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List of Testudines families

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There are fourteen extantfamilies of theorder Testudines, an order ofreptile. The testudines are some of the most ancient reptiles alive, with only thetuataras considered more primitive. There are approximately 300extant species and 97genera of testudines, split into twosuborders: theCryptodirans and thePleurodirans. The distinction between these two suborders is based on the mode in which they cover their head and neck. The Pleurodirans, also called the side-necked turtles, have long necks, and fold them sideways to align them with the shell. ThePelomedusidae andChelidae are the only extant families of pleurodires. The Cryptodirans pull their neck straight back to conceal their head within the shell. TheCarettochelyidae,Cheloniidae,Chelydridae,Dermatemydidae,Dermochelyidae,Emydidae,Kinosternidae,Testudinidae andTrionychidae are all cryptodires, although the ability to retract the head has been lost in the sea turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae). A third order, theParacryptodirans, are extinct.^[1]^{[failed verification]}^{[dubious –discuss]}

Reptiles are classified according to the pattern offenestration in the temporal region of theskull. Testudines are placed in the subclassAnapsida because they lack fenestration.^[2] There are suggestions that this lack of fenestration is a secondary characteristic and that turtles belong inDiapsida.^[3]Both sides cite strong evidence, and the conflict has yet to be resolved.^[4]^[5]^[6] The shell of testudines distinguishes them from other vertebrates. The shell is not anexoskeleton, but a modifiedribcage and part of thevertebral column. Because of the shell, the pectoral and pelvic girdles are located within the ribcage. The limb bones are also modified to accommodate to the shell.^[1]

The earliest known turtles are from fossils in theUpper Triassic. These fossils are nearly indistinguishable from modern turtles anatomically. In these early fossils (mostly of the genusProganochelys), the teeth have already been lost, and akeratin beak is suggested by themandibles. Important differences between Proganochelys and modern turtles are the presence of the palatal teeth (lost in modern species), the inability to retract the head within the shell, and the lack of a trochlear pulley in the jaw closing anatomy.^[1]

Families

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The following lists the family—the Latin name of the family, date in which the species was formally described and classified, and the binomial authority on the species; the number of genera belonging to the family; the name or names commonly used; an example species and an example image.

Family^[7]	Genera^[8]	Common name(s)	Example species	Example image
Cryptodira – 11 families, 74 genera, over 200 species
Carettochelyidae Boulenger, 1887	1	Pig-nosed turtle	Pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta)
Cheloniidae Oppel, 1811	6	Sea turtles	Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Chelydridae Gray, 1831	2	Snapping turtles	Alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii)
Dermatemydidae Gray, 1870	1	Central American river turtle	Central American river turtle (Dermatemys mawii)
Dermochelyidae Fitzinger, 1843	1	Leatherback sea turtle	Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Emydidae Rafinesque, 1815	12	Pond turtles, terrapins, and sliders	Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Geoemydidae Theobald, 1868	24	Asian leaf turtles, roofed turtles, and Asian box turtles	Amboina box turtle (Cuora amboinensis)
Kinosternidae Agassiz, 1857	4	Mud and musk turtles	Common musk turtle (Sternotherus odoratus)
Platysternidae Gray, 1869	1	Big-headed turtle	Big-headed turtle (Platysternon megacephalum)
Testudinidae Batsch, 1788	12	Tortoises	Aldabra giant tortoise (Geochelone gigantea)
Trionychidae Fitzinger, 1826	14	Softshell turtles	Spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera)
Pleurodira – 3 families, 16 genera, over 60 species
Family	Genera	Common names	Example species	Example image
Chelidae Gray, 1831	15	Austro-American sideneck turtles	Common snakeneck turtle (Chelodina longicollis)
Pelomedusidae Cope, 1868	2	Afro-American sideneck turtles	African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa)
Podocnemididae Gray, 1869	3	Madagascar big-headed, big-headed Amazon River turtle and South American sideneck river turtles	Madagascar big-headed turtle (Erymnochelys madagascariensis)

References

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^^a ^b ^cPecor, Keith (2 March 2010)."Testudines".Encyclopedia of Life. Archived fromthe original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved26 June 2010.
^Romer, A.S. (1933).Vertebrate Paleontology. University of Chicago Press., 3rd ed., 1966.
^Laurin, M.; Reisz, R. R. (1995)."A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny"(PDF).Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.113 (2):165–223.doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
^Benton, M. J. (2000).Vertebrate Paleontology (2nd ed.). London: Blackwell Science Ltd.ISBN 0-632-05614-2., 3rd ed. 2004ISBN 0-632-05637-1
^Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. (1998)."Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles"(PDF).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.95 (24):14226–14231.Bibcode:1998PNAS...9514226Z.doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226.ISSN 0027-8424.PMC 24355.PMID 9826682.
^Rieppel, O.; deBraga, M. (1996)."Turtles as diapsid reptiles"(PDF).Nature.384 (6608):453–455.Bibcode:1996Natur.384..453R.doi:10.1038/384453a0.S2CID 4264378.
^John B. Iverson; A. Jon Kimerling; A. Ross Kiester."List of All Families". Terra Cognita Laboratory, Geosciences Department of Oregon State University. Retrieved26 June 2010.
^John B. Iverson; A. Jon Kimerling; A. Ross Kiester."List of Genera". Terra Cognita Laboratory, Geosciences Department of Oregon State University. Retrieved26 June 2010.

External links

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John B. Iverson; A. Jon Kimerling; A. Ross Kiester."EMYSystems". Terra Cognita Laboratory, Geosciences Department of Oregon State University. Retrieved26 June 2010.

Testudines

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Clade:Diapsida
Order:Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra