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List of glaciers in Iceland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Map
Map of larger glacial catchments in Iceland (light grey shading with white outline). Clicking on the map to enlarge it enables mouse over that allows identification of individual catchments.

Theglaciers and ice caps ofIceland covered 11% of the land area of the country, up to about 2008. As of 2019[update] this was down to 10%. They have a considerable impact on its landscape and meteorology. Glaciers are also contributing to the Icelandic economy, with a tourist market that includes glacier trips on snowmobiles and glacier hiking tours. However, the recent loss of ice due toclimate change is an increasing concern in Icelandic society.[1]

Description

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Glaciers can both grow in size and regress depending upon several factors of which climate and precipitation in the glaciers catchment are the most important. About 7,000 years ago, the Pleistocene ice from the last Ice Age over Iceland disappeared almost entirely, so the current glaciers in Iceland are not that old.[2]: 377  In the case of Iceland as several large glaciers are over active volcanoes, geothermal melting can be a substantial component of the glacier ice mass balance.[3]: 2  Accordingly Iceland's glacier area varies from year to year and some glaciers may grow while others regress. The tables below have to be interpreted considering such variations in time and do not include much other data that those who study glaciers would regard as important. Data that was gathered over many years in the 1890s, or even by the first complete aerial photographic survey between 1945 and 1946 is difficult to compare to the richer satellite studies and the on the ground measurements possible since the 1990's but such comparisons have been attempted.[3] Even so there are gaps in the data (see Table 2). Two different definitions of a glacier are usually used in current research and much Iceland work is closer to the definition:[3]: 7 

A perennial mass of ice, and possiblyfirn and snow, originating on the land surface by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and showing evidence of past or present flow

— International Association of Hydrological Sciences,[4]

Anice cap is a mass of glacial ice that covers less than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) of land area covering a highland area and they feedoutlet glaciers.[4]: 52  Many Icelandic ice caps andglaciers lie abovevolcanoes, such asGrímsvötn andBárðarbunga, which lie under the largest ice cap,Vatnajökull. Thecaldera of Grímsvötn is about 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in area, and Bárðarbunga is about 60 km2 (23 sq mi) meaning a large amount of ice, given mean icecap thickness of about 200 m (660 ft) is at risk of geothermal melting.

Whenvolcanic activity occurs under the glacier, the resulting meltwater can lead to a suddenglacial lake outburst flood, known inIcelandic as ajökulhlaup. However jökulhlaups are more commonly caused by accumulation of meltwater due to geothermal activity underneath the glacier. Jökulhlaups occasionally trigger volcanic eruptions through the sudden release of pressure. These eruptions occur towards the end of the Jökulhlaup.[5]: 88 

The glaciers are relevant enough in Icelandic geography that the four largest are represented blank in most of the maps of theadministrative divisions of Iceland smaller than the regions.

Iceland is losing ice due toclimate change. In 2008 its glaciers still covered 11% of the land area of the country, at about 11,100 km2 (4,300 sq mi) out of the total area of 103,125 km2 (39,817 sq mi).[2]: 365, 368  As of 2019[update] this was down to 10%.[3]: 2 

Okjökull in Borgarfjörður, West Iceland, has lost its glacier title and is now simply known asOk, losing theIcelandic word forglacier,jökull, as a suffix. In order to fit the criteria glaciers need to be thick enough to sink and move under their own weight, which any ice remaining of Okjökull can not do. Okjökull is the first Icelandic glacier to lose this title in an official manner,[6][7] but tens of smaller glaciers have disappeared up to 2019.[3]: 27 

Largest glaciers by surface area

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Location of the 13 largest glaciers within Iceland
Table 1: 13 Largest Glaciers
Glacier or Ice CapArea
km2		Volume
km3		Elevation
m		Coordinates
1Vatnajökull8,3003,100[8]2,109.664°24′N16°48′W / 64.400°N 16.800°W /64.400; -16.800 (Vatnajökull)
2Langjökull953195[8]1,36064°45′N19°59′W / 64.750°N 19.983°W /64.750; -19.983 (Langjökull)
3Hofsjökull925208[9]1,76564°49′N18°49′W / 64.817°N 18.817°W /64.817; -18.817 (Hofsjökull)
4Mýrdalsjökull596140[10]1,49363°40′N19°06′W / 63.667°N 19.100°W /63.667; -19.100 (Mýrdalsjökull)
5Drangajökull160 92566°09′N22°15′W / 66.150°N 22.250°W /66.150; -22.250 (Drangajökull)
6Eyjafjallajökull78 1,66663°38′N19°36′W / 63.633°N 19.600°W /63.633; -19.600 (Eyjafjallajökull)
7Tungnafellsjökull48 1,53564°45′N17°55′W / 64.750°N 17.917°W /64.750; -17.917 (Tungnafellsjökull)
8Þórisjökull32 1,35064°32′31″N20°42′56″W / 64.54194°N 20.71556°W /64.54194; -20.71556 (Þórisjökull)
9Eiríksjökull22 1,67264°46′24″N20°24′34″W / 64.77333°N 20.40944°W /64.77333; -20.40944 (Eiríksjökull)
10Þrándarjökull22 1,23664°42′08″N14°54′09″W / 64.70222°N 14.90250°W /64.70222; -14.90250 (Þrándarjökull)
11Tindfjallajökull19 1,46263°48′N19°35′W / 63.800°N 19.583°W /63.800; -19.583 (Tindfjallajökull)
12Torfajökull15 1,19063°53′39″N19°07′37″W / 63.89417°N 19.12694°W /63.89417; -19.12694 (Torfajökull)
13Snæfellsjökull11 1,44664°48′32″N23°46′16″W / 64.80889°N 23.77111°W /64.80889; -23.77111 (Snæfellsjökull)

These 13 largest glaciers had, at slightly different times around the year 2000, an aggregate area of 10,863 km2 (4,194 sq mi) (out of about 11,079 km2 (4,278 sq mi) for all glaciers of Iceland).[11] The total glacial area in 2019 was down to 10,400 km2 (4,000 sq mi), and had decreased by more than 2,200 km2 (850 sq mi) since the end of the 19th century.[3]: 27 

Glaciers

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Map
Glacier locations in Iceland as on this page

The list of glaciers below and their characteristics is incomplete. Many of the smaller glaciers that are presently only glacier remnants have not been added to the list. There are for example over 170 glaciers on theTröllaskagi peninsula,[3]: 3  northern Iceland and many have little significance or have regressed. Okjökull is mentioned in the table below although it is no longer recognised as a glacier as it has recent significance by its rate of disappearance of a large glacier due to climate change. In Iceland the recent maximum extent of glaciers occurred in a process from the onset of the Little Ice Age about 1450 CE and did not stop until about 1900 CE.[3]: 1  Some outlet glaciers have shown marked surges over relatively short periods of time resulting in growth in glacial size.[3]: 4  This has only changed the recent overall trend to smaller total area of glacial ice for a brief period in 1963–1964 from a surge in Brúarjökull.[3]: 25  Other glaciers have been linked, for example in the 1980s Mýrdalsjökull and Eyjafjallajökull were one continuous ice cap.[12]

Table 2: Selected Iceland Glaciers
NameAlternative Names (italics if historic)[13]Glacier typeArea in 1945 – 1946 (km2)[3]: Table 2 Other area (km2)Other yearArea in 2019 (km2)[3]Loss 2019 from max. area[3]Ice cap groupingRecent surges[2]: 377 Location[14]
VatnajökullAusturjökular, Austurjökull, Grímsvatnajökull, Klofakjökullice cap83268086[11]2000[11]772012 %VatnajökullYes64°24′N16°48′W / 64.400°N 16.800°W /64.400; -16.800 (Vatnajökull)
BrúarjökullJökuldalsjökulloutlet glacier1600[5]: 70 2017[5]: 70 VatnajökullYes64°42′58″N16°09′35″W / 64.716190°N 16.159659°W /64.716190; -16.159659 (Brúarjökull (Vatnajökull))
EyjabakkajökullFljótsdalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64°40′43″N15°34′47″W / 64.678645°N 15.579806°W /64.678645; -15.579806 (Eyjabakkajökull (Vatnajökull))
KverkkvíslarjökullKverkjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°39′59″N15°30′44″W / 64.666375°N 15.512287°W /64.666375; -15.512287 (Kverkkvíslarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Kvíslarjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°39′49″N15°28′18″W / 64.663538°N 15.471586°W /64.663538; -15.471586 (Kvíslarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Vesturdalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°38′45″N15°21′52″W / 64.645739°N 15.364441°W /64.645739; -15.364441 (Vesturdalsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Suðurfjallsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°37′01″N15°17′03″W / 64.617009°N 15.284251°W /64.617009; -15.284251 (Suðurfjallsjökull (Vatnajökull))
AxarfellsjökullÖxarfellsjökull, Axarfjallsjökull, Axarjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°36′11″N15°15′45″W / 64.603169°N 15.262585°W /64.603169; -15.262585 (Axarfellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Norðurtungnajökulloutlet glacier remnantVatnajökullNo64°34′38″N15°19′34″W / 64.577231°N 15.326020°W /64.577231; -15.326020 (Norðurtungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
AusturtungnajökullSkyndidalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°33′20″N15°20′02″W / 64.555671°N 15.333884°W /64.555671; -15.333884 (Austurtungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
LambatungnajökullÞórðarjökull,Lambatungujökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°31′51″N15°24′20″W / 64.530742°N 15.405656°W /64.530742; -15.405656 (Lambatungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
HoffellsjökullNorðurfellsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°27′35″N15°30′59″W / 64.459725°N 15.516329°W /64.459725; -15.516329 (Hoffellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Svínafellsjökull (Eastern)outlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°26′31″N15°30′39″W / 64.442026°N 15.510783°W /64.442026; -15.510783 (Svínafellsjökull (Eastern Vatnajökull))
Viðborðsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°26′35″N15°38′27″W / 64.442976°N 15.640820°W /64.442976; -15.640820 (Viðborðsjökull (Vatnajökull))
FláajökullMýrajöklar,Mýrajökull,Hólmsárjökull,Hólsárjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°21′55″N15°39′08″W / 64.365281°N 15.652337°W /64.365281; -15.652337 (Fláajökull (Vatnajökull))
HeinabergsjökullEystri-Heinabergsjökull, Heinabergsjökull eystri,Heiðnabergsjökull, Heinabergsjöklar, Heinabergsjökull, Mýrajöklaroutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°19′33″N15°50′29″W / 64.325945°N 15.841440°W /64.325945; -15.841440 (Heinabergsjökull (Vatnajökull))
SkálafellsjökullVestri-Heinabergsjökull, Heinabergsjökull vestri, Heinabergsjökull vestari,Heinabergsjöklar, Heinabergsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°16′46″N15°54′10″W / 64.279557°N 15.902787°W /64.279557; -15.902787 (Skálafellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
EyvindstungnajökullSultartungnajökull, Sultartungujökull, Hálsajökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°14′55″N15°48′13″W / 64.248730°N 15.803664°W /64.248730; -15.803664 (Eyvindstungnajökull (Vatnajökull))
Birnudalsjökulloutlet glacier remnantVatnajökullNo64°14′34″N15°55′14″W / 64.242884°N 15.920688°W /64.242884; -15.920688 (Birnudalsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Breiðamerkurjökullice domeVatnajökullYes64°07′50″N16°21′26″W / 64.130626°N 16.357136°W /64.130626; -16.357136 (Breiðamerkurjökull (Vatnajökull))
BrókarjökullSteinajökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°15′38″N16°08′20″W / 64.260599°N 16.138824°W /64.260599; -16.138824 (Brókarjökull (Vatnajökull))
FellsárjökullFellsjökull, Bríkurjökull, Þverártindsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°10′51″N16°09′21″W / 64.180712°N 16.155898°W /64.180712; -16.155898 (Fellsárjökull (Vatnajökull))
NorðlingalæðarjökullNorðlingalægðarjökullice streamVatnajökullNo64°07′19″N16°16′03″W / 64.122030°N 16.267561°W /64.122030; -16.267561 (Norðlingalæðarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Esjufjallajökullice streamVatnajökullNo64°06′20″N16°20′03″W / 64.105537°N 16.334086°W /64.105537; -16.334086 (Esjufjallajökull (Vatnajökull))
Mávabyggðajökullice streamVatnajökullNo64°05′42″N16°23′33″W / 64.094997°N 16.392597°W /64.094997; -16.392597 (Mávabyggðajökull (Vatnajökull))
ÖræfajökullHnappafellsjökull, Hnappavallajöklar, Hnappavallajökull, Knappafellsjökull, Sandfellsjökull, Jökullice domeÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64°00′55″N16°38′58″W / 64.015245°N 16.649515°W /64.015245; -16.649515 (Öræfajökull (Vatnajökull))
FjallsjökullÆrfjallsjökull, Hrútárjökull eystri, Eystri Hrútárjökull,Hrútárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64°01′51″N16°28′49″W / 64.030868°N 16.480236°W /64.030868; -16.480236 (Fjallsjökull (Vatnajökull))
HrútárjökullHrútárjökull vestri, Hrútárjöklaroutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64°00′25″N16°29′46″W / 64.006949°N 16.496238°W /64.006949; -16.496238 (Hrútárjökull (Vatnajökull))
BræðrajökullBreidaoutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°59′02″N16°31′54″W / 63.983864°N 16.531766°W /63.983864; -16.531766 (Bræðrajökull (Vatnajökull))
Kviarjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°57′07″N16°30′36″W / 63.951961°N 16.509975°W /63.951961; -16.509975 (Kviarjökull (Vatnajökull))
Hólárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°57′08″N16°34′39″W / 63.952146°N 16.577416°W /63.952146; -16.577416 (Hólárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Stigárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°56′50″N16°37′04″W / 63.947322°N 16.617836°W /63.947322; -16.617836 (Stigárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Stórhöfðajökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°56′55″N16°38′43″W / 63.948589°N 16.645326°W /63.948589; -16.645326 (Stórhöfðajökull (Vatnajökull))
Gljúfursárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°56′43″N16°40′05″W / 63.945290°N 16.668075°W /63.945290; -16.668075 (Gljúfursárjökull (Vatnajökull))
RótarfjallsjökullRótarfjallsjökull (if combined with Kotárjökull)outlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°57′19″N16°41′57″W / 63.955389°N 16.699114°W /63.955389; -16.699114 (Rótarfjallsjökull (Vatnajökull))
KotárjökullRótarfjallsjökull (if combined with Rótarfjallsjökull),Flögujökull, Slögujökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°57′27″N16°43′22″W / 63.957424°N 16.722694°W /63.957424; -16.722694 (Kotárjökull (Vatnajökull))
VirkisjökullVirkisajökull, Falljökull vestarioutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°58′44″N16°48′03″W / 63.978921°N 16.800936°W /63.978921; -16.800936 (Virkisjökull (Vatnajökull))
Falljökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63°58′29″N16°46′42″W / 63.974811°N 16.778269°W /63.974811; -16.778269 (Falljökull (Vatnajökull))
SvínafellsjökullSvinafellsjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64°00′57″N16°50′20″W / 64.015732°N 16.838770°W /64.015732; -16.838770 (Svínafellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
SkaftafellsjökullSkaptafellsjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64°03′23″N16°53′02″W / 64.056352°N 16.883845°W /64.056352; -16.883845 (Skaftafellsjökull (Vatnajökull))
Skeiðarárjökulloutlet glacier1380[5]: 70 2017[5]: 70 VatnajökullYes64°03′59″N17°15′12″W / 64.066275°N 17.253269°W /64.066275; -17.253269 (Skeiðarárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Grænalónsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°12′52″N17°30′34″W / 64.214373°N 17.509394°W /64.214373; -17.509394 (Grænalónsjökull (Vatnajökull))
DjúpárjökullKistufellsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°11′55″N17°34′14″W / 64.198591°N 17.570690°W /64.198591; -17.570690 (Djúpárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Beinadalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°12′02″N17°37′48″W / 64.200423°N 17.630053°W /64.200423; -17.630053 (Beinadalsjökull (Vatnajökull))
SíðujökullNyrðri-Skeiðarárjökull, Skeiðarárjökull nyrðrioutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64°08′55″N17°51′37″W / 64.148534°N 17.860290°W /64.148534; -17.860290 (Síðujökull (Vatnajökull))
SkaftárjökullSkaptárjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°13′23″N18°02′17″W / 64.223100°N 18.037936°W /64.223100; -18.037936 (Skaftárjökull (Vatnajökull))
TungnaárjökullTungnaárjökull, Tungnárjöklaroutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64°19′25″N18°04′58″W / 64.323691°N 18.082795°W /64.323691; -18.082795 (Tungnaárjökull (Vatnajökull))
Sylgjujökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64°26′16″N17°57′56″W / 64.437888°N 17.965556°W /64.437888; -17.965556 (Sylgjujökull (Vatnajökull))
Köldukvíslarjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64°34′35″N17°49′56″W / 64.576494°N 17.832260°W /64.576494; -17.832260 (Köldukvíslarjökull (Vatnajökull))
BárðarbungaBardarbunga, Bárđarjökull, Bárdharnúpur, Bárđargnípaice domeVatnajökullNo64°37′52″N17°30′20″W / 64.631065°N 17.505430°W /64.631065; -17.505430 (Bárðarbunga (Vatnajökull))
Rjúpnabrekkujökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°42′06″N17°31′52″W / 64.701787°N 17.531005°W /64.701787; -17.531005 (Rjúpnabrekkujökull (Vatnajökull))
DyngjujökullKistufellsjökulloutlet glacier1000[5]: 70 2017[5]: 70 VatnajökullYes64°45′20″N16°53′03″W / 64.755656°N 16.884035°W /64.755656; -16.884035 (Dyngjujökull (Vatnajökull))
Kverkjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°42′12″N16°37′42″W / 64.703455°N 16.628337°W /64.703455; -16.628337 (Kverkjökull (Vatnajökull))
Skarphéðinsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64°39′03″N16°36′23″W / 64.650746°N 16.606291°W /64.650746; -16.606291 (Skarphéðinsjökull (Vatnajökull))
LangjökullLángjökull,Langijökullice cap992904[15]2007[15]83624 %LangjökullYes64°45′N19°59′W / 64.750°N 19.983°W /64.750; -19.983 (Langjökull)
Baldjökulloutlet and ice dome glacier100[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°49′05″N19°56′59″W / 64.818061°N 19.949602°W /64.818061; -19.949602 (Baldjökull (Langjökull))
ÞjófadalajökullFúlukvíslarjökulloutlet glacier24[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°50′52″N19°49′00″W / 64.847746°N 19.816715°W /64.847746; -19.816715 (Þjófadalajökull (Langjökull))
Leiðarjökulloutlet glacier86[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°47′21″N19°47′05″W / 64.789288°N 19.784789°W /64.789288; -19.784789 (Leiðarjökull (Langjökull))
Kirkjujökulloutlet glacier23[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°43′01″N19°52′08″W / 64.716935°N 19.868960°W /64.716935; -19.868960 (Kirkjujökull (Langjökull))
NorðurjökullNyrðri-Skriðjökull, Nyrðriskriðjökulloutlet glacier62[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°39′51″N19°54′47″W / 64.664110°N 19.913022°W /64.664110; -19.913022 (Norðurjökull (Langjökull))
SuðurjökullFremri-Skriðjökulloutlet glacier54[15]2007[15]LangjökullYes64°35′34″N19°58′55″W / 64.592710°N 19.982027°W /64.592710; -19.982027 (Suðurjökull (Langjökull))
Eystri-HagafellsjökullHagafellsjökull eystri, Hagafellsjökull, Eystri-Hagafellsjökull, Hagavatnsjökull syðrioutlet glacier111[15]2007[15]LangjökullYes64°31′27″N20°14′28″W / 64.524123°N 20.241120°W /64.524123; -20.241120 (Vestari-Hagafellsjökull (Langjökull))
Vestari-HagafellsjökullHagafellsjökull vestri, Hagafellsjökull, Vestri-Hagafellsjökull,Skjaldbreiðarjökulloutlet glacier137[15]2007[15]LangjökullYes64°31′39″N20°25′34″W / 64.527623°N 20.426063°W /64.527623; -20.426063 (Vestari-Hagafellsjökull (Langjökull))
LónsjökullLónjökulloutlet glacier137[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°34′46″N20°31′30″W / 64.579413°N 20.525066°W /64.579413; -20.525066 (Lónsjökull (Langjökull))
Geitlandsjökulloutlet glacier13[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°36′04″N20°37′00″W / 64.601113°N 20.616758°W /64.601113; -20.616758 (Geitlandsjökull (Langjökull))
Svartárjökulloutlet glacier39[15]2007[15]LangjökullNo64°37′29″N20°33′10″W / 64.624633°N 20.552818°W /64.624633; -20.552818 (Svartárjökull (Langjökull))
ÞrístapajökullHallmundarjökulloutlet glacier104[15]2007[15]LangjökullYes64°44′33″N20°10′53″W / 64.742405°N 20.181384°W /64.742405; -20.181384 (Þrístapajökull (Langjökull))
HofsjökullArnarfellsjökullice cap948889[11]1999[11]81022 %HofsjökullYes64°49′N18°49′W / 64.817°N 18.817°W /64.817; -18.817 (Hofsjökull)
Austari-Jökulsárjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°56′23″N18°42′47″W / 64.939788°N 18.713100°W /64.939788; -18.713100 (Austari-Jökulsárjökull (Hofsjökull))
Álftabrekkujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°52′36″N19°01′41″W / 64.876595°N 19.027947°W /64.876595; -19.027947 (Álftabrekkujökull (Hofsjökull))
BlautukvíslarjökullBlautkvíslarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°39′39″N18°55′14″W / 64.660700°N 18.920541°W /64.660700; -18.920541 (Blautukvíslarjökull (Hofsjökull))
BlágnípujökullBlágnýpujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64°45′00″N19°07′42″W / 64.749924°N 19.128285°W /64.749924; -19.128285 (Blágnípujökull (Hofsjökull))
Blöndujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64°47′03″N19°06′07″W / 64.784233°N 19.101822°W /64.784233; -19.101822 (Blöndujökull (Hofsjökull))
Brattöldujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°42′46″N19°03′12″W / 64.712668°N 19.053390°W /64.712668; -19.053390 (Brattöldujökull (Hofsjökull))
Háöldujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64°50′13″N18°29′22″W / 64.837012°N 18.489312°W /64.837012; -18.489312 (Háöldujökull (Hofsjökull))
IllviðrajökullIllviðrahnjúkajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°56′32″N18°37′44″W / 64.942262°N 18.628798°W /64.942262; -18.628798 (Illviðrajökull (Hofsjökull))
KlakksjökullKlakkajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°51′16″N18°30′08″W / 64.854424°N 18.502156°W /64.854424; -18.502156 (Klakksjökull (Hofsjökull))
Kvíslajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64°51′22″N19°07′11″W / 64.855997°N 19.119645°W /64.855997; -19.119645 (Kvíslajökull (Hofsjökull))
Lambahraunsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°57′29″N18°52′55″W / 64.958015°N 18.881929°W /64.958015; -18.881929 (Lambahraunsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Löngukvíslarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°54′25″N18°30′39″W / 64.906869°N 18.510728°W /64.906869; -18.510728 (Löngukvíslarjökull (Hofsjökull))
Miklafellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°52′21″N18°31′35″W / 64.872626°N 18.526511°W /64.872626; -18.526511 (Miklafellsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Miklukvíslarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°40′18″N18°53′42″W / 64.671529°N 18.895048°W /64.671529; -18.895048 (Miklukvíslarjökull (Hofsjökull))
Múlajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64°39′30″N18°41′58″W / 64.658427°N 18.699487°W /64.658427; -18.699487 (Múlajökull (Hofsjökull))
NauthagajökullÓlafsfellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°39′54″N18°46′14″W / 64.665066°N 18.770648°W /64.665066; -18.770648 (Nauthagajökull (Hofsjökull))
Rótarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°42′21″N18°41′26″W / 64.705850°N 18.690525°W /64.705850; -18.690525 (Rótarjökull (Hofsjökull))
SátujökullEystri-Sátujökull, Lambahraunsjöklaroutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64°56′34″N18°57′11″W / 64.942719°N 18.952919°W /64.942719; -18.952919 (Sátujökull (Hofsjökull))
Tungufönnoutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°52′39″N18°29′13″W / 64.877521°N 18.486907°W /64.877521; -18.486907 (Tungufönn (Hofsjökull))
Tvífellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°57′28″N18°48′50″W / 64.957741°N 18.813858°W /64.957741; -18.813858 (Tvífellsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Þverfellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64°42′09″N19°01′35″W / 64.702558°N 19.026399°W /64.702558; -19.026399 (Þverfellsjökull (Hofsjökull))
Þjórsárjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64°45′17″N18°34′44″W / 64.754660°N 18.578787°W /64.754660; -18.578787 (Þjórsárjökull (Hofsjökull))
MýrdalsjökullMiđdalsjökull, Mirdalsjökull, Mýdalsjökull,Austrurjökull, Eyjafjallajökull, Höfđabrekkujökull, Höfđajökull, Höfđarjökull, Kötlugjárjökull, Kötlujökull, Sólheimajökull, Austurjökull, Þykkvabæjarjökullice cap652597[11]1999[11]52029 %MýrdalsjökullYes63°40′N19°06′W / 63.667°N 19.100°W /63.667; -19.100 (Mýrdalsjökull)
Entujökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°43′19″N19°14′52″W / 63.721896°N 19.247785°W /63.721896; -19.247785 (Entujökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Hafursárjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°33′36″N19°06′24″W / 63.560108°N 19.106772°W /63.560108; -19.106772 (Hafursárjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Hrunárjöklaroutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°38′23″N19°21′44″W / 63.639713°N 19.362359°W /63.639713; -19.362359 (Hrunárjöklar (Mýrdalsjökull))
HuldujökullHvítijökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°34′07″N18°55′47″W / 63.568617°N 18.929861°W /63.568617; -18.929861 (Huldujökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Jökulsárgilsjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°36′00″N19°19′15″W / 63.599961°N 19.320905°W /63.599961; -19.320905 (Jökulsárgilsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
KlifurárjökullKlifandajökull, Klifandijökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°32′43″N19°12′51″W / 63.545412°N 19.214065°W /63.545412; -19.214065 (Klifurárjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Krossárjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°40′42″N19°19′19″W / 63.678219°N 19.321833°W /63.678219; -19.321833 (Krossárjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
KötlujökullHöfðabrekkujökull ,Kötlufalljökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°35′13″N18°51′03″W / 63.586865°N 18.850900°W /63.586865; -18.850900 (Kötlujökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Sandfellsjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°40′20″N18°53′37″W / 63.672329°N 18.893662°W /63.672329; -18.893662 (Sandfellsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
SléttjökullMælifellsjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullYes63°46′31″N19°05′34″W / 63.775350°N 19.092845°W /63.775350; -19.092845 (Sléttjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Sólheimajökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°33′48″N19°17′48″W / 63.563343°N 19.296693°W /63.563343; -19.296693 (Sólheimajökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
MosakambsjökullThoroddsengletscheroutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°32′59″N19°02′38″W / 63.549800°N 19.044024°W /63.549800; -19.044024 (Mosakambsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Tungnakvíslarjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63°39′09″N19°21′34″W / 63.652553°N 19.359430°W /63.652553; -19.359430 (Tungnakvíslarjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Öldufellsjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullYes63°44′24″N18°52′58″W / 63.739960°N 18.882730°W /63.739960; -18.882730 (Öldufellsjökull (Mýrdalsjökull))
Drangajökullice cap161146[11]2004[11]13749 %DrangajökullYes66°09′N22°15′W / 66.150°N 22.250°W /66.150; -22.250 (Drangajökull)[3]
KaldalónsjökullLónjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullYes66°07′17″N22°17′00″W / 66.121291°N 22.283419°W /66.121291; -22.283419 (Kaldalónsjökull (Drangajökull))
LeirufjarðarjökullLeirujökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullYes66°11′40″N22°25′03″W / 66.194573°N 22.417515°W /66.194573; -22.417515 (Leirufjarðarjökull (Drangajökull))
Reykjarfjarðarjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullYes66°11′41″N22°10′46″W / 66.194648°N 22.179542°W /66.194648; -22.179542 (Reykjarfjarðarjökull ([Drangajökull))
Ljótarjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullNo66°13′08″N22°15′10″W / 66.218859°N 22.252795°W /66.218859; -22.252795 (Ljótarjökull (Drangajökull))
Þaralátursjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullNo66°12′24″N22°13′07″W / 66.206605°N 22.218649°W /66.206605; -22.218649 (Þaralátursjökull (Drangajökull))
Jökulbungaice domeDrangajökullNo66°10′25″N22°17′10″W / 66.173667°N 22.285983°W /66.173667; -22.285983 (Jökulbunga (Drangajökull))
EyjafjallajökullAusturjökull, Hájökullice cap8780[11]2003[11]6643 %EyjafjallajökullNo63°38′N19°36′W / 63.633°N 19.600°W /63.633; -19.600 (Eyjafjallajökull)[3]
AkstaðajökullKaplaskarðsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63°38′24″N19°42′12″W / 63.640038°N 19.703251°W /63.640038; -19.703251 (Akstaðajökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
GígjökullFalljökull ,Skriðjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63°39′10″N19°36′58″W / 63.652823°N 19.616139°W /63.652823; -19.616139 (Gígjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Hvannárjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63°38′25″N19°29′09″W / 63.640361°N 19.485940°W /63.640361; -19.485940 (Hvannárjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Kaldaklifsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63°35′48″N19°32′20″W / 63.596634°N 19.538813°W /63.596634; -19.538813 (Kaldaklifsjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
SeljavallajökullTungugilsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63°35′46″N19°36′35″W / 63.596099°N 19.609792°W /63.596099; -19.609792 (Seljavallajökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Steinsholtsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63°39′10″N19°33′17″W / 63.652798°N 19.554701°W /63.652798; -19.554701 (Steinsholtsjökull (Eyjafjallajökull))
Tungnafellsjökullice cap4038[11]2000[11]3234 %TungnafellsjökullNo64°45′N17°55′W / 64.750°N 17.917°W /64.750; -17.917 (Tungnafellsjökull)
Hagajökull fremriFremri-Hagajökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64°45′01″N17°58′40″W / 64.750271°N 17.977724°W /64.750271; -17.977724 (Hagajökull fremri (Tungnafellsjökull))
Hagajökull innriInnri-Hagajökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64°46′10″N17°56′38″W / 64.769528°N 17.943963°W /64.769528; -17.943963 (Hagajökull innri (Tungnafellsjökull))
Tungnajökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64°46′43″N17°53′07″W / 64.778523°N 17.885268°W /64.778523; -17.885268 (Tungnajökull (Tungnafellsjökull))
Fellsjökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64°45′51″N17°49′54″W / 64.764128°N 17.831697°W /64.764128; -17.831697 (Fellsjökull (Tungnafellsjökull))
Kaldagilsjökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64°43′27″N17°58′09″W / 64.724147°N 17.969097°W /64.724147; -17.969097 (Kaldagilsjökull (Tungnafellsjökull))
ÞórisjökullThorisdalurjökull,Sudurjöklarglacier3030[11]2000[11]23.846 %ÞórisjökullNo64°32′31″N20°42′56″W / 64.54194°N 20.71556°W /64.54194; -20.71556 (Þórisjökull)
EiríksjökullBallLjökull,Arnarvatnsjökullice cap25.422[11]2000[11]20.545 %EiríksjökullNo64°46′24″N20°24′34″W / 64.77333°N 20.40944°W /64.77333; -20.40944 (Eiríksjökull)
Brækur eystriEystri Bækur, Eystri-Brækur, Brækur, Brókarjöklaroutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64°47′57″N20°23′33″W / 64.799164°N 20.392579°W /64.799164; -20.392579 (Brækur eystri (Eiríksjökull))
Brækur vestriVestri Bækur, Brækur, Brókarjöklaroutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64°47′26″N20°25′49″W / 64.790420°N 20.430220°W /64.790420; -20.430220 (Brækur vestri (Eiríksjökull))
KlofajökullStórijökulloutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64°47′53″N20°21′58″W / 64.798109°N 20.366119°W /64.798109; -20.366119 (Klofajökull (Eiríksjökull))
Þorvaldsjökulloutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64°46′44″N20°20′43″W / 64.778826°N 20.345410°W /64.778826; -20.345410 (Þorvaldsjökull (Eiríksjökull))
Ögmundarjökulloutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64°47′20″N20°21′47″W / 64.788768°N 20.363053°W /64.788768; -20.363053 (Ögmundarjökull (Eiríksjökull))
ÞrándarjökullThrándarjökull,Miđlandsjökull, Sviđinhornajökullglacier2717[11]2000[11]14.259 %No64°42′08″N14°54′09″W / 64.70222°N 14.90250°W /64.70222; -14.90250 (Þrándarjökull)
TindfjallajökullTindafjallajökullglacier16.815[11]2000[11]12.445 %No63°48′N19°35′W / 63.800°N 19.583°W /63.800; -19.583 (Tindfjallajökull)
SnæfellsjökullSnjófellsjökull, Snjófjallsjökull, Jökull, Vesturjökullice cap13.912[11]2002[11]8.865 %SnæfellsjökullNo64°48′32″N23°46′16″W / 64.80889°N 23.77111°W /64.80889; -23.77111 (Snæfellsjökull)
Blágilsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64°49′29″N23°48′07″W / 64.824680°N 23.802064°W /64.824680; -23.802064 (Blágilsjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Hólatindajökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64°47′54″N23°47′54″W / 64.798249°N 23.798206°W /64.798249; -23.798206 (Hólatindajökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Hyrningsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64°48′50″N23°45′18″W / 64.814018°N 23.754867°W /64.814018; -23.754867 (Hyrningsjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Jökulhálsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64°49′11″N23°46′24″W / 64.819627°N 23.773420°W /64.819627; -23.773420 (Jökulhálsjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Kvíahnúksjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64°47′42″N23°45′51″W / 64.795005°N 23.764250°W /64.795005; -23.764250 (Kvíahnúksjökull (Snæfellsjökull))
Torfajökullglacier1611[11]1999[11]8.164 %TorfajökullNo63°53′39″N19°07′37″W / 63.89417°N 19.12694°W /63.89417; -19.12694 (Torfajökull)
HrútfellsjökullHrútafellsjökull, Regnbúđajökull, Regnbogajökull, Regnbúđajöklarice cap7.77[11]2000[11]4.459 %HrútfellsjökullNo64°44′31″N19°44′17″W / 64.742019°N 19.737955°W /64.742019; -19.737955 (Hrútfellsjökull)
MiðjökullÞríjökulloutlet glacierHrútfellsjökullNo64°44′54″N19°42′48″W / 64.748283°N 19.713292°W /64.748283; -19.713292 (Miðjökull)
Norðvesturjökulloutlet glacierHrútfellsjökullNo64°45′10″N19°44′58″W / 64.752811°N 19.749425°W /64.752811; -19.749425 (Norðvesturjökull)
VesturjökullÞríjökulloutlet glacierHrútfellsjökullNo64°45′05″N19°43′34″W / 64.751358°N 19.726103°W /64.751358; -19.726103 (Vesturjökull)
BláfellsjökullglacierNo64°30′30″N19°50′15″W / 64.508452°N 19.837440°W /64.508452; -19.837440 (Bláfellsjökull)
Hofsjökull EystriHofsjökullglacier7.15[11]2000[11]3.174 %No64°36′57″N15°03′02″W / 64.615778°N 15.050621°W /64.615778; -15.050621 (Hofsjökull Eystri)
OkjökullOkglacier remnant7.44[11]2000[11]0.0799 %No64°36′22″N20°52′47″W / 64.606012°N 20.879676°W /64.606012; -20.879676 (Okjökull)
Kaldaklofsjökullglacier3.91.679 %No63°53′32″N19°08′20″W / 63.892189°N 19.138959°W /63.892189; -19.138959 (Kaldaklofsjökull)
Snæfellice cap5.34.445 %SnæfellNo64°47′51″N15°33′44″W / 64.797389°N 15.562109°W /64.797389; -15.562109 (Snæfell)
Ljósurðarjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64°47′55″N15°34′38″W / 64.798745°N 15.577155°W /64.798745; -15.577155 (Ljósurðarjökull (Snæfell))
Dökkurðarjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64°48′11″N15°35′14″W / 64.802959°N 15.587212°W /64.802959; -15.587212 (Dökkurðarjökull (Snæfell))
Axlarjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64°47′36″N15°35′27″W / 64.793352°N 15.590935°W /64.793352; -15.590935 (Axlarjökull (Snæfell))
Sótajökullglacier remnantSnæfellNo64°47′36″N15°35′27″W / 64.793352°N 15.590935°W /64.793352; -15.590935 (Sótajökull (Snæfell))
Dimmagilsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64°47′34″N15°33′19″W / 64.792775°N 15.555374°W /64.792775; -15.555374 (Dimmagilsjökull (Snæfell))
Lambadalsskarðsfönnglacier remnantNo65°55′09″N23°07′59″W / 65.919283°N 23.132946°W /65.919283; -23.132946 (Lambadalsskarðsfönn)
Móafellsjökullglacier remnantNo65°52′53″N18°57′10″W / 65.881283°N 18.952700°W /65.881283; -18.952700 (Móafellsjökull)
Unadalsjökullglacier remnantNo65°51′22″N18°58′16″W / 65.856049°N 18.971008°W /65.856049; -18.971008 (Unadalsjökull)
Deildardalsjökullglacier remnantNo65°49′37″N18°59′58″W / 65.827027°N 18.999510°W /65.827027; -18.999510 (Deildardalsjökull)
BúrfellsjökullglacierYes65°49′13″N18°42′30″W / 65.820171°N 18.708362°W /65.820171; -18.708362 (Búrfellsjökull)
TeigardalsjökullglacierYes65°49′19″N18°40′48″W / 65.821953°N 18.680073°W /65.821953; -18.680073 (Teigardalsjökull)
HálsjökullglacierNo65°51′59″N18°28′10″W / 65.866504°N 18.469381°W /65.866504; -18.469381 (Hálsjökull)
Vatnsdalsjökullglacier remnantNo65°31′32″N18°40′06″W / 65.525441°N 18.668367°W /65.525441; -18.668367 (Vatnsdalsjökull)
Þverárjökullglacier remnantNo65°46′05″N18°46′42″W / 65.768101°N 18.778406°W /65.768101; -18.778406 (Þverárjökull)
Tungnahryggsjökullglacier remnantNo65°40′54″N18°50′31″W / 65.681756°N 18.841809°W /65.681756; -18.841809 (Tungnahryggsjökull)
GljúfurárjökullglacierNo65°42′44″N18°39′34″W / 65.712173°N 18.659577°W /65.712173; -18.659577 (Gljúfurárjökull)
BarkárdalsjökullglacierNo65°39′18″N18°50′10″W / 65.655128°N 18.836164°W /65.655128; -18.836164 (Barkárdalsjökull)
MyrkárjökullglacierNo65°37′12″N18°49′46″W / 65.620002°N 18.829313°W /65.620002; -18.829313 (Myrkárjökull)
HjaltadalsjökullglacierNo65°34′28″N18°53′36″W / 65.574454°N 18.893428°W /65.574454; -18.893428 (Hjaltadalsjökull)
Vindheimajökullglacier remnantNo65°39′08″N18°17′57″W / 65.652206°N 18.299226°W /65.652206; -18.299226 (Vindheimajökull)
FossárjökullglacierNo65°39′13″N18°17′33″W / 65.653556°N 18.292536°W /65.653556; -18.292536 (Fossárjökull)
HúsárjökullglacierNo65°38′35″N18°19′18″W / 65.643171°N 18.321543°W /65.643171; -18.321543 (Húsárjökull)
BægisárjökullglacierYes65°35′03″N18°22′26″W / 65.584207°N 18.373948°W /65.584207; -18.373948 (Bægisárjökull)
LambárdalsjökullglacierNo65°33′56″N18°15′07″W / 65.565624°N 18.252002°W /65.565624; -18.252002 (Lambárdalsjökull)
Glerárdalsjökullglacier remnantNo65°33′09″N18°21′30″W / 65.552503°N 18.358396°W /65.552503; -18.358396 (Glerárdalsjökull)

See also

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References

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  1. ^"BBC World Service - The Documentary Podcast, Iceland: The great thaw".BBC. 26 December 2019. Retrieved2020-01-04.
  2. ^abcBjörnsson, H.; Pálsson, F. (2008)."Icelandic glaciers".Jökull.58 (1):365–386.doi:10.33799/jokull2008.58.365.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnoHannesdóttir, H.; Sigurðsson, O.; Þrastarson, R.H.; Guðmundsson, S.; Belart, J.M.; Pálsson, F.; Magnusson, E.; Víkingsson, S.; Kaldal, I.; Jóhannesson, T. (2020)."A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019".Jökull.12:1–34.doi:10.33799/jokull2020.70.001.
  4. ^abCogley, J. G.; Hock, R.; Rasmussen, L. A.; Arendt, A. A.; Bauder, A.; Braithwaite, R. J.; Jansson, P.; Kaser, G.; Möller, M.; Nicholson, L.; Zemp, M. (2011).Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms. Paris: UNESCO-IHP, IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 86, IACS Contribution No. 2. pp. 1–115. Retrieved23 May 2024.: 45 
  5. ^abcdefgBaldursson, Snorri; Guðnason, Jónas; Hannesdóttir, Hrafnhildur; Þórðarson, Þorvaldur (2018).Nomination of Vatnajökull National Park dynamic nature of fire and ice for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Reykjavík: Vatnajökull National Park.ISBN 978-9935-9343-3-8.
  6. ^"Okjökull glacier loses its glacier title due to its declining size".Iceland Magazine. 22 September 2014. Retrieved24 September 2014.[dead link]
  7. ^""Jökullinn" Ok er ekki lengur jökull" ["Glacier" Ok is no longer a glacier].www.ruv.is. RÚV. Retrieved24 September 2014.
  8. ^ab"Áhrif loftlagsbreytinga á stærð og afrennsli Langjökuls, Hofsjökuls og suður Vatnajökuls" [The impact of climate change on the size and drainage of Langjökull, Hofsjökull and south of Vatnajökull](PDF). Raunvis.hi.is. 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-11-08.
  9. ^"Temporal Variability of Ice Flow on Hofsjokull, Iceland, Observed by ERS SAR Interferometry"(PDF). Earth.esa.int. Retrieved2013-10-01.
  10. ^"SP-572 - 2004 Envisat & ERS Symposium"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on December 19, 2008. Retrieved2010-04-03.
  11. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeMiodońska, Alicja.Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Lund University. pp. 1–110.: 20 
  12. ^Miodońska, Alicja.Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery:Masters Thesis (Thesis). Lund, Sweden: Lund University. pp. 1–110.: 72 
  13. ^Sigurðsson, Oddur; Williams, Richard S. (2008). "Geographic Names of Iceland's Glaciers:Historic and Modern". In Richard S. Williams Jr.; Jane G. Ferrigno (eds.).Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World series (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-D(PDF). Retrieved21 May 2024.
  14. ^"National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands)". Retrieved22 May 2024.
  15. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzPope, A.; Willis, I.C.; Palsson, F.; Arnold, N.S.; Rees, W.G.; Björnsson, H.; Grey, L. (2016)."Elevation change, mass balance, dynamics and surging of Langjökull, Iceland from 1997 to 2007".Journal of Glaciology.62 (233):497–511.Bibcode:2016JGlac..62..497P.doi:10.1017/jog.2016.55.: 503 

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