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List of sovereign states by research and development spending

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World map by research and development spending, according to Our World in Data[1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD[2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is alist of countries by research and development (R&D)spending inreal terms, based on data published by theWorld Bank, theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe and theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Definition

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According to theWorld Bank: “Gross domestic expenditures onresearch and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.”[3]

According to theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe: “Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).”[4]

According to theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: “Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, universities and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.”[2]

List

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The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by theWorld Bank,[5] theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe[6] and theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using the 2015 base year andpurchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP. As of 2022,Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage ofGDP, followed bySouth Korea, theUnited States,Japan,Belgium andSweden.

Research and development (R&D) expenditure
CountryWB[7]UNECE[8]OECD[9][10]
R&D expenditureR&D expenditureGross domestic
spending on R&D
% of GDPYear% of GDPYear% of GDPmil USDPPCYear
 Albania0.152008
 Algeria0.532017
 American Samoa0.402006
 Angola0.032016
 Argentina0.522021
 Armenia0.2120220.212022
 Australia1.832019
 Austria3.2620213.2620213.2015,247.242022
 Azerbaijan0.1520220.152022
 Bahrain0.102014
 Belarus0.4820220.482022
 Belgium3.4320213.4320213.4119,815.992022
 Bermuda0.232020
 Russia72021
 Bosnia and Herzegovina0.1920220.192022
 Botswana0.562013
 Brazil1.152020
 Brunei0.282018
 Bulgaria0.7720210.772021
 Burkina Faso0.252021
 Burundi0.212018
 Cabo Verde0.072011
 Cambodia0.122015
 Canada1.5520221.5520221.7132,444.092022
 Chad0.302016
 Chile0.332020
 China2.432021
 Colombia0.292020
 Costa Rica0.282021
 Croatia1.2420211.242021
 Cuba0.322021
 Cyprus0.8320210.832021
 Czech Republic2.0020212.0020211.968,065.572022
 Côte d'Ivoire0.072016
 Democratic Republic of the Congo0.412015
 Denmark2.8120212.8120212.899,482.752022
 Ecuador0.442014
 Egypt1.022022
 El Salvador0.162021
 Estonia1.7520211.7520211.78851.982022
 Eswatini0.272015
 Ethiopia0.272017
 Faroe Islands0.852003
 Finland2.9920212.9920212.967,630.492022
 France2.2220212.2220212.1863,972.562022
 Gabon0.582009
 Gambia0.072018
 Georgia0.2420220.242022
 Germany3.1420213.1420213.13131,833.552022
 Ghana0.382010
 Greece1.4620211.4620211.494,673.542022
 Greenland0.652004
 Guam0.262005
 Guatemala0.062021
 Honduras0.062019
 Hong Kong1.072022
 Hungary1.6420211.6420211.394,632.642022
 Iceland2.8120212.8120212.60533.652022
 India0.652020
 Indonesia0.282020
 Iran0.792019
 Iraq0.042021
 Ireland1.1320211.1320210.965,346.652022
 Israel5.5620215.5620216.0224,338.762022
 Italy1.4520211.4520211.3231,678.332022
 Jamaica0.062002
 Japan3.3020213.41180,459.432022
 Jordan0.702016
 Kazakhstan0.1220220.122022
 Kenya0.412022
 Kuwait0.082022
 Kyrgyzstan0.0820220.082022
 Laos0.042002
 Latvia0.7420210.7420210.76441.572022
 Lesotho0.052015
 Lithuania1.1120211.1120211.021,086.652022
 Luxembourg1.0420211.0420210.98715.642022
 Macau0.492022
 Madagascar0.012017
 Malaysia0.952020
 Mali0.172021
 Malta0.6720210.672021
 Mauritania0.012018
 Mauritius0.312022
 Mexico0.272022
 Moldova0.2320220.232022
 Monaco0.042005
 Mongolia0.002022
 Montenegro0.3620190.362019
 Morocco0.662010
 Mozambique0.312015
 Myanmar0.042022
 Namibia0.352014
 Nepal0.302010
 Netherlands2.3120212.3120212.3022,861.222022
 New Zealand1.452021
 Nicaragua0.112015
 Nigeria0.282019
 North Macedonia0.3820220.382022
 Norway1.9420211.9420211.567,209.062022
 Oman0.282022
 Pakistan0.162021
 Palestine0.452013
 Panama0.182022
 Papua New Guinea0.032016
 Paraguay0.142021
 Peru0.162022
 Philippines0.322018
 Poland1.4420211.4420211.4519,638.972022
 Portugal1.7320221.7320221.706,039.442022
 Puerto Rico0.432015
 Qatar0.682021
 Republic of the Congo0.412022
 Romania0.4720210.472021
 Russia0.9420220.942022
 Rwanda0.762019
 Saint Lucia0.271999
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0.112002
 Saudi Arabia0.462022
 Senegal0.582015
 Serbia0.9720220.972022
 Seychelles0.222016
 Singapore2.162020
 Slovakia0.9220210.9220210.981,843.372022
 Slovenia2.1320212.1320212.111,708.272022
 South Africa0.602020
 South Korea4.9320215.21119,643.782022
 Spain1.4320211.4320211.4425,758.292022
 Sri Lanka0.122020
 Sudan0.222005
 Sweden3.4220213.4220213.4119,031.002022
 Switzerland3.3620213.362021
 Syria0.022015
 Tajikistan0.0920200.092020
 Tanzania0.512013
 Thailand1.212021
 Togo0.202014
 Trinidad and Tobago0.052021
 Tunisia0.752019
 Turkey1.4020211.4020211.3236,986.662022
 Uganda0.142014
 Ukraine0.3320220.332022
 United Arab Emirates1.502021
 United Kingdom2.9120212.912021
 United States Virgin Islands0.032007
 United States3.4620213.4620213.59761,582.952022
 Uruguay0.632022
 Uzbekistan0.1620220.162022
 Venezuela0.692016
 Vietnam0.432021
 Zambia0.282008
 European Union2.11408,322.102022
OECD2.731,707,220.862022

See also

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References

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  1. ^Our World in Data."Research and development spending as a share of GDP".ourworldindata.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  2. ^abcOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development."Gross domestic spending on R&D".data.oecd.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  3. ^World Bank."Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)".databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  4. ^United Nations."Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP".unstats.un.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  5. ^World Bank."Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)".data.worldbank.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  6. ^United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %".w3.unece.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  7. ^"Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  8. ^"Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  9. ^"Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  10. ^"Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved2024-10-16.
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