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List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

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The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the Union

Astate of theUnited States is one of the 50constituent entities that shares itssovereignty with thefederal government.Americans arecitizens of both thefederal republic and of the state in which theyreside, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government.[1]Kentucky,Massachusetts,Pennsylvania, andVirginia use thetermcommonwealth rather thanstate in their full official names.

States are the primarysubdivisions of the United States. They possess all powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to them by theConstitution of the United States. In general,state governments have the power to regulate issues of local concern, such as regulating intrastate commerce, runningelections, creatinglocal governments, public school policy, and non-federal road construction and maintenance. Each state has its ownconstitution grounded inrepublican principles, andgovernment consisting ofexecutive,legislative, andjudicial branches.[2]

All states and their residents are represented in the federalCongress, abicameral legislature consisting of theSenate and theHouse of Representatives. Each state is represented by two senators, and at least one representative, while the size of a state's House delegation depends on its total population, as determined by the most recent constitutionally mandated decennialcensus.[3] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in theElectoral College, the body that elects thePresident of the United States andVice President of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state.[4]

Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority toadmit new states into theUnion. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded fromthe original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on anequal footing with the existing states.[5]

List of U.S. states

[edit]

The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood. The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to theUnited States Declaration of Independence, and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781, upon ratifying theArticles of Confederation, its first constitution.[6] (A separate table is included below showingAoC ratification dates.) These states are presented in the order in which eachratified the 1787 Constitution and joined the others in the new (and current) federal government. The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress.[a]

StateDate
(admitted or ratified)		Formed from
1DelawareDecember 7, 1787[8]
(ratified)		Colony of Delaware[b]
2PennsylvaniaDecember 12, 1787[10]
(ratified)		Proprietary Province ofPennsylvania
3New JerseyDecember 18, 1787[11]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofNew Jersey
4GeorgiaJanuary 2, 1788[8]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofGeorgia
5ConnecticutJanuary 9, 1788[12]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofConnecticut
6MassachusettsFebruary 6, 1788[8]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofMassachusetts Bay
7MarylandApril 28, 1788[8]
(ratified)		Proprietary Province ofMaryland
8South CarolinaMay 23, 1788[8]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofSouth Carolina
9New HampshireJune 21, 1788[8]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofNew Hampshire
10VirginiaJune 25, 1788[8]
(ratified)		Crown Colony and Dominion ofVirginia
11New YorkJuly 26, 1788[13]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofNew York
12North CarolinaNovember 21, 1789[14]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofNorth Carolina
13Rhode IslandMay 29, 1790[8]
(ratified)		Crown Colony ofRhode Island and Providence Plantations
14VermontMarch 4, 1791[15]
(admitted)		Vermont Republic[c]
15KentuckyJune 1, 1792[16]
(admitted)		Virginia (nine counties in itsDistrict of Kentucky[d])
16TennesseeJune 1, 1796[18]
(admitted)		Southwest Territory
17OhioMarch 1, 1803[19][e]
(admitted)		Northwest Territory (part)
18LouisianaApril 30, 1812[21]
(admitted)		Territory of Orleans
19IndianaDecember 11, 1816[22]
(admitted)		Indiana Territory
20MississippiDecember 10, 1817[23]
(admitted)		Mississippi Territory
21IllinoisDecember 3, 1818[24]
(admitted)		Illinois Territory (part)
22AlabamaDecember 14, 1819[25]
(admitted)		Alabama Territory
23MaineMarch 15, 1820[26]
(admitted)		Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])
24MissouriAugust 10, 1821[27]
(admitted)		Missouri Territory (part)
25ArkansasJune 15, 1836[28]
(admitted)		Arkansas Territory
26MichiganJanuary 26, 1837[29]
(admitted)		Michigan Territory
27FloridaMarch 3, 1845[30]
(admitted)		Florida Territory
28TexasDecember 29, 1845[31]
(admitted)		Republic of Texas
29IowaDecember 28, 1846[32]
(admitted)		Iowa Territory (part)
30WisconsinMay 29, 1848[33]
(admitted)		Wisconsin Territory (part)
31CaliforniaSeptember 9, 1850[34]
(admitted)		Unorganized territory / Mexican Cession (part)[g]
32MinnesotaMay 11, 1858[35]
(admitted)		Minnesota Territory (part)
33OregonFebruary 14, 1859[36]
(admitted)		Oregon Territory (part)
34KansasJanuary 29, 1861[37]
(admitted)		Kansas Territory (part)
35West VirginiaJune 20, 1863[38]
(admitted)		Virginia (50 Trans-Allegheny region counties[h])
36NevadaOctober 31, 1864[41]
(admitted)		Nevada Territory
37NebraskaMarch 1, 1867[42]
(admitted)		Nebraska Territory
38ColoradoAugust 1, 1876[43]
(admitted)		Colorado Territory
39North DakotaNovember 2, 1889[44][i]
(admitted)		Dakota Territory (part)
40South DakotaNovember 2, 1889[44][i]
(admitted)		Dakota Territory (part)
41MontanaNovember 8, 1889[47]
(admitted)		Montana Territory
42WashingtonNovember 11, 1889[48]
(admitted)		Washington Territory
43IdahoJuly 3, 1890[49]
(admitted)		Idaho Territory
44WyomingJuly 10, 1890[50]
(admitted)		Wyoming Territory
45UtahJanuary 4, 1896[51]
(admitted)		Utah Territory
46OklahomaNovember 16, 1907[52]
(admitted)		Oklahoma Territory andIndian Territory
47New MexicoJanuary 6, 1912[53]
(admitted)		New Mexico Territory
48ArizonaFebruary 14, 1912[53]
(admitted)		Arizona Territory
49AlaskaJanuary 3, 1959[54]
(admitted)		Territory of Alaska
50HawaiiAugust 21, 1959[55]
(admitted)		Territory of Hawaii

Articles of Confederation ratification dates

[edit]

TheSecond Continental Congress approved theArticles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederationcame into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with thefederal government under the presentConstitution.[56]

StateDate
1VirginiaDecember 16, 1777
2South CarolinaFebruary 5, 1778
3New YorkFebruary 6, 1778
4Rhode IslandFebruary 9, 1778
5ConnecticutFebruary 12, 1778
6GeorgiaFebruary 26, 1778
7New HampshireMarch 4, 1778
8PennsylvaniaMarch 5, 1778
9MassachusettsMarch 10, 1778
10North CarolinaApril 5, 1778
11New JerseyNovember 19, 1778
12DelawareFebruary 1, 1779
13MarylandFebruary 2, 1781

See also

[edit]
  • Compromise of 1850, a package of congressional acts, one of which provided for the admission of California to the Union
  • Bleeding Kansas, a series of violent conflicts in Kansas Territory involvinganti-slavery andpro-slavery factions in the years preceding Kansas statehood, 1854–61
  • Enabling Act of 1889, authorizing residents of Dakota, Montana, and Washington territories to form state governments (Dakota to be divided into two states) and to gain admission to the Union
  • Oklahoma Enabling Act, authorizing residents of the Oklahoma and Indian territories to form a state government and to be admitted to the union as a single state, and, authorizing the people of New Mexico and Arizona territories to form a state government and be admitted into the Union, requiring a referendum to determine if both territories should be admitted as a single state
  • Alaska Statehood Act, admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3, 1959
  • Hawaii Admission Act, admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21, 1959

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^This list does not account for thesecession of 11 states (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas) during theCivil War to form theConfederate States of America, nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union, or each state's "readmission to representation in Congress"after the war, as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union. Also, the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union, but theSupreme Court held that a state cannot unilaterally do so inTexas v. White (1869).[7]
  2. ^ Also known as the "Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware". Delaware became a state on June 15, 1776, when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of "the Government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware".[9]
  3. ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor ofNew Hampshire,Benning Wentworth, issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of theConnecticut River (in what is today southern Vermont), territory that was also claimed byNew York. The resulting "New Hampshire Grants" dispute led to the rise of theGreen Mountain Boys, and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic. New Hampshire's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 byroyal order ofGeorge III, and in 1790 the State of New Yorkceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000dollars.
  4. ^ TheVirginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789, separating its "District of Kentucky" from the rest of the State and approving its statehood.[17]
  5. ^ The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear. On April 30, 1802, the7th Congress had passed anact "authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union" (Sess. 1, ch. 40, 2 Stat. 173). On February 19, 1803, the same Congress passed an act "providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio" (Sess. 2, ch. 7, 2 Stat. 201). Neither act, however, set a formal date of statehood. An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953, when the83rd Congress passed aJoint resolution "for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union", (Pub. L. 83–204, 67 Stat. 407, enactedAugust 7, 1953) which designated March 1, 1803, as that date.[20]
  6. ^ TheMassachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819, separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the State (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819, by 17,001 to 7,132); then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood.[17]
  7. ^Most of the region ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848, following theBear Flag Revolt and theMexican–American War, had been the Mexican Department ofAlta California. The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of theCompromise of 1850.
  8. ^ On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of theRestored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia.[39] Later, by its ruling inVirginia v. West Virginia (1871), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state.[40]
  9. ^ab Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day, North and South Dakota are the nation's only twin-born states. Before signing the statehood papers, PresidentBenjamin Harrison shuffled the papers so that no one would know which became a state first. By custom, North Dakota is commonly recognized as the 39th state and South Dakota as the 40th, as "n" precedes "s" in the alphabet.[45][46]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Erler, Edward."Essays on Amendment XIV: Citizenship". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012.
  2. ^"Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature".Minnesota State Legislature.
  3. ^Kristin D. Burnett."Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)"(PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
  4. ^Elhauge, Einer R."Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012.
  5. ^"Doctrine of the Equality of States".Justia.com.
  6. ^Jensen, Merrill (1959).The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184.ISBN 978-0-299-00204-6.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  7. ^"Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 (1868)".Justia.com.
  8. ^abcdefghVile, John R. (2005).The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M). ABC-CLIO. p. 658.ISBN 1-85109-669-8.
  9. ^"Delaware Government".Delaware.gov. Government Information Center, Delaware Department of State.
  10. ^"Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776-1861: Independence to the Civil War".PA.gov. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
  11. ^"1787 Convention Minutes".NJ.gov.New Jersey Department of State.
  12. ^"Today in History: January 9".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  13. ^"Today in History: July 26".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  14. ^"Today in History: November 21".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  15. ^"The 14th State".Vermont History Explorer. Vermont Historical Society. Archived fromthe original on May 30, 2013.
  16. ^"Constitution Square State Historic Site".americanheritage.com. American Heritage Publishing Co. RetrievedApril 23, 2019.
  17. ^ab"Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories".TheGreenPapers.com.
  18. ^"State History Timeline".TN.gov.Tennessee Department of State. Archived fromthe original on April 10, 2016.
  19. ^Blue, Frederick J. (Autumn 2002)."The Date of Ohio Statehood".Ohio Academy of History Newsletter. Archived fromthe original on September 11, 2010.
  20. ^Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (January 17, 2007)."Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio's Admission to Statehood".The Green Papers. RetrievedJune 15, 2023.
  21. ^"About Louisiana: quick facts".louisiana.gov. Archived fromthe original on March 24, 2013. RetrievedJune 15, 2016.
  22. ^"IHB: The Final Steps to Statehood - IN.gov".in.gov. RetrievedOctober 1, 2024.
  23. ^"Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission". Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2017.
  24. ^"Today in History: December 3".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  25. ^"Alabama History Timeline: 1800-1860".alabama.gov. Archived fromthe original on July 25, 2008. RetrievedJune 15, 2016.
  26. ^"Today in History: March 15".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  27. ^"Today in History: August 10".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  28. ^"Today in History: June 15".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  29. ^"Today in History: January 26".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  30. ^"Statehood". Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Department of State. RetrievedSeptember 20, 2024.
  31. ^"Texas enters the Union".This Day In History. A&E Television Networks. March 4, 2010. RetrievedApril 23, 2019.
  32. ^"Final Act of Congress to Admit the State of Iowa into the Union, December 28, 1846". State Historical Society of Iowa.
  33. ^"Today in History: May 29".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  34. ^"California Admission Day September 9, 1850".CA.gov. California Department of Parks and Recreation.
  35. ^"Today in History: May 11".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  36. ^"Oregon 165th Anniversary of Statehood (1859): February 14, 2024". United States Census Bureau.
  37. ^"Today in History: January 29".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  38. ^"Today in History: June 20".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  39. ^"A State of Convenience: The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation".Wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
  40. ^"Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 (1870)".Justia.com.
  41. ^"Stats for Stories: Nevada 155th Anniversary (36th state): October 31, 2019".Census.gov. October 31, 2019. RetrievedAugust 23, 2024.
  42. ^"Nebraska Statehood Launched in Troubled Times".History Nebraska. Archived fromthe original on October 3, 2023. RetrievedAugust 18, 2024.On March 1, 1867, President Andrew Johnson reluctantly signed the proclamation declaring Nebraska's statehood.
  43. ^"Today in History: August 1".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  44. ^ab"Today in History: November 2".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  45. ^MacPherson, James; Burbach, Kevin (November 2, 2014)."At 125 years of Dakotas statehood, rivalry remains".The Bismarck Tribune.AP. RetrievedJune 29, 2020.
  46. ^Stein, Mark (2008). "How the States Got Their Shapes", Smithsonian Books/Harper Collins, p. 256.
  47. ^Wishart, David J. (ed.)."Montana".Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2017.
  48. ^"Today in History: November 11".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  49. ^Glass, Andrew (July 2, 2016)."Idaho becomes nation's 43rd state, July 3, 1890".Politico. RetrievedAugust 21, 2024.
  50. ^Wyoming: Key Facts. Boston, MA: Papers of John F. Kennedy. 1960. p. 4. RetrievedAugust 18, 2024.
  51. ^Thatcher, Linda (2016)."Struggle For Statehood Chronology".historytogo.utah.gov. State of Utah.
  52. ^"Today in History: November 16".loc.gov. Library of Congress.
  53. ^ab"New Mexico and Arizona Statehood Anniversary (1912 – 2012)".National Archives: Center for Legislative Archives. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. RetrievedAugust 18, 2024.However, after much effort, on January 6, 1912 New Mexico became the 47th state and on February 14, 1912 Arizona became the 48th state in the Union.
  54. ^Reagan, Ronald (June 22, 1983)."Statement on Signing a Bill Designating Alaska Statehood Day".Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. RetrievedAugust 18, 2024.Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3, 1959
  55. ^"Hawaii Statehood, August 21, 1959".National Archives: Center for Legislative Archives. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. RetrievedAugust 18, 2024.
  56. ^Rodgers, Paul (2011).United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction. McFarland. p. 109.ISBN 978-0-7864-6017-5.

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