| Counties of West Virginia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | State of West Virginia |
| Number | 55 |
| Populations | 4,924 (Wirt) – 173,906 (Kanawha) |
| Areas | 83 square miles (210 km2) (Hancock) – 1,040 square miles (2,700 km2) (Randolph) |
| Government | |
| Subdivisions |
|
TheU.S. state ofWest Virginia has 55counties. Fifty of them existed at the time of theWheeling Convention in 1861, during theAmerican Civil War, when those counties seceded from the Commonwealth ofVirginia to form the new state of West Virginia.[1] West Virginia was admitted as a separate state of the United States on June 20, 1863.[2] Five additional counties (Grant,Mineral,Lincoln,Summers, andMingo) were formed from the original counties[1] in the decades following admission.
After the Civil War,Berkeley County andJefferson County, the two easternmost counties of West Virginia, refused to recognize their inclusion in the state, and theVirginia General Assembly passed legislation attempting to reclaim them. In March 1866, theUnited States Congress passed a joint mandate assenting to their inclusion in the new state, and theSupreme Court of the United States confirmed this outcome in the case ofVirginia v. West Virginia (1871).[3][4]
TheWest Virginia Constitution was ratified in 1872, replacing the state constitution created in 1863 when West Virginia became a state.[5] Article 9, Section 8, of the West Virginia Constitution permits the creation of additional counties if a majority of citizens in the proposed new county vote for its creation and the new county has a minimum area of 400 square miles (1,036 km2) and a population of at least 6,000. Creation of a new county is prohibited if it would bring another county below these thresholds.[6] Three counties (Greenbrier,Kanawha, andRandolph) have sufficient population (based on the 2020United States Census) and land area to allow a new county to be split off.[6][7][8] The remaining counties cannot be split, as either their land area would decrease to under 400 square miles, or their population would decrease to below 6,000.[6][7][8]
The role of counties in local government had been minimized under the 1863 constitution, which vested most local government authority in a system of townships based on theNew England model. The authors of the 1872 constitution chose to return to the system used in Virginia, in which each county was governed by a county court with combined authority for executive, legislative, and judicial functions of the county government.[9] In 1880, West Virginia amended its constitution and replaced the county court system with an arrangement that divides county government powers between seven county offices, each of which is independently elected: the county commission, county clerk, circuit clerk, county sheriff, county assessor, county prosecuting attorney, and county surveyor of lands.[10] Counties have only those powers that are expressly granted to them by the state Constitution or by state statute. These powers include, but are not limited to, maintaining the infrastructure of the state, funding libraries, maintaining jails and hospitals, and waste disposal.[10] Reforming public education became a county function in 1933. In May 1933, a county unit plan was adopted. Under this plan, the state's 398 school districts were consolidated into the current 55 county school systems. This enabled public schools to be funded more economically and saved West Virginia millions of dollars.[11]
Randolph County is the largest by area at 1,040 square miles (2,694 km2), andHancock County is the smallest at 83 square miles (215 km2).[8] Kanawha County contributed land to the founding of 12 West Virginia counties[12] and has the largest population (173,906 in 2024).Wirt County has the smallest population (4,924 in 2024).[13] The oldest county isHampshire, established in 1754, and the newest is Mingo, established in 1895.[1]Spruce Knob, located inPendleton County, is the state's highest point at 4,863 feet (1,482 m).[14]Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) codes, which are used by the United States government to identify counties uniquely, are five-digit numbers. For West Virginia, they start with 54 and end with the three-digit county code (for example, Barbour County has FIPS code 54001). Each county's code is provided in the table below, linked to census data for that county.[15]
