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List of sovereign states by research and development spending

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(Redirected fromList of countries by research and development spending)

World map by research and development spending, according to Our World in Data[1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD[2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is alist of countries by research and development (R&D)spending inreal terms, based on data published by theWorld Bank, theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

According toWorld Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures onresearch and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]

According toUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]

According to theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]

As of 2022,Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage ofGDP, followed bySouth Korea, theUnited States,Japan,Belgium andSweden.

List

[edit]

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published byWorld Bank,[5]United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[6] and theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year andpurchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Research and development expenditure
CountryWB[7]UNECE[8]OECD[9][10]
Research and development expenditureResearch and development expenditureGross domestic spending on R&D
% of GDPYear% of GDPYear% of GDPmil USD PPCYear
 Albania0.15%2008
 Algeria0.53%2017
 American Samoa0.40%2006
 Angola0.03%2016
 Argentina0.52%2021
 Armenia0.21%20220.21%2022
 Australia1.83%2019
 Austria3.26%20213.26%20213.20%15,247.242022
 Azerbaijan0.15%20220.15%2022
 Bahrain0.10%2014
 Belarus0.48%20220.48%2022
 Belgium3.43%20213.43%20213.41%19,815.992022
 Bermuda0.23%2020
 Bolivia0.16%2009
 Bosnia and Herzegovina0.19%20220.19%2022
 Botswana0.56%2013
 Brazil1.15%2020
 Brunei0.28%2018
 Bulgaria0.77%20210.77%2021
 Burkina Faso0.25%2021
 Burundi0.21%2018
 Cabo Verde0.07%2011
 Cambodia0.12%2015
 Canada1.55%20221.55%20221.71%32,444.092022
 Chad0.30%2016
 Chile0.33%2020
 China2.43%2021
 Colombia0.29%2020
 Costa Rica0.28%2021
 Croatia1.24%20211.24%2021
 Cuba0.32%2021
 Cyprus0.83%20210.83%2021
 Czech Republic2.00%20212.00%20211.96%8,065.572022
 Côte d'Ivoire0.07%2016
 Democratic Republic of the Congo0.41%2015
 Denmark2.81%20212.81%20212.89%9,482.752022
 Ecuador0.44%2014
 Egypt1.02%2022
 El Salvador0.16%2021
 Estonia1.75%20211.75%20211.78%851.982022
 Eswatini0.27%2015
 Ethiopia0.27%2017
 Faroe Islands0.85%2003
 Finland2.99%20212.99%20212.96%7,630.492022
 France2.22%20212.22%20212.18%63,972.562022
 Gabon0.58%2009
 Gambia0.07%2018
 Georgia0.24%20220.24%2022
 Germany3.14%20213.14%20213.13%131,833.552022
 Ghana0.38%2010
 Greece1.46%20211.46%20211.49%4,673.542022
 Greenland0.65%2004
 Guam0.26%2005
 Guatemala0.06%2021
 Honduras0.06%2019
 Hong Kong1.07%2022
 Hungary1.64%20211.64%20211.39%4,632.642022
 Iceland2.81%20212.81%20212.60%533.652022
 India0.65%2020
 Indonesia0.28%2020
 Iran0.79%2019
 Iraq0.04%2021
 Ireland1.13%20211.13%20210.96%5,346.652022
 Israel5.56%20215.56%20216.02%24,338.762022
 Italy1.45%20211.45%20211.32%31,678.332022
 Jamaica0.06%2002
 Japan3.30%20213.41%180,459.432022
 Jordan0.70%2016
 Kazakhstan0.12%20220.12%2022
 Kenya0.41%2022
 Kuwait0.08%2022
 Kyrgyzstan0.08%20220.08%2022
 Laos0.04%2002
 Latvia0.74%20210.74%20210.76%441.572022
 Lesotho0.05%2015
 Lithuania1.11%20211.11%20211.02%1,086.652022
 Luxembourg1.04%20211.04%20210.98%715.642022
 Macau0.49%2022
 Madagascar0.01%2017
 Malaysia0.95%2020
 Mali0.17%2021
 Malta0.67%20210.67%2021
 Mauritania0.01%2018
 Mauritius0.31%2022
 Mexico0.27%2022
 Moldova0.23%20220.23%2022
 Monaco0.04%2005
 Mongolia0.00%2022
 Montenegro0.36%20190.36%2019
 Morocco0.66%2010
 Mozambique0.31%2015
 Myanmar0.04%2022
 Namibia0.35%2014
 Nepal0.30%2010
 Netherlands2.31%20212.31%20212.30%22,861.222022
 New Zealand1.45%2021
 Nicaragua0.11%2015
 Nigeria0.28%2019
 North Macedonia0.38%20220.38%2022
 Norway1.94%20211.94%20211.56%7,209.062022
 Oman0.28%2022
 Pakistan0.16%2021
 Palestine0.45%2013
 Panama0.18%2022
 Papua New Guinea0.03%2016
 Paraguay0.14%2021
 Peru0.16%2022
 Philippines0.32%2018
 Poland1.44%20211.44%20211.45%19,638.972022
 Portugal1.73%20221.73%20221.70%6,039.442022
 Puerto Rico0.43%2015
 Qatar0.68%2021
 Republic of the Congo0.41%2022
 Romania0.47%20210.47%2021
 Russia0.94%20220.94%2022
 Rwanda0.76%2019
 Saint Lucia0.27%1999
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0.11%2002
 Saudi Arabia0.46%2022
 Senegal0.58%2015
 Serbia0.97%20220.97%2022
 Seychelles0.22%2016
 Singapore2.16%2020
 Slovakia0.92%20210.92%20210.98%1,843.372022
 Slovenia2.13%20212.13%20212.11%1,708.272022
 South Africa0.60%2020
 South Korea4.93%20215.21%119,643.782022
 Spain1.43%20211.43%20211.44%25,758.292022
 Sri Lanka0.12%2020
 Sudan0.22%2005
 Sweden3.42%20213.42%20213.41%19,031.002022
 Switzerland3.36%20213.36%2021
 Syria0.02%2015
 Tajikistan0.09%20200.09%2020
 Tanzania0.51%2013
 Thailand1.21%2021
 Togo0.20%2014
 Trinidad and Tobago0.05%2021
 Tunisia0.75%2019
 Turkey1.40%20211.40%20211.32%36,986.662022
 Uganda0.14%2014
 Ukraine0.33%20220.33%2022
 United Arab Emirates1.50%2021
 United Kingdom2.91%20212.91%2021
 United States Virgin Islands0.03%2007
 United States3.46%20213.46%20213.59%761,582.952022
 Uruguay0.63%2022
 Uzbekistan0.16%20220.16%2022
 Venezuela0.69%2016
 Vietnam0.43%2021
 Zambia0.28%2008
 European Union2.11%408,322.10 2022
OECD2.73%1,707,220.86 2022

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Our World in Data."Research and development spending as a share of GDP".ourworldindata.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  2. ^abcOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development."Gross domestic spending on R&D".data.oecd.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  3. ^World Bank."Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)".databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  4. ^United Nations."Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP".unstats.un.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  5. ^World Bank."Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)".data.worldbank.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  6. ^United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %".w3.unece.org. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  7. ^"Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  8. ^"Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  9. ^"Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved2024-10-16.
  10. ^"Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved2024-10-16.
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