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List of monarchs of Sweden

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(Redirected fromList of Swedish monarchs)

For queens consort of Sweden, seeList of Swedish royal consorts.
His Majesty the King ofSweden
Sveriges konung
Incumbent
Carl XVI Gustaf
since 15 September 1973
Details
StyleHis Majesty
Heir apparentVictoria
FormationBeforec. 970
ResidenceStockholm Palace
Drottningholm Palace
AppointerElective monarchy (up to 1544)
Hereditary monarchy (since 1544)
Websitewww.kungahuset.se

This list records themonarchs of Sweden, from the lateViking Age to the present day.Sweden has continuously been a monarchy since the country's consolidation in the Viking Age and earlyMiddle Ages, for over a thousand years.[1] The incumbent royal dynasty of Sweden is theHouse of Bernadotte, established on the throne in 1818.

History

[edit]
See also:Monarchy of Sweden,Vendel Period, andViking Age
Painting representing theBattle of Bråvalla, a legendary battle which supposedly took place in the 8th century, fought partly between theSvear andGötar

There were organized political structures in Sweden before the kingdom was unified; based on archaeological evidence, early tribal societies are believed to have transitioned into organized chiefdoms in the first few centuries AD, perhaps spurred by contacts with theRoman Empire and the rest of Europe.[2] In the period AD 500–800, Scandinavian societies began adopting cultural elements from the newly establishedGermanic kingdoms in Europe, transitioning further intopetty kingdoms.[3]

Archaeological evidence suggests that were numerous petty kingdoms throughout modern-day Sweden. Foreign sources and later native sources describe the later medieval kingdom as being composed of two main regions:Svealand (particularly around LakeMälaren) andGötaland. Sources from as early as the Roman authorTacitus (c. 56–126) mention two main peoples or tribes in modern Sweden: theSvear (Swedes) andGötar (Geats); theSvear are mentioned in more foreign sources than theGötar, credited with military activities at sea.[4] The securely attested Swedish rulers in the Viking Age, predecessors of the later line of Swedish kings, ruled from the religious and political center ofOld Uppsala; though its history before the Viking Age is poorly attested, it is probable that Old Uppsala had been a political and religious center since theMigration Period.[5]

Reconstruction ofOld Uppsala, the center of theproto-historic Swedishpetty kingdom which gave rise to the medieval Swedish kingdom

The earliest historically attested Swedish rulers are 9th-century petty kings from theVita Ansgarii, an account writtenc. 870 byRimbert partly concerning SaintAnsgar's visit to Svealand.[6][7] Some kings of Old Uppsala are also mentioned in later Icelandic texts and sagas.[8] The line oflegendary Swedish kings from Icelandic tradition, calledsagokungar in Swedish, are not generally treated as historical figures, though some may be based on actual chieftains or petty kings.[7] Some later king-lists deliberately extended the sequence of kings for nationalistic purposes, such asJohannes Magnus'sHistoria de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus (1554); supposed ancient kings mentioned in such sources are clearly fictional.[7]

The petty kingdoms eventually gave rise to more complex political structures and what is today considered the beginning of the Swedish kingdom developed over the course of theViking Age and the subsequentMiddle Ages. For a consecutive list from then, the first Swedish king of whom anything definite is known is the 10th-centuryEric the Victorious, though the information reported about him in different sources is scarce. Eric's sonOlof Skötkonung was the first king to be baptized in Sweden and is credited with founding a Christian kingdom. The early and then medieval Swedish kingdom was anelective monarchy, with kings being elected from particularly prominent families;[9] this practice did however often result inde facto dynastic succession[10] and the formation of royal dynasties, such as those ofEric (intermittentlyc. 1157–1250) andBjälbo (1250–1364) as well as infighting between rival families.

From 1389 to 1523, Sweden was often united withDenmark andNorway under the kings of theKalmar Union. Sweden's full independence was restored underGustav I in 1523. He is often credited as the founder of modern Sweden,[11] and in 1544 he formally abandoned the previous elective monarchy in favor ofhereditary succession.[12] Initially adopting the medieval "King of Swedes and Geats", Gustav I later adopted the lengthier titlerex Svecorum Gothorum Vandalorumque ("king of the Swedes, Geats andWends").[13] The last monarch to be titled as king of the Swedes, Geats and Wends wasGustaf VI Adolf (r. 1950–1973) since his successor, the present kingCarl XVI Gustaf, upon his accession adopted the shortened title "King of Sweden".[14]

In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic to absolute primogeniture, to the benefit ofPrincess Victoria (born 1977), the currentheir apparent.

Monarchs and regents of Sweden

[edit]
For legendary rulers prior to Eric the Victorious, only appearing in later tales, seelist of legendary kings of Sweden.

House of Munsö (970–1060)

[edit]
Main article:House of Munsö
  Munsö dynasty
PortraitNameReignSuccessionMarriage(s)Life details
Eric (VII)[a]
"the Victorious"
Erik Segersäll		c. 970[b] – c. 995
(c. 25 years)		First king about whom anything definite is known[c]Sigrid the Haughty (?)
(2 children)		c. 945 – c. 995
(aged approx. 50)
Attributed various wives and children in different sources[16][18]
Olof
"Skötkonung"[d]		c. 995 – c. 1022
(c. 27 years)		Son of Eric the VictoriousEstrid of the Obotrites
(2 children)		c. 980 – c. 1022
(aged approx. 42)
[16][20][21][22]
Anund Jacob
Anund Jakob		c. 1022 – 1050
(c. 28 years)		Son of OlofGunnhildr Sveinsdóttir
(childless?)		c. 1008 – 1050
(aged approx. 42)
[9][20][23][24]
Emund
"the Old"
Emund den gamle		c. 1050 – 1060
(10 years)		Illegitimate son of OlofAstrid Njalsdotter (?)
(2 children)		Died 1060
Last king of the House of Munsö[9][20]

House of Stenkil (1060–1125/1130)

[edit]
Main article:House of Stenkil
  Stenkil dynasty
  Munsö dynasty
PortraitNameReignSuccessionMarriage(s)Life details
Stenkil
Stenkil Ragnvaldsson		c. 1060 – 1066
(c. 6 years)		Possibly son-in-law of Emund[e]"Ingamoder" (?)
(at least 2 children)		Died c. 1066
[9][20]
Eric andEric[a]
Erik och Erik
(historicity disputed)		c. 1066 (?)
(briefly)		Recorded in only one source[f] as two pretenders who fought each other after Stenkil's death.Nothing recordedNothing known[g]
Halsten
Halsten Stenkilsson		c. 1066 – 1068[28]
(c. 2 years)		Son of StenkilUnknown queen
(at least 2 children)		Few life details known. Deposed c. 1068. Possibly later returned to rule as co-ruler with his (likely younger) brother Inge I.[29][28]
Anund "from Russia"
Anund Gårdske
(historicity disputed)		c. 1068 – 1076[28] (?)
(c. 8 years)		Recorded in only one source[h] as elected king after Halsten's depositionNothing recordedFew life details known; said to have come fromKievan Rus'. Deposed c. 1076.[30][28]
Håkan
"the Red"
Håkan Röde		1070s (?)Possibly great-grandson of Eric the Victorious[31]Nothing recordedFew life details known. Different sources place Håkan either as the predecessor of Stenkil or Inge.[31][32]
Inge
"the Elder"
Inge den äldre		c. 1078 – 1112
(c. 34 years)		Son of Stenkil. Seized power, either from Anund or Håkan.Helena
(4 children)		Died c. 1112
Ended the period of anarchy begun after Stenkil's death. Maybe deposed c. 1081–1083 before regaining the throne.[29][20]
Sweyn ("Blot-Sweyn")
Blot-Sven
(historicity disputed)		c. 1081 – 1083
(c. 2 years)		Possibly son-in-law of Stenkil. Said to have usurped the throne.Nothing recordedFew life details known. Historicity disputed on account of poor source material.[33] Either deposed or succeeded by his son.[20][33][34]
Eric (VIII)[a]
"Årsäll"
Erik Årsäll
(historicity disputed)		c. 1083 (?)
(briefly)		Possibly son of Sweyn, who some sources record him as succeedingNothing recordedFew life details known. Historicity disputed on account of poor and contradictory sources.[35] Deposed by Inge if historical.[34][35]
Philip
Filip Halstensson		c. 1100 – 1118[36]
(c. 18 years)		Son of Halsten. Appears to have begun his reign as a co-ruler with Inge the Elder.Ingegerd of Norway
(childless)		Died 1118
[20][36]
Inge
"the Younger"
Inge (den yngre) Halstensson		c. 1118[36] – 1125[37]/1130[20]
(c. 7–12 years)		Son of Halsten. Possibly initially co-ruler with Philip.Ulvhild Håkansdotter
(childless)		Died c. 1130[20]
Likely the last male-line member of Stenkil's dynasty.[20][38]
Ragnvald
"Knaphövde"		1120s/1130s (?)[32]
(briefly?)		No known connection to previous kings. Recorded inVästgötalagen as the successor of Inge II and predecessor of Sverker I.Nothing recordedFew life details known[32][39]

Houses of Sverker and Eric (1125/1130–1250)

[edit]
Main articles:House of Sverker,House of Eric, andHouse of Estridsen
  Estridsen dynasty
  Sverker dynasty
  Eric dynasty
  Bjälbo dynasty
PortraitNameReignSuccessionMarriage(s)Life details
Magnus I
"the Strong"
Magnus (den starke) Nilsson
(status disputed)		c. 1125 – 1130[37] or c. 1130 – 1134[20]
(c. 4–5 years)		Grandson of Inge the Elder.[40] Attested only as a pretender in theGesta Danorum; perhaps never recognized as king.[41]Richeza of Poland
(2 children)		Died in 1134[20]
Elected king but failed to establish his power; killed in 1134[20] at theBattle of Fotevik.
Non-contemporary depictionSverker I
"the Elder"
Sverker den äldre		c. 1130[42] – 25 December 1156[43]
(c. 26 years)		Either no previous royal connection[44] or grandson of Sweyn.[20] Elected in opposition to Magnus I.[44]Ulvhild Håkansdotter
(at least 4 children)
Richeza of Poland
(1 child?)		Died 25 December 1156
Assassinated, allegedly by the pretenderMagnus II.[20][44]
Eric (IX)[a]
"the Holy"
Erik (den helige) Jedvardsson		c. 1157[45] – 18 May 1160[43]
(c. 3 years)		Cousin of Sverker IChristina of Denmark
(4 children)		c. 1120 – 18 May 1160[43]
(aged approx. 40)
Attempted to christianize Finland. Murdered by the pretenderMagnus II and later canonized, becoming Sweden's patron saint.[20]
Magnus II
Magnus Henriksson		18 May 1160 – 1161
(1 year)		Great-grandson of Inge I. Seized power after murdering Eric IX.Bridget Haraldsdotter
(childless)		Died in 1161
Killed in battle againstCharles VII.[43][46]
Charles (VII)[a]
Karl Sverkersson		c. 1157 – 12 April 1167[43]
(c. 10 years; ruled all of Sweden from 1161 onwards)		Son of Sverker I. Initially ruled inVästergötland in opposition to Eric IX; later overthrew Magnus II.Christina Hvide
(at least 1 child)		1130 – 12 April 1167
(aged 37)
Murdered byCanute I, who succeeded him as king.[20][43][47]
Canute I
Knut Eriksson		12 April 1167 – 1196
(29 years)		Son of Eric IX. Seized power after murdering Charles VII.Cecilia Johansdotter
(name disputed)
(5 children)		Before 1150 – 1196
(older than 46)
[20][43][48]
Kol
(status disputed)		1170s
(several years)		Sons (?) of Sverker I. Ruled together inÖstergötland, in opposition to Canute I.Nothing recordedFew life details known[49]
Boleslaw
Burislev
(status disputed)		1170s
(several years)		Nothing recordedFew life details known[49]
Sverker II
"the Younger"
Sverker (den yngre) Karlsson		1196 – 1208
(12 years)		Son of Charles VIIBenedicta Hvide
(at least 1 child)		c. 1164 – 17 July 1210
(aged c. 46)
Deposed after theBattle of Lena. Killed at theBattle of Gestilren while trying to retake the throne.[43][50][51]
Ingegerd Birgersdotter
(at least 1 child)
Eric (X)[a]
"the Survivor"
Erik Knutsson		1208 – 10 April 1216
(8 years)		Son of Canute I. Seized power after defeating Sverker II in battle.Rikissa of Denmark
(5 children)		1180 – 10 April 1216
(aged c. 36)
[43][52]
John I
Johan Sverkersson		10 April 1216 – 10 March 1222
(5 years and 11 months)		Son of Sverker IIUnmarried and childless1201 – 10 March 1222
(aged c. 21)
Died of illness as the last male-line member of Sverker's dynasty.[43][53]
Eric (XI)[a]
"the Lisp and Lame"
Erik Eriksson		March 1222 – 1229
(7 years)
(first reign)		Son of Eric XCatherine Sunesdotter
(childless)		1216 – 2 February 1250
(aged c. 34)
Largely overshadowed by prominent statesmen. Deposed and in exile 1229–1234.[43][54]
Canute II
"the Tall"
Knut Holmgersson		1229 – 1234
(5 years)		Relative of the House of Eric. Elected king after the deposition of Eric XI.Unknown queen
(at least 2 children)		Died 1234
[43][55]
Eric (XI)[a]
"the Lisp and Lame"
Erik Eriksson		1234 – 2 February 1250
(16 years)
(second reign)		Returned and regained power after Canute II's death[43][55]Catherine Sunesdotter
(childless)		(see entry for previous reign)

House of Bjälbo (1250–1364)

[edit]
Main article:House of Bjälbo
  Bjälbo dynasty
  Estridsen dynasty
  Wittelsbach dynasty
PortraitNameArmsReignSuccessionMarriage(s)Life details
Valdemar
Valdemar Birgersson		1250 – 22 July 1275
(25 years)		Grandson of Eric X and son of the prominent statesmanBirger JarlSophia of Denmark
(6 children)		1239 – 26 December 1302
(aged c. 63)
Deposed after losing theBattle of Hova (1275). Continued to try to regain parts of the kingdom before being imprisoned in 1288.[56]
Magnus III
"Barnlock"
Magnus (Ladulås) Birgersson		22 July 1275 – 18 December 1290
(15 years, 4 months and 26 days)		Grandson of Eric X and son of the prominent statesmanBirger Jarl. Seized power after defeating Valdemar in battle.Helvig of Holstein
(5 children)		Died 18 December 1290
[56]
Birger
Birger Magnusson		18 December 1290 – March/April 1318
(28 years and 5/6 months)		Son of Magnus IIIMartha of Denmark
(4 children)		1280 – 31 May 1321
(aged c. 41)
Deposed and forced into exile by supporters of his brotherEric in 1318.[57]
Regency ofDuchess Ingeborg (March/April 1318 – 8 July 1319)
Magnus IV
Magnus Eriksson		8 July 1319 – 15 February 1364
(44 years, 7 months and 7 days)		Grandson of Magnus IIIBlanche of Namur
(5 children)		c. 1316 – 1 December 1374
(aged c. 58)
Alsoking of Norway (1319–1355). Deposed in favor ofAlbert and imprisoned until 1371; thereafter lived in exile in Norway.[58]
Eric (XII)[a]
Erik Magnusson		17 October 1356 – 20 June 1359
(2 years, 8 months and 3 days)		Son of Magnus IV. Initially ruled in opposition to his father; became co-ruler following reconciliation in 1359.Beatrice of Bavaria
(childless)		In or before 1339 – 20 June 1359
(aged at least 20)
[59]
Håkan
Håkan Magnusson		15 February 1362 – 15 February 1364
(2 years)		Son of Magnus IV, co-ruler with his fatherMargaret of Denmark
(ruling queen 1389–1412)
(1 child)		1340 – 11 September 1380
(aged c. 40)
Alsoking of Norway (1343–1380). Deposed in favor ofAlbert, tried to reclaim Sweden until his defeat at theSiege of Stockholm in 1371.[60]

House of Mecklenburg (1364–1389)

[edit]
Main article:House of Mecklenburg
PortraitNameArmsReignSuccessionMarriage(s)Life details
Albert
of Mecklenburg
Albrekt av Mecklenburg		15 February 1364 – 24 February 1389
(25 years and 9 days)		Great-grandson of Magnus III of SwedenRichardis of Schwerin
(2 children)
Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg
(1 child)		c. 1340[61] – 1 April 1412
(aged c. 72)
AlsoDuke of Mecklenburg (1384–1412). Defeated byMargaret at theBattle of Åsle and then deposed.[61]

Monarchs and regents during the Kalmar Union (1389–1523)

[edit]
Main article:Kalmar Union
  Estridsen dynasty
  Wittelsbach dynasty
  Oldenburg dynasty
  Bjälbo dynasty
  Vasa dynasty
PortraitNameArmsReignSuccessionMarriage(s)Life details
Margaret
Margareta Valdemarsdotter		24 February 1389 – 28 October 1412
(23 years, 8 months and 26 days)		Queen of Denmark andNorway; widow of Håkan Magnusson. Also a descendant of Eric X of Sweden. Defeated Albert with support from the Swedish nobility.Håkan Magnusson
(king 1362–1364)
(1 child)		March 1353 – 28 October 1412
(aged 59)
Alsoqueen of Denmark andNorway as ruler of theKalmar Union. Did not remarry after Håkan's death. Died suddenly of plague in 1412.[62][63]
Eric (XIII)[a]
of Pomerania
Erik av Pommern		23 July 1396 – 24 September 1439
(43 years, 2 months and 1 day)		Grand-nephew, designated heir, and initially co-ruler of Margaret. Also a descendant of Magnus III of Sweden.[i]Philippa of England
(childless)
Cecilia
(childless)		1381/1382 – 3 May 1459[64]
(aged 76–78)
Alsoking of Denmark andNorway as ruler of theKalmar Union. Deposed in Sweden twice (1434–1435 and 1436); regained power until deposed in all three kingdoms in 1439.[62][64]
Regency ofCharles Knutsson Bonde (later King Charles VIII; October 1438 – Autumn 1440)
Christopher
of Bavaria
Kristofer av Bayern		Autumn 1441 – 6 January 1448
(6 years and a few months)		Nephew of Eric XIIIDorothea of Brandenburg
(childless)		26 February 1416 – 6 January 1448
(aged 31)
Alsoking of Denmark andNorway as ruler of theKalmar Union[62][65]
Regency ofBengt Jönsson Oxenstierna andNils Jönsson Oxenstierna (January – 20 June 1448)
Charles (VIII)[a]
Karl Knutsson Bonde		20 June 1448 – 24 February 1457
(8 years, 8 months and 4 days)
(first reign)		Swedish nobleman, elected king in Sweden after Christopher's death in opposition to the union monarchsBirgitta Turesdotter
(2 children)
Catherine Karlsdotter
(8 children)
Christina Abrahamsdotter
(2 children)		Died 15 May 1470
Alsoking of Norway (1449–1450).[66] Deposed twice (1457–1464 and 1465–1467), both times due to the influence of ArchbishopJöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna.[62]
First regency ofJöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna andErik Axelsson Tott (March – 23 June 1457)
Christian I
Kristian I		23 June 1457 – 23 June 1464
(7 years)		Husband ofDorothea of Brandenburg, widow of Christopher. Also a descendant of Magnus III of Sweden. Accepted as king in Sweden after the deposition of Charles VIII.Dorothea of Brandenburg
(5 children)		February 1426 – 21 May 1481
(aged 55)
Alsoking of Denmark andNorway as ruler of theKalmar Union. Deposed in Sweden in 1464.[67]
Charles (VIII)[a]
Karl Knutsson Bonde		9 August 1464 – 30 January 1465
(5 months and 21 days)
(second reign)		Returned to power after the deposition of Christian I[62](see entry for previous reign)(see entry for previous reign)
Regency ofKettil Karlsson Vasa (26 December 1464 – 11 August 1465)
Second regency ofJöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (11 August 1465 – 18 October 1466)
Second regency ofErik Axelsson Tott (18 October 1466 – 12 November 1467)
Charles (VIII)[a]
Karl Knutsson Bonde		12 November 1467 – 15 May 1470
(2 years, 6 months and 3 days)
(third reign)		Returned to power with the support of regentErik Axelsson Tott[62](see entry for previous reign)(see entry for previous reign)
First regency ofSten Sture the Elder (16 May 1470 – 6 October 1497)
John II
Johan II / Hans		6 October 1497 – 1 August 1501
(3 years, 9 months and 26 days)		Son of Christian I. Accepted as king in Sweden after already having reigned in Denmark and Norway for twenty years.Christina of Saxony
(5 children)		8 July 1455 – 20 February 1513
(aged 57)
Alsoking of Denmark andNorway as ruler of theKalmar Union. Deposed in Sweden in favor ofSten Sture the Elder's return as regent.[67]
Second regency ofSten Sture the Elder (12 November 1501 – 14 December 1503)
Regency ofSvante Nilsson (21 January 1504 – 31 December 1511/2 January 1512)
Regency ofEric Trolle (January – 23 July 1512)
Regency ofSten Sture the Younger (23 July 1512 – 3 February 1520)
Christian II
"the Tyrant"
Kristian II		1 November 1520 – 23 August 1521
(9 months and 22 days)		Son of John II. Accepted as king in Sweden after conquering the country from regentSten Sture the Younger.Isabella of Austria
(6 children)		2 July 1481 – 25 January 1559
(aged 77)
Alsoking of Denmark andNorway as ruler of theKalmar Union. Deposed following theStockholm Bloodbath. Later also deposed in Denmark and Norway.[68]
Regency ofGustav Vasa (later King Gustav I; 23 August 1521 – 6 June 1523)

House of Vasa (1523–1654)

[edit]
Main article:House of Vasa
  Vasa dynasty
  Wittelsbach dynasty
  Oldenburg dynasty
PortraitNameArmsReign[j]SuccessionMarriage(s)Life detailsCypher
Gustav I
Gustav Vasa
[k]		6 June 1523 – 29 September 1560
(37 years, 3 months and 23 days)		Previously regent, elected king after theSwedish War of Liberation[l]Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg
(1 child)
Margaret Leijonhufvud
(10 children)
Catherine Stenbock
(childless)		12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560
(aged 64)
[72]		—
[m]
Eric XIV
Erik XIV		29 September 1560 – 26 January 1569
(8 years, 3 months and 28 days)		Son of Gustav IKarin Månsdotter
(5 children)		13 December 1533 – 26 February 1577
(aged 43)
Deposed and later poisoned, perhaps by his brother John III.[72][74]
John III
Johan III
[n]		26 January 1569 – 17 November 1592
(23 years, 9 months and 22 days)		Son of Gustav ICatherine Jagiellon
(3 children)
Gunilla Bielke
(1 child)		20 December 1537 – 17 November 1592
(aged 54)
[72]
Sigismund17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599
(6 years, 8 months and 7 days)		Son of John IIIAnne of Austria
(5 children)
Constance of Austria
(7 children)		20 June 1566 – 19 April 1632
(aged 65)
Deposed after thewar against Sigismund. Alsoking of Poland 1587–1632.[72][75]
Regency ofDuke Charles (later King Charles IX; 24 July 1599 – 22 March 1604)
Charles IX
Karl IX		22 March 1604 – 30 October 1611
(7 years, 7 months and 8 days)		Son of Gustav I, proclaimed king after serving as regent for five yearsMaria of the Palatinate
(6 children)		4 October 1550 – 30 October 1611
(aged 61)
[72][76]		—
[o]
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
(4 children)
Gustav II Adolf
(Gustavus Adolphus)		30 October 1611 – 6 November 1632
(21 years and 7 days)		Son of Charles IXMaria Eleonora of Brandenburg
(2 children)		9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632
(aged 37)
Killed at theBattle of Lützen in 1632[72]
Christina
Kristina		6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654
(21 years and 7 months)		Daughter of Gustav II AdolfUnmarried and childless7 December 1626 – 9 April 1689
(aged 62)
Abdicated and retired toRome.[72]

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1654–1720)

[edit]
Main article:House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
  Wittelsbach dynasty
  Oldenburg dynasty
PortraitNameArmsReign[j]SuccessionMarriage(s)Life detailsCypher
Charles X Gustav
Karl X Gustav		6 June 1654 – 13 February 1660
(5 years, 8 months and 7 days)		Son ofCatherine of Sweden, a daughter of Charles IXHedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
(1 child)		8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660
(aged 37)
[72]
Charles XI
Karl XI		13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697
(37 years, 1 month and 23 days)		Son of Charles X GustavUlrika Eleonora of Denmark
(7 children)		24 November 1655 – 5 April 1697
(aged 41)
[72]
Charles XII
Karl XII		5 April 1697 – 30 November 1718
(21 years, 7 months and 25 days)		Son of Charles XIUnmarried and childless17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718
(aged 36)
Killed in battle againstDenmark–Norway during thesiege of Fredriksten in 1718.[77]
Regency ofPrincess Ulrika Eleonora (later Queen Ulrika Eleonora; 30 November 1718 – 23 January 1719)
Ulrika Eleonora23 January 1719 – 24 March 1720
(1 year, 2 months and 1 day)		Daughter of Charles XI, elected as successor of her childless brotherFrederick of Hesse-Cassel
(king 1720–1751)
(childless)		23 January 1688 – 24 November 1741
(aged 53)
Abdicated in favor of her husband in 1720; thereafter consort until her death.[77]

House of Hesse (1720–1751)

[edit]
Main article:House of Hesse
  Wittelsbach dynasty
PortraitNameArmsReign[j]SuccessionMarriage(s)Life detailsCypher
Frederick I
Fredrik I		24 March 1720 – 25 March 1751
(31 years and 1 day)		Husband and designated successor of Ulrika EleonoraLuise Dorothea of Prussia
(childless)		18 April 1676 – 25 March 1751
(aged 74)
[77]
Ulrika Eleonora
(ruling queen 1719–1720)
 (childless)

House of Holstein-Gottorp (1751–1818)

[edit]
Main article:House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)
  Oldenburg dynasty
PortraitNameArmsReign[j]SuccessionMarriage(s)Life detailsCypher
Adolf Frederick
Adolf Fredrik		25 March 1751 – 12 February 1771
(19 years, 10 months and 7 days)		Great-great-great-grandson ofCharles IX;[p] elected as heir to the throne in 1743Louisa Ulrika of Prussia
(4 children)		3 May 1710 – 12 February 1771
(aged 60)
OriginallyPrince-Bishop of Lübeck (1727–1750).[77]
Gustav III
[q]		12 February 1771 – 29 March 1792
(21 years, 1 month and 17 days)		Son of Adolf FrederickSophia Magdalena of Denmark
(2 children)		13 January 1746 – 29 March 1792
(aged 46)
Assassinated in 1792.[77]
Gustav IV Adolf29 March 1792 – 10 May 1809
(17 years, 1 month and 11 days)		Son of Gustav IIIFrederica of Baden
(5 children)		1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837
(aged 58)
Deposed after defeat in theFinnish War; died in exile in Switzerland.[77][r]
Regency ofDuke Charles (later King Charles XIII; 10 May – 6 June 1809)
Charles XIII
Karl XIII		6 June 1809 – 5 February 1818
(8 years, 7 months and 30 days)		Son of Adolf Frederick, elected king by theRiksdag of the Estates after a brief tenure as regentHedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp
(2 children, died in infancy)		26 September 1748 – 5 February 1818
(aged 69)
Also becameking of Norway in 1814[77]

House of Bernadotte (1818–present)

[edit]
Main article:House of Bernadotte
  Bernadotte dynasty
PortraitNameArmsReignSuccessionMarriage(s)Life detailsCypher
Charles XIV John
Karl XIV Johan		5 February 1818 – 8 March 1844
(26 years, 1 month and 3 days)		Elected in 1810 as heir to the childless Charles XIII by theRiksdag of the Estates and then adopted by Charles XIII[s]Désirée Clary
(1 child)		26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844
(aged 81)
Originally a French general, thenMarshal of the Empire andPrince of Pontecorvo (1806–1810).[77]
Oscar I8 March 1844 – 8 July 1859
(15 years and 4 months)		Son of Charles XIV JohnJosephine of Leuchtenberg
(5 children)		4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859
(aged 60)
[77]
Charles XV
Karl XV		8 July 1859 – 18 September 1872
(13 years, 2 months and 10 days)		Son of Oscar ILouise of the Netherlands
(2 children)		3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872
(aged 46)
First monarch of the House of Bernadotte to be born in Sweden.[82]
Oscar II18 September 1872 – 8 December 1907
(35 years, 2 months and 20 days)		Son of Oscar ISophia of Nassau
(4 children)		21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907
(aged 78)
Last Swedish king to also beking of Norway (until 1905).[83]
Gustaf V8 December 1907 – 29 October 1950
(42 years, 10 months and 21 days)		Son of Oscar IIVictoria of Baden
(3 children)		16 June 1858 – 29 October 1950
(aged 92)
The marriage to Victoria of Baden, a great-granddaughter ofGustaf IV Adolf, genealogically united the House of Bernadotte with the former royal line.[80][83][84]
Gustaf VI Adolf29 October 1950 – 15 September 1973
(22 years, 10 months and 17 days)		Son of Gustaf V[t]Margaret of Connaught
(5 children)
Louise Mountbatten
(1 stillborn child)		11 November 1882 – 15 September 1973
(aged 90)
[83]
Carl XVI Gustaf15 September 1973 – present
(52 years, 2 months and 12 days)		Grandson of Gustaf VI AdolfSilvia Sommerlath
(3 children)		Born 30 April 1946
(age 79)
The longest reigning monarch in Swedish history[83][85]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toMonarchs of Sweden.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklmSwedish monarchs in the Middle Ages and before did not use regnal numbers. In the 16th century, kingsEric XIV andCharles IX assumed ahistorical and exaggerated regnal numbers based on the fictitious Swedish historyHistoria de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, which invented several kings of both names. Later kings enumerated themselves after them, and the exaggerated regnal numbers have also been retroactively applied to the earlier kings named Eric and Charles.[15] The numbering used for earlier kings in this list follows the count inHistoria de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus for consistency, which for instance means counting Eric Årsäll but not "Eric and Eric".
  2. ^Eric's accession is traditionally dated to 970, but the date is highly uncertain. Modern scholars often maintain that he died c. 995 but omit the year of his accession.[16]
  3. ^Sources on Eric's parentage are contradictory.Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (c. 1075) by the German chroniclerAdam of Bremen describes him as the son ofEmund Eriksson and the later 13th-century Icelandic sagaHervarar saga ok Heiðreks describes him as the son ofBjörn Eriksson.[17]
  4. ^The by-name "Skötkonung" was a later invention, not attested before the 13th century. Its meaning is obscure and disputed but should probably be understood asskattkonung ("tax-king"), perhaps indicating that Olof paid tribute to another king, possibly the Danish kingSweyn Forkbeard.[16] Alternatively, it might be interpretable as "treasure king", deriving from Olof being the first Swedish king to mint coins.[19]
  5. ^Stenkil is traditionally held to have married "Ingamoder", a daughter of Emund the Old, but sources are too scanty to confidently establish whether this took place. He was also connected to the Munsö dynasty through his fatherRagnvald Ulfsson being the nephew ofSigrid the Haughty, mother of Olof Skötkonung.[20]
  6. ^Eric and Eric are recorded only byAdam of Bremen and are not included in any of the known medieval king lists on Swedish rulers, neither native Swedish lists nor Icelandic sources.[25] Liljegren (2004) highlights their dubious history by describing them as "the most anonymous royal figures in Sweden's history" and further states that the period immediately after Stenkil appears to have lacked any real king, with "magnates [standing against] magnates".[26]
  7. ^Older tradition describes one of the Erics as a son of Stenkil ("Eric Stenkilsson") and the other as the pagan son of a daughter of Eric the Victorious ("Eric the Heathen"), though these assumptions cannot be substantiated by the historical record.[27]
  8. ^Anund Gårdske is recorded only byAdam of Bremen and is not included in any of the known medieval king lists on Swedish rulers, neither native Swedish lists nor Icelandic sources.[25]
  9. ^Eric of Pomerania was the son ofMaria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a granddaughter ofEuphemia of Sweden, who in turn was a granddaughter of Magnus III.
  10. ^abcdSweden changed from theJulian calendar to theGregorian calendar (the two calendars differ by 11 days) in 1753.[69] This list consistently uses the dates used at the time.
  11. ^Gustav I introduced a crown above the arms, based on its use in the arms of regentSten Sture the Younger.[70]
  12. ^Though the Swedish monarchy was not hereditary before his reign, Gustav I was also distantly related to medieval Swedish royalty since he was a matrilineal descendant ofBirger Jarl, the father of kingsValdemar andMagnus III. Some genealogists claim that he was also a descendant of kingsEric IX andSverker II.[71]
  13. ^Royal cyphers, also known as monograms, began being used by monarchs throughout Europe in the 16th century. The first Swedish king known to have used a monogram is Eric XIV. The monograms used by Eric XIV and his successor John III were simple, consisting only of their initials and "R" (rex), but monograms grew more elaborate and distinct over time.[73]
  14. ^Heraldicsupporters were added to the royal arms in the time of John III. They also appear on the grave monument of Gustav I but this monument was constructed in John III's reign.[70]
  15. ^No monogram attested.[73]
  16. ^Adolf Frederick's motherAlbertina Frederica was a great-granddaughter ofCatherine of Sweden, a daughter of Charles IX.[78]
  17. ^The addition of amantle and pavilion to the arms dates to the middle of the 18th century.[79]
  18. ^The so-calledGustavians worked unsuccessfully in the decades that followed Gustav IV Adolf's deposition to restore his line to the throne; his sonGustav, Prince of Vasa (1799–1877), maintained his claim to the Swedish throne and protested the coronations ofOscar I andCharles XV. Gustav's daughterCarola of Vasa (1833–1902), who died childless, was the last member of the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp. The modern Swedish royal family are Gustav IV Adolf's seniormost living descendants through the marriage between his great-granddaughterVictoria of Baden andGustaf V.[80]
  19. ^Although Charles XIV John was adopted by Charles XIII and the Bernadotte monarchs have since the accession ofGustaf VI Adolf in 1950 also been the senior genealogical descendants of the Holstein-Gottorp kings,[80] the accession of Charles XIV John marked the first new dynastic line since the accession of Gustav I nearly 300 years prior.[81]
  20. ^In the female line also great-great-grandson of Gustav IV Adolf throughVictoria of Baden, granddaughter of Gustav IV Adolf's daughterSophie Vilhelmina.[80]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Swedish Royal Court.
  2. ^Myhre 2003, pp. 69, 72.
  3. ^Myhre 2003, pp. 81–82.
  4. ^Lindkvist 2003, pp. 221–222.
  5. ^Myhre 2003, p. 88.
  6. ^Line 2007, p. 46.
  7. ^abcHarrison 2011.
  8. ^Lindkvist 2003, p. 222.
  9. ^abcdLindkvist 2003, p. 224.
  10. ^Lindkvist 2003, p. 225.
  11. ^Hogan & Hogan 2006, p. 38.
  12. ^Lockhart 2004, p. 8.
  13. ^Hildebrand 1884–1885, p. 59.
  14. ^Lindqvist 2021, p. 17.
  15. ^Persson & Oldrup 2010, pp. 76–77.
  16. ^abcdLindkvist 2003, p. 223.
  17. ^Sprague 2007, p. 345.
  18. ^Lindqvist 2006, p. Sigrid Storråda.
  19. ^Sprague 2007, p. 346.
  20. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsWilliamson 1988, p. 122.
  21. ^Lindqvist 2006, p. Estrid.
  22. ^Mueller-Vollmer & Wolf 2022, p. 280.
  23. ^Mueller-Vollmer & Wolf 2022, p. 133.
  24. ^Holman 2009, p. 262.
  25. ^abSävborg 2015, p. 207.
  26. ^Liljegren 2004, p. 17.
  27. ^Sture Bolin 1953a.
  28. ^abcdNyberg 2018, Chapter 6.
  29. ^abThe articleInge inNordisk familjebok (1910).
  30. ^The articleAnund inNationalencyklopedin.
  31. ^abSture Bolin 1953e.
  32. ^abcSture Bolin 1953d.
  33. ^abSävborg 2017, pp. 79, 91.
  34. ^abAdolfsson 2010.
  35. ^abSävborg 2017, pp. 61, 62.
  36. ^abcSture Bolin 1953b.
  37. ^abLiljegren 2004, p. 27.
  38. ^Sture Bolin 1953c.
  39. ^Liljegren 2004, p. 28.
  40. ^Saxo Grammaticus,Danmarks kronike, II, p. 55-6.
  41. ^Sävborg 2015, p. 219.
  42. ^Liljegren 2004, p. 29.
  43. ^abcdefghijklmVenning 2023, Sovereigns of Sweden.
  44. ^abcSture Bolin 1953i.
  45. ^Liljegren 2004, p. 31.
  46. ^Sture Bolin 1953j.
  47. ^Sture Bolin 1953k.
  48. ^Sture Bolin 1953l.
  49. ^abHarrison 2014, Kol och Burislev.
  50. ^Liljegren 2004, p. 37.
  51. ^Sture Bolin 1953m.
  52. ^Sture Bolin 1953n.
  53. ^Sture Bolin 1953f.
  54. ^Sture Bolin 1953h.
  55. ^abSture Bolin 1953g.
  56. ^abSture Bolin 1953t.
  57. ^Sture Bolin 1953s.
  58. ^Sture Bolin 1953r.
  59. ^Sture Bolin 1953q.
  60. ^Sture Bolin 1953p.
  61. ^abSture Bolin 1953o.
  62. ^abcdefWilliamson 1988, p. 123.
  63. ^Sture Bolin 1953u.
  64. ^abSture Bolin 1953x.
  65. ^Sture Bolin 1953w.
  66. ^Sture Bolin 1953v.
  67. ^abWilliamson 1988, pp. 106, 123.
  68. ^Williamson 1988, pp. 106, 124.
  69. ^Marklund & Larsson 2012, p. 168.
  70. ^abHildebrand 1884–1885, p. 67.
  71. ^Lindqvist 2016, Chapter 1.
  72. ^abcdefghiWilliamson 1988, p. 124.
  73. ^abSeitz 1937, pp. 7–8.
  74. ^Persson & Oldrup 2010, pp. 102–103.
  75. ^Sarti 2022, Sigismund.
  76. ^Petersson 2021, Kronan, till sist.
  77. ^abcdefghiWilliamson 1988, p. 125.
  78. ^Sundberg 2004, Adolf Fredrik.
  79. ^Riksdag of Sweden.
  80. ^abcdSundberg 2004, Gustav IV Adolf.
  81. ^Lindqvist 2018, p. 12.
  82. ^Williamson 1988, pp. 125–126.
  83. ^abcdWilliamson 1988, p. 126.
  84. ^Editors of American Heritage Dictionaries 2005, p. 345.
  85. ^Sveriges kungahus.

Sources

[edit]
Swedish royal titles
Current titles
Inactive titles
Unintroduced nobility
Munsö
c. 970 – c. 1060
Stenkil
c. 1060 – c. 1130
1160–1161
Sverker ·Eric
c. 1130 – 1250
Bjälbo
1250–1364
Mecklenburg
1364–1389
Kalmar Union
Italics indicate
regents
1389–1523
Vasa
1523–1654
Palatinate-
Zweibrücken (Wittelsbach)
Hesse-Kassel
1654–1751
Holstein-Gottorp (Oldenburg)
1751–1818
Bernadotte
since 1818
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