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List of dairy products

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A range of dairy products

This is alist of dairy products. Adairy product is food produced from themilk ofmammals. A production plant for the processing of milk is called adairy or a dairy factory.Dairy farming is a class ofagricultural, or ananimal husbandry, enterprise, for long-term production ofmilk, usually fromdairy cows, but also fromgoats,sheep andcamels, which may be either processed on-site or transported to adairy factory for processing and eventual retail sale.

A

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
AartsDriedfermented milk often mixed with various measures of sugar, salt or oil. Eaten as a snack or reconstituted as a warm beverage inMongolia.[citation needed]
AcidophilineUSSRA drinkableyogurt, withLactobacillus acidophilus as the starter culture.
AmasiSouth AfricaThe common word forfermented milk that tastes like cottage cheese or plain yogurt. It is very popular inSouth Africa.
AyranTurkeyTurkish beverage ofyogurt mixed with cold water and sometimessalt that may be considered a variant of a drink popular throughoutCentral Asia, theMiddle East, andSouth-eastern Europe.[1]Ayran is found in theBalkans as well as Turkey and may be present in theNorth Caucasus, too.[2]

B

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NameImageOriginDescription
BasundiIndiaAnIndiandessert mostly in Bihar, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka and Pan India. It is a sweetened dense milk made by boiling milk on low heat until the milk is reduced by half.
Bhuna khoyaKhan garh,Pakistan and all overIndiaA type ofkhoa specially linked to city of Khan garh in Pakistan.
BlaandIntroduced toScotland byVikingsAfermented milk product made fromwhey. It is similar inalcohol content to wine.
Blanda (Blanna)Halland,Västergötland,Bohuslän,Värmland,Västmanland, Middle and UpperNorrland in Sweden; Finland[3]A non-alcoholic mixture ofsoured milk orwhey withwater.[3][4]
Black KashkCentral AsiaPrepared fromyogurt, its production involves several processes.
BoozaSyriaAn elastic, sticky, high level melt resistant ice cream which should delay melting in the hotter climates of the Arabic countries where it is most commonly found.
BorhaniBangladeshYoghurt drink mixed with coriander, mustard seeds, mint and other spices (not to be confused withBorani in Turkey and Iran).
Buffalo curd[5]A traditional and nutritious dairy product prepared frombuffalo milk and it is popular throughout south Asian countries such asIndia,Pakistan,Sri Lanka andNepal.
Bulgarian yogurtBulgariaA fermented milk product. In common with all dairyyogurt, Bulgarian yogurt is produced through thebacterialfermentation ofmilk, using a live culture ofLactobacillus bulgaricus andStreptococcus thermophilus.
Butter[6]Made bychurning fresh orfermentedcream ormilk. It is generally used as aspread and acondiment, as well as incooking, such as baking, sauce making, and panfrying. Butter consists ofbutterfat, milkproteins and water. See alsoHard sauce.
ButterfatThefatty portion ofmilk. Milk andcream are often sold according tothe amount of butterfat they contain.
ButtermilkRefers to a number of dairy drinks. Originally, buttermilk was the liquid left behind after churningbutter out ofcream. This type of buttermilk is known astraditional buttermilk.
Buttermilk koldskålDenmarkA sweet coldbeverage orsoup, made withbuttermilk and other ingredients. Pictured is buttermilk koldskål with biscuits.
Buttermilk powderUsed in the production of ice cream as a source of solids, in processed sliced cheese to increase viscosity, as anemulsifier in chocolate products and in dry mixes such as pancake mix, to add dairy flavor and enhance foodbrowning.[7]

C

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NameImageOriginDescription
Camel milkCamel's milk has supportedBedouin,nomad andpastoral cultures since the domestication ofcamels millennia ago. Herders may for periods survive solely on the milk when taking the camels on long distances to graze in desert and arid environments. Camel dairy farming is an alternative to cow milk in dry regions of the world.
Casein[8]The name for a family of relatedphosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ). These proteins are commonly found in mammalianmilk, making up 80% of the proteins incowmilk and between 20% and 45% of the proteins in human milk.[9]
CaudleA British thickened and sweetened alcoholic hot drink, somewhat likeeggnog. It was popular in theMiddle Ages for its supposed medicinal properties.
ChaasAbuttermilk preparation fromIndia. It is consumed all year round where it is usually taken along with meals. It contains raw milk, cream (malai) or yogurt which is blended manually in a pot with an instrument calledmadhani (whipper).
ChalATurkic (especiallyTurkmen andKazakh) beverage offermentedcamel milk, sparkling white with a sour flavor, popular inCentral Asia — particularly inKazakhstan andTurkmenistan.[10] In the image, chal is pictured left, along with kumis on the right.
ChalapA beverage common toKyrgyzstan andKazakhstan. It consists ofyogurt,salt, and modernly,carbonated water.
ChassThe word used forbuttermilk in Rajasthani andGujarati.[11] Chass is the traditionalGujarati beverage fromGujarat,India. It is similar to, but cheaper than,Lassi.
CheeseA food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms bycoagulation of the milk proteincasein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk ofcows,buffalo,goats, orsheep.
ClabberScotlandProduced by allowingunpasteurizedmilk to turn sour at a specifichumidity andtemperature. Over time, the milk thickens or curdles into ayogurt-like substance with a strong, sour flavor.[12]
Clotted creamEnglandA thickcream made by indirectly heating full-cream cow's milk using steam or a water bath and then leaving it in shallow pans to cool slowly. During this time, the cream content rises to the surface and forms 'clots' or 'clouts'.[13] It forms an essential part of acream tea.
Condensed milkMilk from whichwater has been removed. It is most often found in the form of sweetened condensed milk, withsugar added.
Cottage cheeseA cheese curd product with a mild flavor. It is drained, but not pressed, so somewhey remains and the individual curds remain loose.
CreamComposed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk beforehomogenization. In un-homogenized milk, the fat, which is less dense, will eventually rise to the top.
Cream cheeseUnited StatesA soft, mild-tasting cheese with a high fat content. Traditionally, it is made from unskimmed milk enriched with additional cream.[14][15] Stabilizers such as carob bean gum and carrageenan are added.[16]
Crème anglaiseA light pouring custard used as a dessert cream or sauce. It is a mix of sugar,egg yolks and hotmilk, often flavored withvanilla.
Crème fraîcheFranceAsoured cream containing 30–45%butterfat and having apH of around 4.5.[17] It issoured withbacterial culture, but it is less sour than U.S.-stylesour cream and has a lowerviscosity and a higher fat content.
CuajadaSpainA (milk curd) cheese product. Traditionally it is made fromewe's milk, but now it is more often made industrially from cow's milk. It is popular in the north-eastern regions ofSpain (Basque Country,Navarre,Castilla y León,La Rioja).
CurdCurd is obtained bycurdling (coagulating) milk withrennet or an edibleacidic substance such aslemon juice orvinegar, and then draining off the liquid portion. The increased acidity causes the milk proteins (casein) to tangle into solid masses, orcurds.
Curd snackA type of sweet snack made fromcurd, popular in theBaltic states – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – as well as inRussia,Belarus,Ukraine andKazakhstan.
CustardA variety of culinary preparations based on a cooked mixture of milk or cream and egg yolk. Depending on how much egg or thickener is used, custard may vary in consistency from a thin pouringsauce to a thick pastry cream used to filléclairs.

D

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NameImageOriginDescription
DadiahWest Sumatra,IndonesiaA traditional fermented milk of West Sumatra, made by pouring freshraw unheatedbuffalo milk into abamboo tube capped with abanana leaf, and allowing it toferment spontaneously at room temperature for two days.
DaigoJapanA type of dairy product made in Japan during the 10th century.[18]
DondurmaTurkeyThe name given toice cream in Turkey. Dondurma, which can be translated as "frozen", typically includes the ingredientsmilk,sugar,salep, andmastic.
Donkey's milkThe milk given by the domesticatedass ordonkey. It has been used sinceEgyptianantiquity for bothalimentary andcosmetic reasons.
Dulce de LechePopular in South América:Argentina,Chile,Colombia,Ecuador,BrazilA dairy product made with milk and sugar; it takes a long time to cook.
DooghAyogurt-based beverage. Popular inIran,Afghanistan,Azerbaijan,Armenia,Iraq,Syria andTurkey, it is sometimescarbonated.[19] Outside of Iran and Afghanistan it is known by different names.

E

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NameImageOriginDescription
Evaporated milkAlso known as dehydrated milk, evaporated milk is ashelf-stable cannedmilk product with about 60% of the water removed from fresh milk. It differs from sweetenedcondensed milk, which containsadded sugar.
EggnogA drink common during Christmas.

F

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NameImageOriginDescription
Filled milkAny milk, cream, or skimmilk that has been reconstituted withfats, usuallyvegetable oils, from sources other thandairy cows.[20]
FilmjölkScandinaviaANordic dairy product, similar toyogurt, but using different bacteria which give a different taste and texture.
Fromage fraisnorth ofFrance and the south ofBelgiumThe name means "fresh cheese" inFrench (fromage blanc translates as "white cheese").
Fermented milk productsAlso known as cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, fermented milk products are dairy foods that have been fermented withlactic acid bacteria such asLactobacillus,Lactococcus, andLeuconostoc. Pictured isskyr.
Frozen custardA cold dessert similar toice cream, but made witheggs in addition tocream andsugar.
Frozen yogurtUnited StatesA frozen dessert made withyogurt and sometimes other dairy products. It varies from slightly to much more tart thanice cream, as well as being lower in fat (due to the use of milk instead ofcream).

G

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NameImageOriginDescription
GelatoItalyThe Italian word for ice cream, derived from the Latin word "gelātus." (meaning frozen). Gelato is made withmilk,cream, varioussugars, and flavoring such as freshfruit andnutpurees.[21]
GheeIndiaGhee is a class ofclarified butter that originated in ancientIndia and is commonly used inSouth Asian,Iranian andArabic cuisines, traditional medicine, and religious rituals.
Goat milkGoats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply.[22] Some goats are bred specifically for milk.
GombeSogn og Fjordane,NorwayA traditional dish from Sogn og Fjordane in Norway, it is prepared from curdled unpasteurized milk which is boiled down with sugar for several hours.
GommeNorwayA traditionalNorwegian dish used for dinner or dessert, gomme is a sort of sweetcheese made of long-boiledmilk, having a yellow or brown color. A white,porridge-like variant made of milk andoat grains orrice also exists.
Greek yogurtYogurt which has been strained in a cloth or paper bag or filter to remove thewhey, giving a consistency between that of yogurt and cheese, while preserving yogurt's distinctive sour taste. Pictured is strained Greek yogurt with olive oil. The first variants of Greek yogurt appeared in ancient Greece, known asOxygala (sour milk), which later evolved into the strained yogurt widely produced today. Variations of strained yogurt can be found throughout the world.

H

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
Horse milkProducts collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as theMongols, who let it ferment to producekumis.[23]
HaymilkAlpsHaymilk (German:Heumilch,Italian:latte fieno) isdairymilk produced from animals that have mainly been fed fresh grass and (dry) hay, rather than fermented fodder. The term hay milk is registered as aTraditional Speciality Guaranteed in the UK and the European Union.[24][25][26]

I

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
Ice creamA frozendessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavors.
Ice milkAfrozen dessert with less than 10 percentmilkfat and the same sweetener content asice cream.
Infant formulaAnultra-processed food designed andmarketed for feeding to babies andinfants under 12 months of age, usually prepared forbottle-feeding or cup-feeding from powder (mixed with water) or liquid (with or without additional water).

J

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NameImageOriginDescription
JunketA milk-based dessert, made with sweetened milk andrennet, the digestiveenzyme whichcurdles milk.
JunnuAndhra Pradesh, IndiaA pudding made by steaming thecolostrum of a cow along withJaggery,Cardamom and optionallyBlack pepper.

K

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
KalvdansScandinaviaA classicalScandinavian dessert made from unpasteurizedcolostrum milk, the first milk produced by a cow after giving birth.
Kashk, aaruul, chortan, qurutCaucasusA large family of foods found inCaucasian,Central Asian,Iranian,Levantine,Mongolian, andTurkish cuisines. There are three main kinds of food with this name: foods based on curdled milk products like yogurt or cheese are within the realm of dairy products.
KaymakTurkeyA creamy dairy product, similar toclotted cream. It is made from the milk ofwater buffalos or ofcows.
KefirCaucasusAfermented milk drink prepared by inoculating cow,goat, orsheep milk with kefir grains.
KhoaA milk food widely used inIndian andPakistani cuisine, made of either dried whole milk or milk thickened by heating in an open iron pan.
KulfiA popular frozendairydessert from theIndian subcontinent. It is often described as "traditional Indian Subcontinentice cream".[27][28]
KumisCentral Asia,MongoliaA fermented dairy product traditionally made frommare's milk. The drink remains important to the peoples of theCentral Asiansteppes, of Huno-Bulgar,Turkic and Mongol origin:Bashkirs,Kalmyks,Kazakhs,Kyrgyz,Mongols,Uyghurs, andYakuts.[29]

L

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
LassiPunjab region of India and PakistanA popular, traditional,yogurt-based drink consisting of a blend of yogurt, water,spices, and sometimes, fruit.
Leben (labneh)LebanonA fermented milk product commonly available in theArab world,Israel andCyprus.

M

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
MalaiIndiaSimilar toclotted cream. It is made by heating non-homogenized whole milk to about 80 °C (180 °F) for about one hour and then allowing to cool. Malai develops as a layer on the top of the cooled milk, which is then collected and stored layer by layer.
MalaiyoIndiaNative exclusively toVaranasi in the Indian State ofUttar Pradesh. It is only available during the Winter and spring season. It is made by boiling full cream Milk to half and thereafter adding sugar andSaffron. The mixture is kept in an earthen pot with its mouth covered with silk/cotton cloth. The pot is left on rooftop and exposed to the dew overnight. The following morning the milk is churned extensively by hand-held/mechanical blender. This blending develops a frothy/cloudy milk dessert which is elegant in taste. Almonds, pistachios, Cashews and other dry fruits are added as garnish and served.
MatzoonArmeniaA fermented milk product of Armenian origin made from cow's milk (mostly), goat's milk, sheep's milk, or a mix of them and a culture from previous productions. In Georgia it is known asmatsoni.
MilkA white liquid produced by themammary glands ofmammals. It is the primary source ofnutrition for young mammals before they are able todigest other types of food. See alsoMilkshake.
Milk skinA sticky film ofprotein that forms on top ofmilk and milk-containing liquids (such as hot chocolate and some soups). It is caused by thedenaturation of proteins such ascasein. InJapan, a dairy product calledSo was made from layers of milk skin during the 7th–10th centuries.
MíšaCzech RepublicA popular Czech confection made with frozen cream cheese
Mitha DahiA fermented sweetdahi or sweet yogurt.[30] This type of yogurt is common in the states ofWest Bengal andOdisha inIndia, and inBangladesh.[31]
MozzarellaItalyItalian semi-soft, non-aged cheese, made from cow milk (mozzarella) and buffalo milk (mozzarella di bufala).
Moose milkPictured is amilkmaid collectingmoose milk atKostroma Moose Farm inKostroma Oblast,Russia.
MursikKenyaA basic element of the cuisine of theKalenjin people ofKenya. Made from curdled dairy products cooked in a specially madegourd container, it is commonly served at dinner.

P

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
PaneerIndiaThis fresh cheese, very common in South Asian cuisine, is generally called Chhena in northern parts of the Indian Subcontinent. It is an unaged, acid-set, non-melting farmer cheese or curd cheese made by curdling heated milk with lemon juice, vinegar, or any other food acids.
PodmlečSerbiaWesternSerbian dairy product similar toclotted cream. It is made from the milk ofgoats or ofcows.
Pomazánkové másloA traditional Czech and Slovak dairy product, it is aspread made from base ingredients ofsour cream,milk powder andbuttermilk powder.
Powdered milka manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk todryness. One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk powder has a far longershelf life than liquid milk and does not need to berefrigerated, due to its low moisture content.
Processed cheeseA food product made from normal cheese and sometimes otherunfermented dairy ingredients, plusemulsifiers, extrasalt,food colorings, orwhey. Many flavors, colors, and textures of processed cheese exist.
PytiaCurdled milk obtained from an animal's stomach, containing (and used as)rennet.

Q

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
QatiqAfermented milk product from the Turkic countries andBulgaria.
QimiqConsists of 99% lightcream and 1%gelatine; it was invented in 1995 and is patented by Hama Foodservice GmbH.
QuarkA fresh dairy product made by warming soured milk until the desired degree ofdenaturation of milk proteins is met, and then strained.

R

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
Reindeer milkReindeer have beenherded for centuries by several Arctic and Subarctic people including theSami and theNenets. They are raised for their meat, hides, and antlers and, to a lesser extent, for milk and transportation.
RyazhenkaUkraineFermentedbaked milk
RicottaItalyItalianwhey cheese made fromsheep,cow,goat, orItalian water buffalomilkwhey left over from the production of othercheeses

S

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
SarassonFranceA French dairy product resembling cream cheese or fromage blanc made from buttermilk[32]
SemifreddoItalyA class of semi-frozendesserts, typically ice-cream cakes, semi-frozencustards, and certain fruit tarts. It has the texture of frozenmousse because it is usually produced by uniting two equal parts of ice cream andwhipped cream.
SergemTibetATibetan food made from milk once the butter from the milk is extracted. It is then put in a vessel and heated and when it is about to boil, sour liquid call "chakeu" is added and this leads to the separation of sergem from that milk.
Sheep milkAlso known as ewe's milk, it is the milk ofdomestic sheep. Though not widely drunk in any modern culture, sheep's milk is commonly used to make cultured dairy products.
ShrikhandIndiaAnIndian sweet dish made ofstrained yogurt.[33] It is one of the main desserts inMaharashtrian cuisine andGujarati cuisine.
SkorupKajmak that is matured in dried animal skin sacks is calledskorup.
SkyrIcelandAn Icelandic cultureddairy product, similar tostrained yogurt. It has been a part ofIcelandic cuisine for over a thousand years.[34]
SmenMoroccoA Moroccan cultureddairy product.Berber farmers in southernMorocco will sometimes bury a sealed vessel of smen on the day of a daughter's birth, ageing it until it is unearthed and used to season the food served on that daughter's wedding.
SmetanaCentral and Eastern EuropeA range of sour creams from Central and Eastern Europe. It is a dairy product produced bysouringheavy cream.
Snow creamA cream-based dessert with one or more flavoring agents added or dessert in which snow is mixed with a sweetened dairy-based liquid to make an ice cream substitute.
SoJapanA type of dairy product that was made in Japan between 7th and 10th centuries.[35] So was made from layers ofmilk skin.
Soft serveUnited StatesA type ofice cream that is softer than regular ice cream, as a result of air being introduced during freezing. Soft serve ice cream has been sold commercially since the late 1930s.
Sour creamObtained byfermenting a regularcream with certain kinds oflactic acid bacteria.[36] Thebacterial culture, which is introduced either deliberately or naturally, sours and thickens the cream.
Soured milkProduced from the acidification of milk. It is not the same as spoiled milk that has soured naturally and which may contain toxins. Acidification, which gives the milk a tart taste, is achieved either through the addition of an acid, such as lemon juice or vinegar, or through bacterialfermentation.
SpaghettieisMannheim,GermanyA Germanice cream made to look like a plate ofspaghetti. It was created by Dario Fontanella in the late 1960s inMannheim, Germany.
SúrmjólkIcelandA cultured milk product, or a type of yogurt. It is made from either whole or semi-skimmed milk and various flavorings are sometimes added.[37]
SütlaçTurkeyA traditional Turkish dessert which is a type ofrice pudding and can be roughly translated as "milk dish" (sütlü=with milk, aş=dish/food, then through time "ş" sound turned into "ç".

T

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
TarhanaDehydrated yogurt and grain product, rehydrated with milk to make soup
TuttisYogurt popular in South Africa, served very cold
TzatzikiGreece,TurkeyA Southeastern European dish of seasoned, strainedyogurt. Today it is eaten primarily inGreece withsouvlaki and is available at mosttaverna restaurants and street food parlours. It is also eaten throughout the formerOttoman countries. It is similar totarator inBalkan cuisine.

U

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
UunijuustoFinlandA dish made from cow'scolostrum, the first milk of a calved cow, which has salt added and is then baked in an oven.

V

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
VarenetsRussiaAfermented milk product that is popular inRussia andUkraine. Similar toRyazhenka, it is made by adding sour cream tobaked milk.[38]
ViiliA yogurt-likemesophilicfermented milk that originated in theNordic countries. It has a ropey, gelatinous consistency and a pleasantly mild taste resulting fromlactic acid.
VlaNetherlandsA type of custard (known in theUnited States ascornstarch pudding).

W

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
WheyThe liquid remaining after milk has beencurdled and strained. It is aby-product of the manufacture of cheese orcasein and has several commercial uses.
Whey proteinA mixture ofglobular proteins isolated fromwhey, the liquid material created as a by-product ofcheese production.
Whipped creamCream that has been beaten by amixer,whisk, orfork until it is light and fluffy. Whipped cream is often sweetened and sometimes flavored withvanilla, and is often called Chantilly cream or crème Chantilly (pronounced[kʁɛmʃɑ̃tiji]).

Y

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
Yak butterAstaple food item and trade item forherding communities in southCentral Asia and theTibetan Plateau. Many different political entities have communities of herders who produce and consume yak's dairy products including cheese and butter – for example, China, India, Mongolia, Nepal, and Tibet.[39]
Yak milkDomesticated yaks have been kept for thousands of years, primarily for their milk,fibre and meat, and asbeasts of burden.
YakultCreated byJapanese scientistMinoru ShirotaAprobioticdairy product made byfermenting a mixture ofskimmed milk with a special strain of thebacteriumLactobacillus casei Shirota.
Yayık ayranıTurkeyA salted and dilutedbuttermilk preparation from Turkey. Traditionally prepared in barrel churns or skin bags, it containschurned souredyogurt, water and salt. Despite the similar name, it is distinct fromayran.[40]
YmerDenmarka Danishsoured milk product which has been known since 1930. It is made by fermenting whole milk with thebacterial cultureLactococcus lactis.
YogurtA fermented milk product produced bybacterialfermentation ofmilk. The bacteria used to make yogurt are known as "yogurt cultures".

Z

[edit]
NameImageOriginDescription
ŽinčicaSlovakiaA drink made ofsheep milkwhey similar tokefir.[41] It is aby-product in the process of makingbryndza cheese.[41]

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Lists of dairy products

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Heyhoe, Kate.The ABC's of Larousse Gastronomique :ayranArchived 2002-01-23 at theWayback Machine
  2. ^
  3. ^ab"BLANDA"Svenska Akademiens ordbok. 2020-07-17.
  4. ^"Mat och malted."Västerbotten 1971(4), p. 237.
  5. ^"Curd and Treacle". Lanka Newspapers. October 18, 2008. Archived fromthe original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved14 August 2013.
  6. ^Dairy production, processing and marketing systems of Shashemene-Dilla area, south Ethiopia. International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 2008. Retrieved2013-08-14.
  7. ^Spence, Amy J. (2008).An Evaluation Into the Optimization and Product Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and the Processing Impact on the Components in Filtrated Buttermilk Powder. ProQuest.ISBN 0549725563
  8. ^Hart, Edwin Bret (1907).A simple test for casein, with cake in milk and its relation to the dairy industry. University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station. Volume 156 of bulletin.
  9. ^Kunz, C; Lonnerdal, B (1990)."Human-milk proteins: analysis of casein and casein subunits..."American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.51 (1). The American Society for Clinical Nutrition:37–46.doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.1.37.PMID 1688683. Retrieved14 January 2011.
  10. ^Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov (15 May 1994).Nomads and the outside world (2nd ed.). Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 49.ISBN 978-0-299-14284-1.
  11. ^Suresh Singh, Kumar; Rajendra Behari Lal (2003).Gujarat. Popular Prakashan. p. 789.ISBN 81-7991-104-7.
  12. ^"Definition of clabber".Merriam-Webster. Retrieved14 August 2013.
  13. ^BBC Devon: article on clotted, or clouted, cream
  14. ^Oxford English Dictionary
  15. ^"Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved14 Aug 2011.
  16. ^"Cream Cheese".Bon Appetit. 10 June 2008.
  17. ^Meunier-Goddik, L. (2004). "Sour Cream and Creme Fraiche".Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology. CRC Press.doi:10.1201/9780203913550.ch8 (inactive 12 July 2025).ISBN 978-0-8247-4780-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link), p. 181f
  18. ^"チーズの歴史 日本乳業協会 (History of Cheese, by Japan Dairy Industry Association)".日本乳業協会. Japan Dairy Industry Association. Archived fromthe original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved19 August 2012.
  19. ^Islamic Republic of Iran (26–29 January 2009).Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8)(PDF). Tunis, Tunisia: United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-05-18. Retrieved26 June 2011.
  20. ^21 U.S.C. § 61(c)
  21. ^"What Is Gelato?". wiseGeek. Retrieved16 May 2012.
  22. ^FAO. 1997. 1996 Production Yearbook. Food Agr. Organ., UN. Rome, Italy.
  23. ^Frazier, Ian (18 April 2005)."Invaders: Destroying Baghdad".The New Yorker. CondeNet. Retrieved2008-04-03.
  24. ^"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/304 of 2 March 2016 entering a name in the register of traditional specialities guaranteed (Heumilch/Haymilk/Latte fieno/Lait de foin/Leche de heno (TSG)) C/2016/1202".European Union. Retrieved16 August 2021.
  25. ^"Commission Implementing Decision of 24 October 2018 on the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of the application for registration of a name referred to in Article 49 of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council — 'Schaf-Heumilch'/'Sheep's Haymilk'/'Latte fieno di pecora'/'Lait de foin de brebis'/'Leche de heno de oveja' (TSG)".European Union. Retrieved16 August 2021.
  26. ^"Commission Implementing Decision of 24 October 2018 on the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of the application for registration of a name referred to in Article 49 of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council — 'Ziegen-Heumilch'/'Goat's Haymilk'/'Latte fieno di capra'/'Lait de foin de chèvre'/'Leche de heno de cabra' (TSG)".European Union. Retrieved16 August 2021.
  27. ^Caroline Liddell, Robin Weir (15 July 1996),Frozen Desserts: The Definitive Guide to Making Ice Creams, Ices, Sorbets, Gelati, and Other Frozen Delights, Macmillan, 1996,ISBN 978-0-312-14343-5,... Kulfi is the traditional Indianice cream and has a strongly characteristic cooked-milk flavour and dense icy texture. ... The basis of making kulfi is to reduce a large volume of milk down to a very small concentrated amount ...
  28. ^Lulu Grimes (2009),Cook's Book of Everything, Murdoch Books, 2009,ISBN 978-1-74196-033-4,... This simple, elegant ice cream is made by boiling milk until it reduces and condenses, then flavouring it with ingredients such as cardamom and pistachio nuts or almonds. Kulfi is traditionally set in cone-shaped ...
  29. ^Zeder, Melinda A., ed. (2006).Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms. University of California Press. p. 264.ISBN 0-520-24638-1.
  30. ^Chandan, Ramesh C., ed. (2006).Manufacturing yogurt and fermented milks. Associate editors: Charles H. White, Arun Kilara, Y. H. Hui (1. ed.). Ames (Iowa): Blackwell. p. 364.ISBN 9780813823041.
  31. ^Whyte, Mariam; Lin, Yong Jui (2010).Bangladesh. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 144.ISBN 9780761444756.
  32. ^Gaudry, F.R. (2018).Let's Eat France!: 1,250 specialty foods, 375 iconic recipes, 350 topics, 260 personalities, plus hundreds of maps, charts, tricks, tips, and anecdotes and everything else you want to know about the food of France. Artisan. p. 316.ISBN 978-1-57965-876-2. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2019.
  33. ^"Shrikhand". Amchirecipes.com. Retrieved2012-09-21.
  34. ^Guðmundsson, Guðmundur."Hnigfræði og smásæ bygging skyrs: Abstract" (in Icelandic and English). Archived fromthe original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved25 April 2012.
  35. ^"チーズの歴史 日本乳業協会 (History of Cheese, by Japan Dairy Industry Association)" (in Japanese). Archived fromthe original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved2011-02-11.
  36. ^"What is sour cream. Sour cream for cooking recipes". Homecooking.about.com. 2010-06-14. Archived fromthe original on 2016-11-01. Retrieved2011-09-14.
  37. ^"Mjólk og mjólkurvörur: Drykkjarvörur, skyr, ostar, rjómi og smjör". Ms.is. Retrieved2013-08-27.
  38. ^"Varenets help strengthen bones and build digestion" (in Russian). 1tv.ru. November 18, 2011. Retrieved27 August 2013.
  39. ^"10 Products from Yak and Their Utilization". FAO. Retrieved3 July 2011.
  40. ^Yildiz, Fatih (2016-04-19).Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press.ISBN 978-1-4200-8208-1.
  41. ^abKurmann, Joseph A.; Jeremija Lj Rašić; Kroger, Manfred (1992)."Žinčica".Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory of Fermented Milk, Cream, Buttermilk, Whey, and Related Products.New York City: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 322–323.ISBN 0-442-00869-4.OCLC 24469241. Retrieved2009-03-02.

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