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List of foramina of the human body

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series of lists about
Human anatomy

This article listsforamina that occur in thehuman body.

Skull

[edit]
Image of base of the skull with several of the foramina labeled

Thehuman skull has numerous openings (foramina), through whichcranial nerves,arteries,veins, and other structures pass. These foramina vary in size and number, with age.[1][2]

BoneCranial fossaForaminaNumberVesselsNerves
frontal-supraorbital foramen2supraorbital arterysupraorbital veinsupraorbital nerve
frontalanterior cranial fossaforamen cecum1emissary veins tosuperior sagittal sinus from the upper part of the nose[3]
ethmoidanterior cranial fossa (osama)foramina of cribriform plate~20-olfactory nerve bundles (I)
ethmoidanterior cranial fossaanterior ethmoidal foramen2anterior ethmoidal artery
anterior ethmoidal vein		anterior ethmoidal nerve
ethmoidanterior cranial fossaposterior ethmoidal foramen2posterior ethmoidal artery
posterior ethmoidal vein		posterior ethmoidal nerve
sphenoid-optic canal2ophthalmic arteryoptic nerve (II)
sphenoidmiddle cranial fossasuperior orbital fissure2superior ophthalmic veinoculomotor nerve (III)
trochlear nerve (IV)
lacrimal,frontal andnasociliary branches ofophthalmic nerve (V1)
abducent nerve (VI)
sphenoidmiddle cranial fossaforamen rotundum2-maxillary nerve (V2)
maxilla-incisive foramen/canal/Stenson/Scarpa4terminal branch ofdescending palatine arteryTerminal part of[3]nasopalatine nerve (V2)
palatine-greater palatine foramen2greater palatine artery
greater palatine vein		greater palatine nerve
palatine andsphenoid-foramen sphenopalatinum2sphenopalatine artery
sphenopalatine vein		nasopalatine nerve
rami nasales posteriores superiores (V2)
palatine andmaxilla-lesser palatine foramina4lesser palatine arteries
lesser palatine vein		lesser palatine nerve,greater palatine nerve[3]
sphenoid andmaxilla-inferior orbital fissure2inferior ophthalmic veins
infraorbital artery
infraorbital vein, tributary ofpterygoid plexus		zygomatic nerve andinfraorbital nerve ofmaxillary nerve (V2)
orbital branches ofpterygopalatine ganglion
maxilla-infraorbital foramen2infraorbital artery
infraorbital vein, tributary ofpterygoid plexus		infraorbital nerve
sphenoidmiddle cranial fossaforamen ovale2accessory meningeal artery,emissary vein connectingcavernous sinus withpterygoid plexusmandibular nerve (V3)
lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)[3]
sphenoidmiddle cranial fossaforamen spinosum2middle meningeal arterymeningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (V3)
sphenoidmiddle cranial fossaforamen lacerum2artery of pterygoid canal, Meningeal branch ofascending pharyngeal artery,emissary veinnerve of pterygoid canal through its anterior wall
temporalmiddle cranial fossacarotid canal2internal carotid arteryinternal carotid plexus, sympathetics from thesuperior cervical ganglion
temporalposterior cranial fossainternal acoustic meatus2labyrinthine arteryfacial nerve (VII),vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
temporalposterior cranial fossajugular foramen2internal jugular vein,inferior petrosal sinus,sigmoid sinusglossopharyngeal nerve (IX),vagus nerve (X),accessory nerve (XI)
temporalposterior cranial fossastylomastoid foramen2stylomastoid arteryfacial nerve (VII)
occipitalposterior cranial fossahypoglossal canal2-hypoglossal nerve (XII)
occipitalposterior cranial fossaforamen magnum1anterior andposterior spinal arteries,vertebral arterieslowest part ofmedulla oblongata, three meninges, ascending spinal fibers ofaccessory nerve (XI)[3]
occipitalposterior cranial fossacondylar canal1occipital emissary vein,meningeal branch of occipital artery
  • Base of the skull, upper surface
    Base of the skull, upper surface
  • Base of the skull, inferior surface, attachment of muscles marked in red
    Base of the skull, inferior surface, attachment of muscles marked in red

Spine

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Main article:Intervertebral foramina

Within thevertebral column (spine) ofvertebrates, including thehuman spine, each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom to allow nerves, arteries, veins, etc. to pass through.

Other

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References

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  1. ^Kalmey JK1,ThewissenJG, Dluzen DE (July 1998). "Age-related size reduction of foramina in the cribriform plate".Anat. Rec.251 (3):326–9.doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199807)251:3<326::aid-ar7>3.3.co;2-#.PMID 9669759.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^Patron V, Berkaoui J, Jankowski R, Lechapt-Zalcman E, Moreau S, Hitier M (Sep 2015). "The forgotten foramina: a study of the anterior cribriform plate".Surg Radiol Anat.37 (7):835–40.doi:10.1007/s00276-015-1471-2.PMID 25823692.S2CID 8906446.
  3. ^abcdeChaurasia, BD (2013).BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy Volume 3. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors PVT Ltd. pp. 56–57.ISBN 9788123923321.
Anterior cranial fossa
toOrbit:
toNasal cavity:
Middle cranial fossa
toOrbit:
toPterygopalatine fossa:
toInfratemporal fossa:
other:
Posterior cranial fossa
Orbit
toNasal cavity:
toface:
toPterygopalatine fossa:
other:
Pterygopalatine fossa
toNasal cavity:
toOral cavity:
toInfratemporal fossa:
toNasopharynx:
tooral cavity:
tonasal cavity:
Other
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