This is a descriptivelist ofStone Age art, the period ofprehistory characterised by the widespread use ofstone tools. This article contains, by sheer volume of the artwork discovered, a very incomplete list of the works of the painters, sculptors, and other artists who created what is now called prehistoric art. For fuller lists seeArt of the Upper Paleolithic,Art of the Middle Paleolithic, andCategory:Prehistoric art and its many sub-categories.
The oldest undisputed figurative art appears with theAurignacian, about 40,000 years ago, which is associated with the earliest presence ofCro-Magnon artists inEurope. Figurines with date estimates of 40,000 years are the so-calledLion-man andVenus of Hohle Fels, both found in the Southern Germany caves of theSwabian Jura.
Löwenmensch, or Lion-man, dated between 40,000 and 35,000 years old, is anivoryfigurine discovered in theHohlenstein-Stadel, Swabian Jura, Germany. The figurine represents a human body with alion head. It is both the oldest knownzoomorphic figurine in the world and one of the oldest known examples offigurative art.[1] The figurine is now in theMuseum Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave, dated between 40,000 and 35,000 years old, is a section ofmammothivory with arelief of a human figure, found in theGeißenklösterle cave, Swabian Jura, Germany. The posture of the figure is usually interpreted as an expression of worship, which is why in German the figure is called an "adorant", a word meaning a "worshipper". It is now in theLandesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany.
Venus of Hohle Fels, dated between 40,000 and 35,000 years ago, is aVenus figurine made ofmammothivory. The figurine was found inHohle Fels, Swabian Jura, Germany. The Venus of Hohle Fels is the oldest known undisputed depiction of a human. It is now in the Prehistoric Museum Blaubeuren,Blaubeuren, Germany.
La Pasiega cave (Spain) – an art gallery created in prehistoric times, the exhibition of artwork here runs for at least 120 meters. Contains ladder-shaped abstract drawings controversially dated to older than 64,800 years (Mousterian).
Altamira cave (Spain) – in 1879 the first prehistoric paintings and drawings were discovered in this cave, which soon became famous for their depth of color and depictions of animals, hands, and abstract shapes.
Chauvet Cave (France) – some of the earliest cave paintings known, and considered among the most important prehistoric art sites.
El Castillo cave, one of theMonte Castillo caves (Spain) – contains decorations inred ochre paint which has been blown onto the walls in the forms of hand stencils as long as 37,000 years ago, and painted dots. One faint red dot has been dated to 40,800 years ago, making it the oldest datedcave decoration in the world.[2][3][4][5]
Lascaux caves (France) – contains some of the best known artworks of early painters, many of those portraying large animals.
Bhimbetka rock shelters (India) – the shelters, decorated with art from 30,000 years ago, contain the oldest evidence of artists exhibiting their work on the Indian sub-continent.
Cosquer Cave (France) –hand stencils from 27,000 years ago, and 19,000-year-old animal drawings that portray bison,ibex, horses,seals and what may beauks andjellyfish, showcase this gallery.
Caves of Gargas, France, features numerous negative hand stencils, some with one or more fingers absent.
Chufin cave (Spain) – small cave with engravings, stick figures, and artwork schematically portraying red deer, goats and cattle.
Côa Valley (Portugal) – artists engraved thousands of drawings of horses and other animal, human and abstract figures in open-air artwork completed 22,000 to 10,000 years ago.
Font-de-Gaume in south-west France contains over 200 polychrome paintings and engravings from artists who worked over 17,000 years ago. The cave's most famous painting is a frieze of five bison, although renditions of many other animals, including wolves, are featured.
Kapova cave in southernUral Mountains (Russia) – presently 173 monochromaticochre rock paintings andcharcoal drawings or their traces are documented, presentingPleistocene animals and abstract geometric motives. They are about 18,000 – 16,000 years old, from LateSolutrean to MiddleMagdalenian.
La Marche (France) – due to the style the legitimacy of the cave paintings here are in dispute.
15 kyaBison Licking Insect Bite, an approximately 15,000-year-old carved and engraved fragment of aspear-thrower made ofreindeer antler, the piece depicts a member of the now extinct Bison speciessteppe wisent. The artist carved the bison's head turned to its right and licking itself as if bitten by an insect.[7] It's exhibited in the National Museum of Prehistory inLes Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, not far from where it was found.
Montastruc decorated stone, an approximately 13,000 year old scratched or engraved human figure on a piece of limestone – which appears to be female –used as a lamp. Found in Courbet Cave, Penne, Tarn, France. It now resides in the British Museum of London.
13 kyaSwimming Reindeer, a sculpture of two swimming reindeer ornately carved from the tusk of a mammoth. Found in Montastruc Rock Shelter, Bruniquel, Tarn-et-Garonne. The sculpture resides now in theBritish Museum.
Robin Hood Cave Horse (previously known as theOchre Horse). This fragment of rib that the artist engraved with ahorse's head was discovered in the Robin Hood Cave inCreswell Crags, Derbyshire, England. It is the only animal-related Upper Paleolithicportable artwork ever found in Britain.[8][9]Robin Hood Cave Horse is now housed in theBritish Museum.
Australia and parts of Southeast Asia remained in the Paleolithic stage until European contact. The oldest firmly dated rock-art painting in Australia is a charcoal drawing on a rock fragment found during the excavation of theNawarla Gabarnmang rock shelter in south westernArnhem Land in theNorthern Territory. Dated at 28,000 years, it is one of the oldest known pieces of rock art on Earth with a confirmed date.
Gwion Gwion rock paintings (Australia) – Aboriginal artists painted well over a million paintings in this site in theKimberley, many of human figures ornamented with accessories such as bags,tassels and headdresses.[10] These artworks are well over 20,000 years old.
Gabarnmung (Australia) – this rock-art site in theNorthern Territory features the oldest artwork in Australia at over 28,000 years.Aboriginal artists painted fish, crocodiles, people, and spiritual figures, mostly on the site's ceilings.[11][12] The site also includes panels of recent paintings, radiocarbon dated to between AD 1433–1631 and AD 1658–1952 (calibrated95% CI), consistent with the reports that the cave was still visited within living memory.[13]
12 kyaCuciulat cave (Romania) features several red paintings of animals, including horses and felines, which are about 12,000 years old. These were the first manifestations of this kind known in Central Europe.
11.5 kya TheShigir Idol, a wooden sculpture, resides in the Historic Exhibition Museum inYekaterinburg, Russia.
11 kyaLes Combarelles (France) – two galleries showcase more than 600 engravings. The more-than-11,000-year-old artwork portrays such subjects as reindeer drinking water from the river that flows through the cave,cave bears,cave lions,mammoths, and various symbols.[15]
10-8 kyaMagura Cave (Bulgaria) - the prehistoric wall paintings of Magura have great resemblance with those of theGrotta dei Cervi in Italy, which are of exceptional expression and artistic depth and are considered the most significant works of art of the European Post-Paleolithic era.[16] In 1984 the site was added toUNESCO'stentative list of World Heritage.[17]
7 kyaAdam of Govrlevo (North Macedonia), or "Adam of Macedonia". At more than 7,000 years old, the sculpture is the oldest artifact found in theRepublic of North Macedonia. The artist depicts a sitting male body, and shows details of his spine, ribs, navel, and phallus. The piece is now exhibited in theSkopje City Museum.
Saharan rock art – there are over three thousand known sites where artists carved or painted on the natural rocks of the centralSahara desert.
Tadrart Acacus (Libya) – rock art with engravings of humans and flora and fauna, which date from 12,000 BCE to 100 CE.
Tassili n'Ajjer (Algeria) – over 15,000 pastoral and natural engravings; the earliest rock art is from around 12,000 years before present, with most dating to the 9th and 10th millennia BP or younger.
Cueva de las Manos (Cave of Hands) (Argentina) – a series of caves exhibiting hundreds of outlines of human hands, hunting scenes, and animals painted 13,000 to 9,000 years ago.[25]
Bird stones (5,000 to 2,500 years old) are portable bird-shaped stone sculptures created by generations of North American sculptors.
Toquepala Caves (Peru) – "Abrigo del Diablo" and the other caves contain at least 50 noted pieces. The artists used paint made fromhematite, and painted in seven colors with red being dominant.[26][27][28]
Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük is a baked-clay nude female form seated between feline-headed arm-rests which is missing its original head and right side hand rest (although reconstructions of the artist's possible intent have been added). Resides at theMuseum of Anatolian Civilizations inAnkara, Turkey.
^Clottes, Jean (2003).Chauvet Cave: The Art of Earliest Times. Paul G. Bahn (translator). University of Utah Press.ISBN0-87480-758-1. Translation ofLa Grotte Chauvet, l'art des origins, Éditions du Seuil, 2001, p. 214.
^Amos, Jonathan (June 14, 2012)."Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art'".BBC News.Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved15 June 2012.One motif – a faint red dot – is said to be more than 40,000 years old.
^Robert Gunn, Bruno David, Jean-Jacques Delannoy and Margaret Katherine, "The past 500 years of rock art at Nawarla Gabarnmang, central-western Arnhem Land" in: Bruno David,Paul S.C. Taçon,Jean-Jacques Delannoy,Jean-Michel Geneste (eds.),The Archaeology of Rock Art in Western Arnhem Land, Australia (2017), pp. 303–328.
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