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List of artificial objects on the Moon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a partial list of artificial materials left on theMoon, many during the missions of theApollo program. The table below does not include lesser Apollo mission artificial objects, such as a hammer and other tools,retroreflectors,Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages, or the commemorative, artistic, and personal objects left by the twelveApollo astronauts, such as theUnited States flags, thecommemorative plaques attached to the ladders of the sixApollo Lunar Modules, the silverastronaut pin left byAlan Bean in honor ofClifton C. Williams whom he replaced, theBible left byDavid Scott, theFallen Astronaut statuette and memorial plaque placed by the crew ofApollo 15, theApollo 11 goodwill messages disc, or the golf balls^[1]Alan Shepard hit during anApollo 14 moonwalk.

FiveS-IVB third stages ofSaturn V rockets from the Apollo program crashed into the Moon, and are the heaviest human-made objects on the lunar surface. Humans have left over 187,400 kilograms (413,100 lb) of material on the Moon. Besides the 2019Chang'e 4 andSLIM missions, the only artificial objects on the Moon that are still in use are the retroreflectors for theLunar Laser Ranging experiments left there by theApollo 11, 14, and 15 astronauts,Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander, and by the Soviet Union'sLunokhod 1 andLunokhod 2 missions.^[2]

Objects at greater than 90 degrees east or west are on thefar side of the Moon, includingRanger 4,Lunar Orbiter 1,Lunar Orbiter 2,Lunar Orbiter 3,Chang'e 4 lander andYutu-2 rover.

Because of increasing numbers of missions to and objects at the Moon, a global registry of lunar activities has been proposed in 2023 by theOpen Lunar Foundation.^[3]

List

[edit]

Legend

[edit]

Colors
	Crashed (unintentionally)
	Impactor or post-mission crashed
	Landed
	Operational

Table of objects

[edit]

Artificial object	Country	Year	Mass (lb)	Mass (kg)	Status	Location	Notes
Luna 2	Soviet Union	1959	860	390	Impactor	29°06′N0°00′E / 29.1°N 0°E /29.1; 0	^[4]
Luna 2 Third stage ofVostok rocket	Soviet Union	1959	20,100	9,100	Crashed (post-mission)	29°06′N0°00′E / 29.1°N 0°E /29.1; 0	^[5]
Ranger 4	United States	1962	730	331	Crashed (controlled impact failed)	15°30′S130°42′W / 15.5°S 130.7°W /-15.5; -130.7	^[6]
Ranger 6	United States	1964	840	381	Impactor	9°21′29″N21°28′48″E / 9.358°N 21.480°E /9.358; 21.480	^[7]
Ranger 7	United States	1964	805	365	Impactor	10°38′S20°36′W / 10.63°S 20.60°W /-10.63; -20.60	^[8]
Luna 5	Soviet Union	1965	3,250	1,474	Crashed	8°N23°W / 8°N 23°W /8; -23	^[9]
Luna 7	Soviet Union	1965	3,316	1,504	Crashed	9°48′N47°48′W / 9.8°N 47.8°W /9.8; -47.8	^[10]
Luna 8	Soviet Union	1965	3,422 (launch mass)	1552 (launch mass)	Crashed	9°06′N63°18′W / 9.1°N 63.3°W /9.1; -63.3	^[11]
Ranger 8	United States	1965	809	367	Impactor	2°38′17″N24°47′13″E / 2.638°N 24.787°E /2.638; 24.787	^[12]
Ranger 9	United States	1965	809	367	Impactor	12°49′41″S2°23′13″W / 12.828°S 2.387°W /-12.828; -2.387	^[13]
Luna 9 spacecraft/descent stage	Soviet Union	1966	3,391 (before lander capsule ejection)	1538 (before lander capsule ejection)	Crashed (post-mission)	7°05′N64°22′W / 7.08°N 64.37°W /7.08; -64.37	^[14]
Luna 9Automated Lunar Station (ALS) airbag and lander capsule	Soviet Union	1966	218	99	Landed	7°05′N64°22′W / 7.08°N 64.37°W /7.08; -64.37	^[14]
Luna 10	Soviet Union	1966	3,500	1,600	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[15]
Luna 11	Soviet Union	1966	3,620	1,640	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[16]
Luna 12	Soviet Union	1966	3,680	1,670	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[17]
Surveyor 1 (separate from descent stage)	United States	1966	600	270	Landed	2°28′26″S43°20′20″W / 2.474°S 43.339°W /-2.474; -43.339	^[18]
Luna 13 (separate from descent stage)	Soviet Union	1966	249	113	Landed	18°52′N62°03′W / 18.87°N 62.05°W /18.87; -62.05	^[19]
Lunar Orbiter 1	United States	1966	851	386	Crashed (post-mission)	6°42′N162°00′E / 6.70°N 162°E /6.70; 162	^[20]
Surveyor 2	United States	1966	644	292	Crashed	5°30′N12°00′W / 5.5°N 12°W /5.5; -12	^[21]
Lunar Orbiter 2	United States	1966	849	385	Crashed (post-mission)	3°00′N119°00′E / 3.0°N 119°E /3.0; 119	^[22]
Lunar Orbiter 3	United States	1966	851	386	Crashed (post-mission)	14°18′N97°42′W / 14.3°N 97.7°W /14.3; -97.7	^[23]
Surveyor 3 (separate from descent stage)	United States	1967	619	281	Landed^[b]	3°00′54″S23°25′05″W / 3.015°S 23.418°W /-3.015; -23.418	^[24]
Lunar Orbiter 4	United States	1967	851	386	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[25]
Surveyor 4	United States	1967	624	283	Crashed	0°24′N1°20′W / 0.4°N 1.33°W /0.4; -1.33	^[26]
Explorer 35	United States	1967	229	104	Crashed (post mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[27]
Lunar Orbiter 5	United States	1967	851	386	Crashed (post-mission)	3°S83°W / 3°S 83°W /-3; -83	^[28]
Surveyor 5 (separate from descent stage)	United States	1967	619	281	Landed	1°27′40″N23°11′42″E / 1.461°N 23.195°E /1.461; 23.195	^[29]
Surveyor 6 (separate from descent stage)	United States	1967	622	282	Landed	0°28′27″N1°25′39″W / 0.47430°N 1.4275°W /0.47430; -1.4275^[30]	^[31]
Surveyor 7 (separate from descent stage)	United States	1968	640	290	Landed	40°58′48″S11°30′50″W / 40.980°S 11.514°W /-40.980; -11.514^[32]	^[33]
Luna 14	Soviet Union	1968	3,680	1,670	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[34]
Apollo 10 LM-4Snoopy descent stage	United States	1969	4,874	2,211	Likely crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[35]
Apollo 11 LM-5Eagle descent stage	United States	1969	4,484	2,034	Landed	0°40′27″N23°28′23″E / 0.6741°N 23.4730°E /0.6741; 23.4730	^[36]
Luna 15	Soviet Union	1969	5,992	2,718	Crashed	Unknown	^[37]
Apollo 11 LM-5Eagle ascent stage^[c]	United States	1969	4,815	2,184	Crashed (post-mission) or in orbit	Unknown	^[38]^[39]
Apollo 12 LM-6Intrepid descent stage	United States	1969	4,874	2,211	Landed	3°00′45″S23°25′18″W / 3.0124°S 23.4216°W /-3.0124; -23.4216	^[40]
Apollo 12 LM-6Intrepid ascent stage^[c]	United States	1969	4,771	2,164	Crashed (post-mission)	3°56′S21°12′W / 3.94°S 21.20°W /-3.94; -21.20	^[41]
Luna 16 descent stage^[d]	Soviet Union	1970	3,040	1,380	Landed	0°41′S56°18′E / 0.68°S 56.3°E /-0.68; 56.3	^[42]
Luna 17 andLunokhod 1	Soviet Union	1970	12,300	5,600	Landed	38°17′N35°00′W / 38.28°N 35.0°W /38.28; -35.0	^[43]
Apollo 13 S-IVB (S-IVB-508)^[44]	United States	1970	29,661	13,454	Crashed (post-mission)	2°45′S27°52′W / 2.75°S 27.86°W /-2.75; -27.86	^[45]
Luna 18	Soviet Union	1971	4,140	1,880	Crashed	3°34′N56°30′E / 3.57°N 56.5°E /3.57; 56.5	^[46]
Luna 19	Soviet Union	1971	4,140	1,880	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[47]
Apollo 14 S-IVB (S-IVB-509)	United States	1971	30,900	14,016	Crashed (post-mission)	8°05′S26°01′W / 8.09°S 26.02°W /-8.09; -26.02	^[48]
Apollo 14 LM-8Antares descent stage	United States	1971	4,727	2,144	Landed	3°38′43″S17°28′17″W / 3.6453°S 17.4714°W /-3.6453; -17.4714	^[49]
Apollo 14 LM-8Antares ascent stage^[c]	United States	1971	4,705	2,132	Crashed (post-mission)	3°25′S19°40′W / 3.42°S 19.67°W /-3.42; -19.67	^[50]
Apollo 15 S-IVB (S-IVB-510)	United States	1971	30,944	14,036	Crashed (post-mission)	1°31′S11°49′W / 1.51°S 11.81°W /-1.51; -11.81	^[51]
Apollo 15 LM-10Falcon descent stage	United States	1971	6,193	2,809	Landed	26°07′56″N3°38′02″E / 26.1322°N 3.6339°E /26.1322; 3.6339	^[52]
Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV-1)	United States	1971	460	210	Landed	26°05′N3°40′E / 26.08°N 3.66°E /26.08; 3.66
Apollo 15 LM-10Falcon ascent stage^[c]	United States	1971	4,700	2,132	Crashed (post-mission)	26°22′N0°15′E / 26.36°N 0.25°E /26.36; 0.25	^[53]
Apollo 15 subsatellite	United States	1971	79	36	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[54]
Luna 20 descent stage^[d]	Soviet Union	1972	<12,626	<5,727	Landed	3°34′N56°30′E / 3.57°N 56.5°E /3.57; 56.5	^[55]
Apollo 16 S-IVB (S-IVB-511)	United States	1972	30,869	14,002	Crashed (post-mission)	1°55′16″N24°37′23″W / 1.921°N 24.623°W /1.921; -24.623	^[56]
Apollo 16 LM-11Orion descent stage	United States	1972	6,096	2,765	Landed	8°58′23″S15°30′01″E / 8.9730°S 15.5002°E /-8.9730; 15.5002	^[57]
Apollo 16 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV-2)	United States	1972	460	210	Landed	8°58′S15°31′E / 8.97°S 15.51°E /-8.97; 15.51
Apollo 16 LM-11Orion ascent stage^[c]	United States	1972	4,713	2,138	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown	^[58]
Apollo 16 subsatellite	United States	1972	79	36	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[59]
Apollo 17 S-IVB (S-IVB-512)	United States	1972	30,780	13,960	Crashed (post-mission)	4°13′S12°19′W / 4.21°S 12.31°W /-4.21; -12.31	^[60]
Apollo 17 LM-12Challenger descent stage	United States	1972	6,169	2,798	Landed	20°11′27″N30°46′18″E / 20.1908°N 30.7717°E /20.1908; 30.7717	^[61]
Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV-3)	United States	1972	460	210	Landed	20°10′N30°46′E / 20.17°N 30.77°E /20.17; 30.77
Apollo 17 LM-12Challenger ascent stage^[c]	United States	1972	4,740	2,150	Crashed (post-mission)	19°58′N30°30′E / 19.96°N 30.50°E /19.96; 30.50	^[62]
Luna 21 andLunokhod 2^[e]	Soviet Union	1973	10,690	4,850	Landed	25°51′N30°27′E / 25.85°N 30.45°E /25.85; 30.45	^[63]
Explorer 49 (RAE-B)	United States	1973	723	328	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[64]
Luna 22	Soviet Union	1974	8,800	4,000	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown^[a]	^[65]
Luna 23	Soviet Union	1974	12,300	5,600	Landed	12°45′N62°12′E / 12.75°N 62.20°E /12.75; 62.20	^[66]
Luna 24 descent stage^[d]	Soviet Union	1976	<12,787	<5,800	Landed	12°45′N62°12′E / 12.75°N 62.20°E /12.75; 62.20	^[67]
Hagoromo Hiten^[f]	Japan	1990	26	12	Crashed (not confirmed/post-mission)	Unknown	^[68]
Hiten	Japan	1993	315	143	Crashed (post-mission)/Impactor	34°18′S55°36′E / 34.3°S 55.6°E /-34.3; 55.6	^[69]
Lunar Prospector	United States	1998	278	126	Crashed (post-mission)	87°42′S42°21′E / 87.7°S 42.35°E /-87.7; 42.35	^[70]^[71]
SMART-1	European Space Agency	2006	677	307	Crashed (post-mission)	34°15′43″S46°11′35″W / 34.262°S 46.193°W /-34.262; -46.193	^[72]
Moon Impact Probe (MIP) Chandrayaan-1	India	2008	77	35	Impactor	89°46′S39°24′W / 89.76°S 39.40°W /-89.76; -39.40	^[73]^[74]^[75]
SELENE Rstar (Okina)	Japan	2009	117	53	Crashed (post-mission)	28°12′47″N159°01′59″W / 28.213°N 159.033°W /28.213; -159.033	^[76]^[77]^[78]
SELENE Vstar (Ouna)	Japan	Unknown	117	53	Crashed (post-mission)	Unknown	^[79]
Chang'e 1	China	2009	4,400	2,000	Crashed (post-mission)	1°30′S52°22′E / 1.50°S 52.36°E /-1.50; 52.36	^[80]^[81]^[82]
SELENE (Kaguya) main orbiter	Japan	2009	4,374	1,984^[80]	Crashed (post-mission)	65°30′S80°30′E / 65.5°S 80.5°E /-65.5; 80.5	^[83]^[84]^[85]
LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft	United States	2009	1,500	700	Crashed (post-mission)	84°43′44″S49°21′36″W / 84.729°S 49.36°W /-84.729; -49.36	^[g]^[86]^[87]
LCROSSCentaur	United States	2009	5,000	2,270	Impactor	84°40′41″S48°41′33″W / 84.6780°S 48.6926°W /-84.6780; -48.6926	^[h]^[88]^[89]
GRAIL	United States	2012	293	133	Crashed (post-mission)	75°37′N26°38′W / 75.62°N 26.63°W /75.62; -26.63	^[90]
Chang'e 3 lander	China	2013	2,600	1,200	Landed/operational^[91]	44°07′N19°31′W / 44.12°N 19.51°W /44.12; -19.51	^[92]^[93]^[94]
Chang'e 3 Yutu rover	China	2013	2,600	1,200	Landed^[95]	44°07′N19°31′W / 44.12°N 19.51°W /44.12; -19.51	^[92]^[96]^[94]
LADEE	United States	2014	547	248	Crashed (post-mission)	10°48′N91°36′W / 10.8°N 91.6°W /10.8; -91.6
Chang'e 4 lander	China	2019	2,600	1,200	Landed/operational	45°27′22″S177°35′19″E / 45.4561°S 177.5885°E /-45.4561; 177.5885	^[97]
Chang'e 4 Yutu-2 rover	China	2019	2,600	1,200	Landed/operational	45°27′22″S177°35′19″E / 45.4561°S 177.5885°E /-45.4561; 177.5885	^[98]
Beresheet	Israel	2019	330	150	Crashed^[99]^[100]	32°35′44″N19°20′59″E / 32.5956°N 19.3496°E /32.5956; 19.3496
Longjiang-2	China	2019	104	47	Crashed (post-mission)^[101]	16°41′44″N159°31′01″E / 16.6956°N 159.5170°E /16.6956; 159.5170 (Longjiang-2 impact site)	^[102]
Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander Pragyan rover	India	2019	3,243	1,471	Crashed^[103]	70°52′52″S22°47′02″E / 70.8810°S 22.7840°E /-70.8810; 22.7840	^[104]
Chang'e 5 descent stage	China	2020	7,055	3,200	Landed	43°03′27″N51°54′58″W / 43.0576°N 51.9161°W /43.0576; -51.9161
Chang'e 5 ascent stage	China	2020	>1543	>700	Crashed (post-mission)	30°00′00″S0°00′00″E / 30.000°S 0.000°E /-30.000; 0.000
Chang'e 5-T1 third stage rocket	China	2022	6100	2,800	Crashed (post-mission)	5°13′34″N125°30′50″W / 5.226°N 125.514°W /5.226; -125.514	^[105]^[106]
Manfred Memorial Moon Mission	Luxembourg	2022	31	14	Crashed (post-mission together with Chang'e 5-T1 third stage rocket)	5°13′34″N125°30′50″W / 5.226°N 125.514°W /5.226; -125.514	^[105]^[106]
Hakuto-R Mission 1	Japan	2023	750	340	Crashed	47°34′52″N44°05′38″E / 47.581°N 44.094°E /47.581; 44.094	^[107]
Emirates Lunar Mission	United Arab Emirates	2023	750	340	Crashed	47°34′52″N44°05′38″E / 47.581°N 44.094°E /47.581; 44.094	^[107]
Luna 25	Russia	2023	3,860	1,750	Crashed	57°51′54″S61°21′36″E / 57.865°S 61.360°E /-57.865; 61.360	^[108]^[109]
Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander Pragyan rover	India	2023	3,863	1,752	Landed	69°22′23″S32°19′08″E / 69.373°S 32.319°E /-69.373; 32.319	^[110]^[111]
SLIM	Japan	2024	259.4	118.7	Landed	13°18′58″S25°15′04″E / 13.316°S 25.251°E /-13.316; 25.251	^[112]
LEV-1	Japan	2024	4.6	2.1	Landed	13°18′58″S25°15′04″E / 13.316°S 25.251°E /-13.316; 25.251	^[112]
LEV-2	Japan	2024	0.55	0.25	Landed	13°18′58″S25°15′04″E / 13.316°S 25.251°E /-13.316; 25.251	^[112]
IM-1Odysseus EagleCam	United States	2024	4,206	1,903	Landed	84°54′S12°54′E / 84.9°S 12.9°E /-84.9; 12.9	^[113]
Chang'e 6 descent stage	China	2024	7,055	3,200	Landed	41°38′19″S153°59′07″W / 41.6385°S 153.9852°W /-41.6385; -153.9852	^[114]
Jinchan rover	China	2024	11	5	Landed		^[114]
Chang'e 6 ascent stage	China	2024	>1543	>700	Crashed (post-mission)	39°00′S180°00′E / 39.0°S 180.0°E /-39.0; 180.0	^[115]
Blue Ghost M1	US	2025	1034	469	Landed	18°33′44″N61°48′37″E / 18.5623°N 61.8103°E /18.5623; 61.8103	^[116]
Hakuto-R Mission 2 Resilience	Japan	2025	750	340	Crashed	60°26′40″N4°35′17″W / 60.4445°N 4.588°W /60.4445; -4.588	^[117]
Tenacious rover	Luxembourg	2025	11	5	Crashed	60°26′40″N4°35′17″W / 60.4445°N 4.588°W /60.4445; -4.588	^[117]
IM-2Athena MAPP LV1 Micro-Nova AstroAnt Yaoki	United States	2025	4,231	1,919	Landed	84°47′26″S29°11′45″E / 84.7906°S 29.1957°E /-84.7906; 29.1957	^[118]
Total estimated dry mass			482,435	218,829	40 major objects landed softly

Image gallery

[edit]

Map of the Moon showing some landing sites.(Click to enlarge)
Surveyor 3 on the Moon, photographed byAlan Bean duringApollo 12 (1969)
Locations of retro reflector experiments
Lunar Laser Ranging experiment (LRRR)
Map of all soft landings

Notes

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^lSpacecraft was in lunar orbit but is assumed to have decayed from orbit and crashed into the Moon, location unknown.
^Portions recovered byApollo 12 in 1969: it returned about 10 kilograms (22 lb) of the Surveyor 3's original landing mass of 302 kilograms (666 lb) to Earth to study the effects of long term exposure.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fThe ascent stage ofApollo 10 was commanded to fire its engine, left lunar orbit and entered solar orbit. The ascent stage ofApollo 11 was left in orbit and thereafter its orbit possibly decayed and it crashed onto the Moon at an unknown location. TheApollo 16 ascent stage failed to crash onto moon when commanded and it decayed from orbit at a later date and also crashed at an unknown location. The ascent stages of the remaining successful missions (Apollo12,14,15, and17) were each deliberately crashed onto the Moon.Apollo 13's completeApollo Lunar Module re-entered Earth's atmosphere after having served as a lifeboat during the aborted mission.
^^a ^b ^cLuna program sample return mission; mass listed is for both ascent and descent stages, though only the descent stage was left on the Moon.
^Lander and rover weighed 4,000 pounds (1,814 kg); the rest assumed to have decayed in orbit and impacted the Moon.
^Was injected into lunar orbit in 1990, assumed to have decayed from orbit.
^–2.36 miles (–3.80 km) in elevation (Cabeus crater).
^–2.38 miles (–3.83 km) in elevation (Cabeus crater).

References

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External links

[edit]

Spacecraft missions to theMoon

Exploration
programs

Active
missions

Orbiters	ARTEMIS CAPSTONE Chandrayaan-2 Chang'e 5-T1 Danuri Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Queqiao 1 and 2 Tiandu-1 2 ICUBE-Q
Landers	Chang'e 4
Rovers	Yutu-2

Past
missions

Crewed landings	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 (List of Apollo astronauts)
Orbiters	Apollo 8 10 Artemis I Chang'e 1 2 5 Chandrayaan-1 3 Clementine Explorer 35 49 GRAIL Hiten LADEE Longjiang-2 Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 2 3 4 5 Lunar Prospector PFS-1 PFS-2 SMART-1 SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna) Lunar Trailblazer
Impactors	LCROSS Luna 2 Moon Impact Probe Ranger 4 6 7 8 9
Landers	Apollo Lunar Module ×6 Blue Ghost M1 Chandrayaan-3 Chang'e 3 Chang'e 5 6 Luna 9 13 16 17 20 21 23 24 SLIM Surveyor 1 3 5 6 7
Rovers	Lunar Roving Vehicle Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 2 Yutu Pragyan 2 3 LEV-1 LEV-2 (Sora-Q) Jinchan Yaoki MAPP Micro-Nova AstroAnt
Sample return	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Chang'e 5 6
Failed landings	Beresheet Emirates Lunar Mission Hakuto-R M1 M2 IM-1 2 Luna 5 7 8 15 18 25 OMOTENASHI Surveyor 2 4 Vikram Peregrine
Flybys	4M Apollo 13 Chang'e 5-T1 Geotail Galileo ICE Longjiang-1 Luna 1 3 4 6 LunaH-Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube LunIR Mariner 10 NEA Scout Nozomi Pioneer 4 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS WMAP Wind Zond 3 5 6 7 8 PAS-22 ArgoMoon

Planned
missions

Artemis	II (2026) III (2027) IV (2028) V (2030) Lunar Gateway
CLPS	Blue Moon Pathfinder 1 (2026) Griffin M1 (2025) IM-3 (2026) Blue Ghost M2 (2026) Blue Moon Pathfinder 2 (2027) M3 (2028) IM-4 (TBD)
Luna-Glob	26 (2027) 27 (2028) 28 (2030) 29 (2030s) 30 (2030s) 31 (2030s)
CLEP	Chang'e 7 (2026) 8 (2028)
Chandrayaan	4 (2027) 5 (LUPEX) (2028)
KLEP	Korean lunar lander (2032)
Others	ispace M3 (2026) Lunar Pathfinder (2026) DESTINY⁺ (2028) Cislunar Explorers (2020s) CU-E³ (2020s) MoonRanger (2020s) Argonaut M1 (2031) International Lunar Research Station (2030s)

Proposed
missions

Robotic	ALINA Artemis-7 Beresheet 2 Blue Moon BOLAS Garatéa-L ISOCHRON LunaNet Lunar Crater Radio Telescope McCandless Moon Diver
Crewed	DSE-Alpha Boeing Lunar Lander Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts

Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are initalics.

v t e Crewed lunar spacecraft
Orbiters	Apollo command and service module Cancelled LK-1 /LK-700 (VA) Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1) LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3) Future Lunar Gateway‎ Orion Orel Mengzhou
Landers	Apollo Lunar Module Canceled Lunniy Korabl Altair Future Blue Moon Lanyue Starship HLS
Proposed	Lunar Orbital Station Boeing Lunar Lander Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
Related	Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon

Exploration of theSolar System

Timeline of Solar System exploration

Exploration of

Artificial objects

On extraterrestrial surfaces	Moon Venus Mars Titan
Deep-space missions	Heliocentric orbit Leaving the Solar System

Lists

Space exploration
- outline
- timeline

v t e Moon
Outline
Physical properties	Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthlight
Orbit	Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Libration Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Kordylewski clouds Lunar station
Surface and features	Selenography Terminator Limb Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Lava tubes Craters List Ray systems Permanently shadowed craters South Pole–Aitken basin Regolith swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Changesite-(Y) Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Selenographic coordinate system
Science	Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant-impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Volcanism Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Lunar seismology
Exploration	Missions Apollo program Explorers Probes Landing Colonization Moonbase Tourism Lunar habitation Lunar resources
Time-telling andnavigation	Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar station Lunar distance
Phases and names	New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad
Daily phenomena	Moonrise Meridian passage Moonset
Related	Lunar deities Lunar effect Earth phase Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Artificial objects on the Moon Memorials on the Moon Moon in science fiction list Apollo era futuristic exploration Hollow Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Moon Treaty "Moon is made of green cheese" Natural satellite Double planet Lilith (hypothetical second moon) Splitting of the Moon
Category