]
28Louis Borno
(1865–1942)		—15 May 192215 May 19308 yearsIndependentPresident[k]
29Louis Eugène Roy
(1861–1939)		—15 May 193018 November 1930187 daysIndependentPresident[k]
30Sténio Vincent
(1874–1959)		—18 November 193015 May 194110 years, 178 daysIndependentPresident[l]
31Élie Lescot
(1883–1974)		—15 May 194111 January 19464 years, 241 daysLiberal PartyPresident
32Franck Lavaud
(1903–1986)		—11 January 194616 August 1946217 daysMilitaryChairman of the Military Executive Committee
33Dumarsais Estimé
(1900–1953)		194616 August 194610 May 19503 years, 267 daysLiberal PartyPresident
34Franck Lavaud
(1903–1986)		—10 May 19506 December 1950210 daysMilitaryChairman of the Government Junta
35Paul Magloire
(1907–2001)		19506 December 195012 December 19566 years, 6 daysPeasant Worker MovementPresident
36Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis
(1900–1966)		—12 December 19563 February 195753 daysIndependentProvisional President
37Franck Sylvain
(1909–1987)		—7 February 19572 April 195754 daysIndependentProvisional President
—Léon Cantave
(1910–1967)		—2 April 19576 April 19574 daysMilitaryActing President
—Executive Government Council—6 April 195720 May 195744 daysIndependentExecutive Government Council
—Léon Cantave
(1910–1967)		—20 May 195725 May 19575 daysMilitaryActing President
—Daniel Fignolé
(1913–1986)		—25 May 195714 June 195720 daysPeasant Worker MovementProvisional President
38Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau
(1909–1963)		—14 June 195722 October 1957130 daysMilitaryChairman of the Military Council

Republic of Haiti during theDuvalier dynasty (1957–1986)

[edit]
Symbols

P Presidential referendum
C Constitutional referendum

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		ElectedTerm of officePartyTitle(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
39François Duvalier
(1907–1971)		1957
1961[P]
1964[C]		22 October 195721 April 1971†[11][12]13 years, 181 daysNational Unity PartyPresident (22 October 1957 – 22 June 1964)
President for Life (22 June 1964 – 21 April 1971)
40Jean-Claude Duvalier
(1951–2014)		1971[C]
1985[C]		21 April 1971[m]7 February 1986[n]14 years, 292 daysNational Unity PartyPresident for Life

Republic of Haiti (1986–present)

[edit]
Symbols

I Indirect election

Status
  Acting president
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		ElectedTerm of officePartyTitle(s)
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
41Henri Namphy
(1932–2018)		—7 February 19867 February 19882 yearsMilitaryPresident of theNational Council of Government
42Leslie Manigat
(1930–2014)		19887 February 198820 June 1988
(Deposed)		134 daysRally of Progressive National DemocratsPresident
(41)Henri Namphy
(1932–2018)		—20 June 198817 September 1988
(Deposed)		89 daysMilitaryPresident
43Prosper Avril
(born 1937)		—17 September 198810 March 19901 year, 236 daysMilitaryPresident
—Hérard Abraham
(1940–2022)		—10 March 199013 March 19903 daysMilitaryActing President
—Ertha Pascal-Trouillot
(born 1943)		—13 March 19907 February 1991331 daysIndependentProvisional President
44Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953)		1990–917 February 199129 September 1991
(Deposed)		234 daysStruggling People's OrganizationPresident
—Raoul Cédras
(born 1949)		—29 September 19918 October 19919 daysMilitaryCommander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces[o]
—Joseph Nérette
(1924–2007)		—8 October 199119 June 1992255 daysIndependentProvisional President
—Council of Ministers
Prime Minister:Marc Bazin
(1932–2010)		—19 June 199215 June 1993361 daysMovement for the Instauration of Democracy in HaitiCouncil of Ministers
(44)Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953)		—15 June 199312 May 1994331 daysStruggling People's OrganizationPresident[p]
—Émile Jonassaint
(1913–1995)		—15 June 199312 October 19941 year, 119 daysIndependentProvisional President[q]
(44)Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953)		—12 October 19947 February 19961 year, 118 daysStruggling People's OrganizationPresident[r]
45René Préval
(1943–2017)		19957 February 19967 February 20015 yearsFanmi LavalasPresident
(44)Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(born 1953)		20007 February 200129 February 2004
(Deposed)		3 years, 22 daysFanmi LavalasPresident
—Boniface Alexandre
(1936–2023)		—29 February 200414 May 20062 years, 75 daysIndependentProvisional President
(45)René Préval
(1943–2017)		200614 May 200614 May 20115 yearsLespwa
(until 2009)		President
Inite
46Michel Martelly
(born 1961)		2010–1114 May 20117 February 20164 years, 269 daysRepons PeyizanPresident
—Council of Ministers
Prime Minister:Evans Paul
(born 1955)		—7 February 201614 February 20167 daysDemocratic Alliance PartyCouncil of Ministers
—Jocelerme Privert
(born 1953)		2016 (Feb)[I]14 February 20167 February 2017359 daysIniteProvisional President[s]
47Jovenel Moïse
(1968–2021)		2016 (Nov)7 February 20177 July 2021†[t]4 years, 150 daysHaitian Tèt Kale PartyPresident
—Council of Ministers
Acting Prime Minister:
Claude Joseph		—7 July 202120 July 202113 daysIndependentCouncil of Ministers
—Council of Ministers
Acting Prime Minister:
Ariel Henry
(born 1949)		—20 July 202124 April 20242 years, 279 daysIndependentCouncil of Ministers
—Transitional Presidential Council
Chairman:
Edgard Leblanc Fils
(born 1955)		—30 April 20247 October 2024160 daysStruggling People's OrganizationTransitional Presidential Council
—Transitional Presidential Council
Chairman:
Leslie Voltaire
(born 1949)		—7 October 20247 March 2025151 daysFanmi LavalasTransitional Presidential Council
—Transitional Presidential Council
Chairman:
Fritz Jean
(born 1956)		—7 March 20257 August 2025153 daysIniteTransitional Presidential Council
—Transitional Presidential Council
Chairman:
Laurent Saint-Cyr
(born ?)		—7 August 2025Incumbent109 daysIndependentTransitional Presidential Council

Timeline since 1804

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See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abRule limited to the northern part of Haiti.
  2. ^Rule limited to the southern part of Haiti.
  3. ^United the northern Kingdom and the southern Republic in 1820.
  4. ^Deposed on 1 March, accepted on 24 March.
  5. ^A Committee took over the government after Boisrond-Canal's departure. It was composed of senator Darius Denis as president and deputyDemesvar Delorme as vice-president.[3][4][5]
  6. ^Provisional government:Florvil Hyppolite, Richelieu Duperval, Seide Thélémaque,Tirésias Simon Sam andLysius Salomon.[6]
  7. ^Members:Louis-Auguste Boisrond-Canal, Prudent, Grandjean Guillaume, Maximilien Laforest, Michel Oreste and Auguste Bonamy.
  8. ^Great-Grandson of Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Emperor of Haiti 1804–1806).
  9. ^Son of Tirésias Simon Sam (President of Haiti 1896–1902). Also the inspiration forEugene O'Neill'sThe Emperor Jones.
  10. ^Members: Charles de Delva, Charles Zamor, Edmond Polynice, Léon Nau, Ermane Robin, Eribert Saint-Vil Nöel and Samson Monpoint.
  11. ^abcServed under theUnited Statesoccupation.
  12. ^Served under theUnited Statesoccupation until 1 August 1934.
  13. ^Succeeded his father as President for Life.[11][13]
  14. ^Deposed in theAnti-Duvalier protest movement.[14]
  15. ^De facto leader of Haiti (29 September 1991 – 12 October 1994).
  16. ^In exile, but recognized in Haiti.
  17. ^De facto president of Haiti under the military junta (15 June 1993 – 12 May 1994).
  18. ^Served under theUnited Statesoccupation until 31 March 1995.
  19. ^Presidential term expired on 14 June 2016.
  20. ^Assassinated.[15][16][17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Haitian Heads of State".Embassy of Haiti, Washington, D.C.Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved9 July 2021.
  2. ^Stieber, Chelsea (18 August 2020).Haiti's Paper War: Post-Independence Writing, Civil War, and the Making of the Republic, 1804–1954. NYU Press.ISBN 978-1-4798-0215-9.
  3. ^Rémy Zamor (1992).Histoire d'Haiti de 1804 á 1884 (in French). p. 275.
  4. ^Ernst Trouillot (1961).Prospections d'histoire: choses de Saint-Domingue et d'Haïti (in French). p. 91.
  5. ^"US Diplomatic Source".
  6. ^Alain Turnier (1989).Quand la nation demande des comptes (in French). Editions Le Natal. p. 191.
  7. ^"HAITIAN REBELS WIN; SIMON NOW AN EXILE; Six Are Killed in a Riot as President Embarks -- His Daughter Is Hurt".The New York Times. 3 August 1911.Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved7 July 2022.
  8. ^"EXPLOSION KILLS HAITIAN PRESIDENT; Leconte Perishes in Destruction of His Palace -- 400 Others Killed or Injured".The New York Times. 9 August 1912.Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved9 July 2021.
  9. ^"HAITI'S PRESIDENT FLEES TO WARSHIP; Fighting in Capital -- Our Bluejackets Land -- Battleship Is Rushing to Port au Prince".The New York Times. 28 January 1914.Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved7 July 2022.
  10. ^François Pacquement, Margaux Lombard (2018).L'histoire de l'AFD en Haïti.: A la recherche de la juste distance. Numilog. p. 48.ISBN 9782811119751.
  11. ^abHomer Bigart (23 April 1971)."Duvalier, 64, Dies in Haiti; Son, 19, Is New President".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved9 July 2021.
  12. ^Albin Krebs (23 April 1971)."Papa Doc, a Ruthless Dictator, Kept the Haitians in Illiteracy and Dire Poverty".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved7 July 2022.
  13. ^"At 19, President for Life Jean-Claude Duvalier".The New York Times. 26 April 1971.Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved9 July 2021.
  14. ^Joseph B. Treaster (8 February 1986)."DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved9 July 2021.
  15. ^Beaumont, Peter; Phillips, Tom (7 July 2021)."Haiti president Jovenel Moïse assassinated".The Guardian.Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved7 July 2021.
  16. ^"Haiti President Jovenel Moïse assassinated at home".CNBC. 7 July 2021.Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved7 July 2021.
  17. ^"Le président Jovenel Moïse assassiné chez lui par un commando armé".Le Nouvelliste.Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved7 July 2021.
Post–Revolutionary (1804–1859)
Presidential standard of Haiti
Post–Imperial (1859–1930)
Post–Occupation (1930–1986)
Post–Duvalier (1986–2011)
Post–earthquake (2011–2021)
Post–Moïse (2021–present)
  • *De facto
  • ‡ Provisional
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