Map 3: Roman district (probably not yet a full province by then) ofRaetia et Vindelicia, as it stood in AD 14.Celts dwelt in most areas of the shown land on the map except for theRhaetians.Map 4: Ancient tribes in the middleDanube river basin around 1st C. BCEMap 5: Central and northern Illyrian tribes and neighbouring Celtic tribes (most in magenta) to the North and Northwest during the Roman period.
They lived in SouthernCentral Europe (in the UpperDanube basin and neighbouring regions) which is hypothesized as the original area of theCelts (Proto-Celts), corresponding to theHallstatt Culture. Later they expanded towards the Middle Danube valley and to parts of the Balkans and towards inland central Asia Minor or Anatolia (Galatians).Hercynian Forest (Hercynia Silva), north of the Danube and east of the Rhine was in their lands. Celts, especially those from Western and Central Europe, were generally called by the Romans “Galli” i.e. “Gauls”, this name was synonym of “Celts”, this also means that not all of the peoples and tribes called by the name “Gauls” (Galli) were specifically Gauls in a narrower more regional sense. Their language is scarcely attested and can not be classified as a P-Celtic or Q-Celtic.Some closely fit the concept of a tribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
Boii Boiates / Boviates / Boiates – La Tête de Buch, probably aroundArcachon Bay and northwest ofLandes (departement), in thePays de Buch and Pays de Born. Although they dwelt inAquitania Proper, they seem to have been aCeltic tribe and not a tribe of theAquitani (a people that may have been ancestor of theBasques).
Tulingi (Tylangii?) – localization unclear, possibly Southern Germany, Switzerland, or Austria; an originally Boii Celtic tribe that migrated along the upper Danube and later allied with the Helvetii?; also, may have been aGermanic tribe.
Catubrini - In theAlps Southeastern slopes, close toPlavis (Piave) and nearBellunum (Belluno), to the Southwest of theCarni. They came from Central Europe and not fromGaul (Gallia). (They were not CisalpineGaulish Celts). They probably were aver sacrum of Carni.
Helvetii – original dwellers ofAgri Decumates region, in the western part ofHercynia Silva, to the east and north of the Rhine; later, possibly at the end of the 3rd century BC they expanded to the South and Southwest to land later calledHelvetia (modern daySwitzerland). They were possibly more related to the Celtic populations of the upper Danube basin than to the Celts of Gaul.
Decumates may have meant "Ten Cantons".La Tène, (tribal confederation of four tribes).
Latobici /Latovici[14] - not the same tribe as theLatobrigi but they could have been related, they dwelt in areas of modern Slovenia and Western Hungary, west of the riverDanubius (Danube).
Vindelici – a tribal confederation, areas of modern Southern Germany (Bavaria andBaden-Württemberg), in the upperDanube basin. May have been a confederation of mixed Celtic and Germanic tribes.
Volciani – may have been a tribe related to theVolcae and not to the Hispano-Celts / Iberian Celts (i.e., theCelts of theIberian Peninsula). Located north of the riverIberus (Ebro), but not very precisely.
In the middle 3rd century BC,Celts from the middle Danube valley, immigrated fromThrace into the highlands of centralAnatolia (modernTurkey), which was calledGalatia after that. These people, calledGalatians, a generic name for “Celts”, were eventuallyHellenized,[22][23] but retained many of their own traditions. They spokeGalatian, a name derived from the generic name for “Celts”. Some closely fit the concept of atribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
Map 8:Gaul (58 BC) with important tribes, towns, rivers, etc. and earlyRoman provinces.Map 9: Gaul (Gallia) on the eve of Roman conquest (Celtica, which includedArmorica,Belgica andAquitania Propria were conquered whileNarbonensis was conquered earlier, already ruled by theRoman Republic). The map shows the ethnic and linguistic kinship of the tribes by different colours (the map is in French).Map 10:Roman Gaul at the end of the 1st century B.C. (Droysens Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas, 1886), with important tribes, towns, rivers, etc. andRoman provinces.
Aedui /Haedui -Gaulish Celts largest tribal confederation, roughly in the geographical centre of Gaul and controlling important land, river, and trade routes
Gaesatae – Numbering c. 30,000, they participated in thebattle of Telamon[26] a group of mercenary Celtic warriors from several tribes of the western Alps slopes, not a tribe.
Possible Gaulish tribes
Galli (tribe) – alongGallicus (Gállego) river banks, see place names (toponyms) like Forum Gallorum,Gallur, a different tribe from theSuessetani; may have been a tribe related to theGalli (Gauls) and not to the Hispano-Celts / Iberian Celts. Some Gaulish tribes may have migrated southward and crossed thePyrenees (by the north, the central, or the south areas of the mountains) in a second or a third Celtic wave to theIberian Peninsula. These tribes were different from the Hispano-Celtic / Iberian Celtic tribes.
Map 11: Peoples of northern Italy during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC (Celtic tribes are shown in blue) (map names are in French)
Cisalpine Gauls (Celtae /Galli Cisalpini) - They lived in Cisalpine Gaul, most of today's northern Italy. Multiple waves of population movements from France.[7] They spokeCisalpine Gaulish (aContinental Celtic language of theP Celtic type) closely related toGaulish orGallic. They lived inCisalpine Gaul (Gallia Cisalpina), also calledGallia Citerior orGallia Togata,[27] was the part of Italy continually inhabited byCelts since the 13th century BC.[28] Conquered by theRoman Republic in the 220s BC, it was aRoman province from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was merged intoRoman Italy.[29] Until that time, it was considered part ofGaul, precisely that part of Gaul on the "hither side of theAlps" (from the perspective of theRomans), as opposed toTransalpine Gaul ("on the far side of the Alps").[30]
Seven Gaulish tribes that according toLivy settled in Cisalpine Gaul around 600 BC. Led byBellovesus, they defeated theEtruscans at theTicino, settled inInsubria and founded the city ofMediolanum, the modernMilan.[31] They were ancestors of Cisalpine Gauls.
May have beenCeltic tribes influenced byLigurians, heavily Celticized Ligurian tribes that shifted to a Celtic ethnolinguistic identity or mixedCeltic-Ligurian tribes. They dwelt in southeasternTransalpine Gaul and northwesternCisalpine Gaul, mainly in theWestern Alps regions,Rhodanus eastern basin and upperPo river basin.
Map 12:Roman Hispania, at the end of the 1st century B.C. (Droysens Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas, 1886), with important tribes, towns, rivers, etc. andRoman provinces.Map 13:Celts in theIberian Peninsula, despite the name, a large part of the peninsula was celtic.
They lived in large parts of theIberian Peninsula, in the Northern, Central, and Western regions (half of the Peninsula's territory).TheCelts in theIberian peninsula were traditionally thought of as living on the edge of the Celtic world of theLa Tène culture that defined classicalIron Age Celts. Earlier migrations wereHallstatt in culture and later cameLa Tène influenced peoples. Celtic or (Indo-European) Pre-Celtic cultures and populations existed in great numbers and Iberia experienced one of the highest levels of Celtic settlement in all of Europe. They dwelt in northern, central and western regions of theIberian Peninsula, but also in several southern regions. They spokeCeltic languages -Hispano-Celtic languages which were of theQ-Celtic type, moreconservativeCeltic languages.Romans initially organized the Peninsula in two provinces (later in three):Hispania Citerior ("Nearer Hispania", "Hispania that is Closer", from the perspective of the Romans), was a region ofHispania during theRoman Republic, roughly occupying the northeastern coast and theIberus (Ebro) Valley and later the eastern, central, northern and northwestern areas of theIberian peninsula in what would become theTarraconensisRoman province (of what is nowSpain and northernPortugal).Hispania Ulterior ("Further Hispania", "Hispania that is Beyond", from the perspective of the Romans) was a region ofHispania during theRoman Republic, roughly located in what would become theprovinces ofBaetica (that included theBaetis,Guadalquivir, valley of modern Spain) and extending to all ofLusitania (modern south and central Portugal,Extremadura and a small part ofSalamanca province).TheRoman province ofHispania included both Celtic speaking and non-Celtic speaking tribes. Some closely fit the concept of atribe. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
Western Hispano-Celts were Celtic peoples and tribes that inhabited most of north and western Iberian Peninsula regions. They are often confused or taken as synonym of Celtiberians but, in fact, they were a distinct Celtic population that was most part of Iberian Peninsula Celtic populations. They spokeGallaecian (aContinental Celtic language of theQ Celtic type, a moreconservativeCeltic language) which was notCeltiberian (Celtic languages ofIberian Peninsula are often lumped asHispano-Celtic).
Concani /Gongani – two tribes of similar name (the BritanniaGangani and HiberniaGangani) lived inBritannia andHibernia, they could have been three branches of the same tribe, three related tribes with common ancestors or three different tribes that shared similar names.
Caristii /Carietes – today's WestBasque Country, they may have been Celtic (seeLate Basquisation), they were later assimilated by theVascones in the 6th and 7th centuriesCE; Some consider them not Celtic, may have been a Pre-CelticIndo-European people as theLusitani andVettones could have been.[3] If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic likeLigurian (i.e. anIndo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic).
Carpetani – CentralIberian meseta (Spain), in the geographical centre of theIberian Peninsula, in a large part of today'sCastilla-La Mancha andMadrid regions. A tribal confederation with 27 identified tribes.[32] (the name of these tribes is known today by archaeology discovery of their names in old stellae and not by mention of any known or survived works of Classical Antiquity authors)
Conii – according to some scholars,Conii andCynetes were two different peoples or tribes and the names were not two different names of the same people or tribe; in this case, the Conii may have dwelt along the northern banks of the middleAnas (Guadiana) river, in today's westernExtremadura region of Spain, and were a Celtici tribe wrongly confused with theCynetes ofCyneticum (Algarve) that dwelt from the west banks of the Low riverAnas (Guadiana) further to the south (thecelticization of the Cynetes by the Celtici confused the distinction between the two peoples or tribes).[33]
Saephes /Saefes /Sefes - people or tribe of the Celtici that has been identified as synonymous with theOphi orSerpent People (their land was calledOphiussa), a people that migrated westward and conquered and expelled an older people known as theOestrymni orOestrimni (in a land that was calledOestriminis).
Gallaeci orCallaeci Proper, this tribe gave name to the larger tribal confederation of the same name (not the same tribe as theBracari) - roughly in today'sPorto District (Portuguese District = County) west of theTâmega.
Turodi /Turodes – Trás-os-Montes (Portugal) and Galicia (Spain).
Cynetes –Cyneticum (today'sAlgarve region) and LowAlentejo (Portugal); originally probablyTartessians or similar, later celtized by theCeltici; according to some scholars, Cynetes and Conii were two different peoples or tribes.[33][4]
Vaccaei – North Central Iberian meseta (Spain), middleDuero river basin. A tribal confederation.Ptolemy mentions 20 vaccaeanCivitates (that also had the meaning of tribes)[34]
Other tribes (19 other tribes mentioned byPtolemy)
Varduli – today's EastBasque Country, they may have been Celtic (seeLate Basquisation), they were later assimilated by theVascones in the 6th and 7th centuries AD; Some consider them not Celtic, may have been a Pre-CelticIndo-European people as theLusitani andVettones could have been. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic likeLigurian (i.e. anIndo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic).[5].
Map 14: Territory of theCeltiberi, mixed Celtic and Iberian tribes or Celtic tribes influenced by Iberians, with the possible location of the tribes. The names of the tribes are in Castillian or Spanish (whose plural grammatical number descends from the Latin plural accusative declension).
Map 15: Southern Britain about the year 150 ADMap 16: Wales about the year 40 AD
They spokeBrittonic (anInsular Celtic language of theP Celtic type).They lived inBritannia, it was the name Romans gave, based on the name of the people: theBritanni. Some closely fit the concept of atribe but others are confederations or even unions of tribes.
Gangani (Llŷn Peninsula,Wales) - A tribe of the same name, theGangani (Ganganoi), lived inHibernia's southwestern coast, they could have been two branches of the same tribe, two related tribes with common ancestors or two different tribes that shared similar names. A tribe of similar name, the Gongani or Concani, was a tribe of theCantabri, they could have been another branch of the same tribe, related tribes with common ancestors or a different tribe that shared a similar name.
Map 18: The population groups (tribes and tribal confederations) of Ireland (Iouerníā /Hibernia) mentioned inPtolemy'sGeographia in a modern interpretation. Tribes' names on the map are in Greek (although some are in a phonetic transliteration and not in Greek spelling).
Autini (Aouteinoi -Auteinoi on the map, not the Greek spelling)
Brigantes (Britons? A tribe of the same name lived in northernBritannia or they could have been two different tribes that shared the same name)
Cauci (Καῦκοι,Kaukoi on the map) A tribe of the same name (Chauci) lived in NorthernGermany or they could have been two different tribes that shared the same name.
Gangani (Ganganoi) (Britons? A tribe of the same name lived in westernBritannia (today's northwestern Wales) they could have been two branches of the same tribe, two related tribes with common ancestors or two different tribes that shared similar names.
Iverni (Iouernoi -Iwernoi on the map, not the Greek spelling)
Manapii (Manapioi) (Belgae? A tribe of similar name, theMenapii, lived in the coast ofBelgica province or they could have been two different tribes that shared similar names)
Para-Celtic has the meaning that these peoples had common ancestors with theCelts but were not Celts themselves (although they were laterCelticized and belong to a Celtic culture sphere of influence), they were not direct descendants from theProto-Celts.They may in fact have been Proto-Celto-Italic, predating theCeltic orItalic languages and originated earlier from eitherProto-Celtic orProto-Italic populations who spread fromCentral Europe intoWestern Europe after newYamnaya migrations into theDanube Valley.[36] Alternatively, a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with theBeaker culture, may have been ancestral to not onlyCeltic andItalic, but also toGermanic andBalto-Slavic.[36]
A people or a group of related tribes that dwelt inBelgica, parts ofBritannia, and may have dwelt in parts ofHibernia and also parts ofHispania (large tribal confederation).According to classical authors works, like Caesar'sDe Bello Gallico,[25] they were a different people and spoke a different language (AncientBelgic) from theGauls andBritons; they were clearly an Indo-European people and may have spoken a Celtic language. There is also the possibility that their language may have been a different language branch of Indo-European from theNordwestblock culture, which may have been intermediary betweenGermanic andCeltic, and might have been affiliated toItalic (according to aMaurits Gysseling hypothesis).
Menapii –Cassel. A tribe of similar name, theManapii (Manapioi), lived in southeasternHibernia (modern Ireland) coast, they could have been two branches of the same tribe, two related tribes with common ancestors or two different tribes that shared similar names.
Suessetani - Far North WesternAragon and Far South EasternNavarra (Spain), between the rivers Gallicus (Gállego) and LowAragon, and between the riverEbro andSierra de Santo Domingo mountains. Alba (Arba) river basin (a tributary of theEbro) was in the centre of their territory that also included theBardenas Reales. Corbio was their capital. They were north of theCeltiberians, south of theIacetani and theVascones, west of the Galli (tribe). They were later conquered by theVascones in the 2nd Century B.C. which were allies of theRomans. Could have been related to theSuessiones (a tribe of theBelgae).[38]
Map 21: Peoples of northern Italy during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC. Ligurians are shown in the west coastal region (north coast of theLigurian Sea, part of theMediterranean Sea) to the south of the Celts (shown in blue) and to the northwest of the Etruscans, in the left side of the map. (map names are in French)
Northern Mediterranean Coast straddling the SoutheasternFrench and NorthwesternItalian coasts, including far Northern and NorthwesternTuscany andCorsica. Because of the strongCeltic influences on their language and culture, they were known already in antiquity as Celto-Ligurians (in GreekΚελτολίγυες,Keltolígues).[39] Very little is known about this language,Ligurian (mainly place names and personal names remain) which is generally believed to have been Celtic or Para-Celtic;[40][41] (i.e. anIndo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). They spoke ancientLigurian.
Laevi – a Ligurian tribe that dwelt in the low riverTicinus (Ticino), according to both Livy & Pliny.[42] According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the 6th century BC
Lusitanians (Lusitani/Bellitani) –Portugal south of theDouro and north of theTagus, and northwesternExtremadura (Spain). They spokeLusitanian, a now extinct language which was clearlyIndo-European but the kinship of it as aCeltic language is not surely proven (although many tribal names and place names, toponyms, are Celtic). Attempts to classify the language have also pointed at anItalic origin[36] or some kinship to theNordwestblock culture language (Ancient Belgian).[36] HenceLusitanian language may have been a Para-CelticIndo-European branch, likeLigurian (i.e. an Indo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). The Lusitanians have also been identified as being a pre-CelticIndo-European speaking culture of theIberian Peninsula closely related to the neighbouringVettones tribal confederation.[33] However, under their controversial theory of Celtic originating in Iberia, John T Koch and Barry Cunliffe have proposed a para-Celtic identity for the Lusitanian language and culture or that they spoke an archaicProto-Celtic language and wereProto-Celtic in ethnicity.
Vettones –Ávila andSalamanca (Spain), may have been a Pre-CelticIndo-European people, closely related to theLusitani. If their language was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic likeLigurian (i.e. anIndo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). A tribal confederation.
Map 23:Hispania Baetica Roman province,Turdetani were the inhabitants in large parts of this province before Roman conquest along theBaetis orRherkes river plain.
Today's WesternAndalusia (Hispania Baetica), Baetis (Guadalquivir) river valley and basin,Marianus Mons (Sierra Morena), some consider them Celtic,[43] may have been Pre-CelticIndo-European people as theLusitani andVettones. If their language, calledTurdetanian orTartessian, was not Celtic it may have been Para-Celtic likeLigurian (i.e. anIndo-European language branch not Celtic but more closely related to Celtic). Also may have been a non-Indo-European people related to theIberians, but not the same people. A tribal confederation but with much more centralized power, may have formed an early form ofKingdom or a Proto-civilisation (seeTartessos)
Map 22: Roman district (probably not yet a full province by then) ofRaetia et Vindelicia, as it stood in AD 14, with some Rhaeti tribal names (Breuni,Camunni,Isarci,Vennones orVennonetes,Venostes).
They lived in the CentralAlps, eastern parts of present-day Switzerland, theTyrol in Austria, and the Alpine regions of northern Italy. They spoke theRhaetian language. There is evidence that much of the non-Celtic (andPre-Indo-European) elements (seeTyrsenian languages) of their territory had, by the time of Augustus, been assimilated to varying degrees by the influx of Celtic tribes and had adopted Celtic speech.[51] In addition, the abundance of Celtic toponyms leads to the conclusion that, by the time of Roman conquest, the Rhaetians were significantly Celticized.[52][better source needed]
^abIoana A. Oltean,Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization,ISBN0-415-41252-8, 2007, p. 47.
^Andrea Faber,Körpergräber des 1.-3. Jahrhunderts in der römischen Welt: internationales Kolloquium, Frankfurt am Main, 19.-20. November 2004,ISBN3-88270-501-9, p. 144.
^Géza Alföldy,Noricum, Tome 3 ofHistory of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1974, p. 69.
^A. Mocsy and S. Frere,Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. p. 14.
^Pannonia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. p. 14.
^Frank W. Walbank,Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World: Essays and Reflections,ISBN0-521-81208-9, 2002, p. 116: "... in A7P 60 (1939) 452 8, is not Antigonus Doson but barbarians from the mainland (either Thracians or Gauls from Tylis) (cf. Rostovizef and Welles (1940) 207-8, Rostovizef (1941) 111, 1645), nor has that inscription anything to do with the Cavan expedition. On ..."
^Velika Dautova-Ruševljan and Miroslav Vujović,Rimska vojska u Sremu, 2006, p. 131: "extended as far as Ruma whence continued the territory of another community named after the Celtic tribe of Cornacates"
^Ion Grumeza,Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe,ISBN0-7618-4465-1, 2009, p. 51: "In a short time the Dacians imposed their conditions on the Anerati, Boii, Eravisci, Pannoni, Scordisci,"
^John T. Koch,Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia,ISBN1-85109-440-7, 2006, p. 907.
^abJ. J. Wilkes,The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5, p. 81: "In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of ..."
^J. J. Wilkes,The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5, p. 140: "... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century"
^Population and economy of the eastern part of the Roman province of Dalmatia, 2002,ISBN1-84171-440-2, p. 24: "the Dindari were a branch of the Scordisci"
^John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond,The Cambridge Ancient History,Vol. 3, Part 2:The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC,ISBN0-521-22717-8, 1992, p. 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long been supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin"
^Dio Cassius, Earnest Cary, and Herbert B. Foster,Dio Cassius: Roman History,Vol. IX, Books 71–80 (Loeb Classical Library, No. 177), 1927, Index: "... 9, 337, 353 Seras, philosopher, condemned to death, 8. 361 Serdi, Thracian tribe defeated by M. Crassus, 6. 73 Seretium,""
^Dubravka Balen-Letunič,40 godina arheoloških istraživanja u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, 1986, p. 52: "and the Celtic Serretes"
^Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, andAndrew Lintott,The Cambridge Ancient History,Vol. 10:The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69, 1996, p. 580: "... 580 I3h. DANUBIAN AND BALKAN PROVINCES Tricornenses of Tricornium (Ritopek) replaced the Celegeri, the Picensii of Pincum ..."
^William M. Ramsay,Historical Commentary on Galatians, 1997, p. 302: "... these adaptable Celts were Hellenized early. The term Gallograecia, compared with Themistius' (p. 360) Γαλατία ..."
^Roger D. Woodard,The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, 2008, p. 72: "... The Phrygian elite (like the Galatian) was quickly Hellenized linguistically; the Phrygian tongue was devalued and found refuge only ..."
^abcdefghijPrifysgol Cymru, University of Wales,A Detailed Map of Celtic Settlements in Galatia, Celtic Names and La Tène Material in Anatolia, the Eastern Balkans, and the Pontic Steppes.
^abGallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incoluntBelgae, aliamAquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum linguaCeltae, nostra Galli appellantur.Julius Caesar,Commentarii de Bello Gallico, Book I, chapter 1
^abcdeJorge de Alarcão, “Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)”, in Revista portuguesa de Arqueologia, vol. IV, n° 2, 2001, p. 312 e segs.
^Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 198–200.ISBN1-85109-440-7,ISBN978-1-85109-440-0. ^ Jump up to: a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 224–225.ISBN1-85109-440-7,ISBN978-1-85109-440-0.
^The Osi's categorization as Celtic is disputed; seeOsi; also may have been aDacian orGermanic tribe.
^Adrian Goldsworthy,How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower,ISBN0-300-13719-2, 2009, p. 105: "... who had moved to the Hungarian Plain. Another tribe, the Bastarnae, may or may not have been Germanic. ..."
^Christopher Webber and Angus McBride,The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms),ISBN1-84176-329-2, 2001, p. 12: "... never got near the main body of Roman infantry. The Bastarnae (either Celts or Germans), and `the bravest nation on earth' – Livy ..."
^Charles Anthon,A Classical Dictionary: Containing The Principal Proper Names Mentioned In Ancient Authors, Part One, 2005, p. 539: "... Tor, " elevated," " a mountain. (Strabo, 293)"; "the Iapodes (Strabo, 313), a Gallo-Illyrian race occupying the valleys of ..."
^J. J. Wilkes,The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN0-631-19807-5, p. 79: "along with the evidence of name formulae, a Venetic element among the Japodes. A group of names identified by Alföldy as of Celtic origin: Ammida, Andes, Iaritus, Matera, Maxa,"
^J. J. Wilkes,Dalmatia, Tome 2 ofHistory of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, pp. 154 and 482.
^Géza Alföldy,Noricum, Tome 3 ofHistory of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1974, p. 24-5.
^Cowles Prichard, James (1841).Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: 3, Volume 1. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 240.
^Markey, Thomas (2008).Shared Symbolics, Genre Diffusion, Token Perception and Late Literacy in North-Western Europe. NOWELE.
Sims-Williams, Patrick. "The location of the Celts according to Hecataeus, Herodotus, and other Greek writers". In:Études Celtiques, vol. 42, 2016. pp. 7–32. [DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2016.2467]; [www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2016_num_42_1_2467]
https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/ - electronic Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies by the Center for Celtic Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
TheMadeira,Azores, andCanary Islands were not occupied by theRomans. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until thePortuguese in the 15th century; the Canary islands, theGuanches occupied the territory until the Castilians.
