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List of Russian inventors

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is alist ofinventors from theRussian Federation,Soviet Union,Russian Empire,Tsardom of Russia andGrand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnicRussians and people of other ethnicities.

This list also includes those who were born in Russia or its predecessor states but later emigrated, and those who were born elsewhere but immigrated to the country or worked there for a considerable time, (producing inventions on Russian soil).

For Russian inventions in chronological order, see theTimeline of Russian inventions and technology records.

Alphabetical list

[edit]

A

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Bruno Abakanowicz
(1852–1900)
Russian Empire
France
(Poland/Lithuania origin)
Integraph,spirograph, parabolagraph[1]
Spirograph designs
Valerian Abakovsky
(1895–1921)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Latvia
aerowagon[2]
Vitaly Abalakov
(1906–1986)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
camming devices,Abalakov thread (V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor[3][4]
Spring-loaded camming device
Evgeny Abramyan
(1930–2014)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Georgia
halyard for the firstextra-vehicular activity
Space suit worn byLeonov during the firstEVA
Vsevolod Abramovich
(1890–1913)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Abramovich Flyer
Hovannes Adamian
(1879–1932)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(Armenia/Azerbaijan/Germany)
tricolor principle of thecolor television[5]
RGB color model
Franz Aepinus
(1724–1802)
Holy Roman Empire
Russian Empire
achromaticmicroscope
Georgy Adelson-Velsky
(1922–2014)
Soviet Union
Russia
Israel
AVL tree datastructure,Kaissa (the firstWorld Computer Chess Champion)
AVL Tree
Anatoly Alexandrov
(1903–1994)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
anti-mine demagnetising of ships,naval nuclear reactors (including one for the firstnuclear icebreaker)[6][7]
Lenin, the firstnuclear icebreaker
Alexandre Alexeieff
(1901–1982)
Russian Empire
France
pinscreen animation (with his wifeClaire Parker)[8]
Pin Art
Rostislav Alexeyev
(1916–1980)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
ekranoplan, Soviet high-speedhydrofoils[9][10]
A-90 Orlyonokekranoplan.
Zhores Alferov
(1930–2019)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
heterotransistor (withHerbert Kroemer), continuous-wave-operatingdiode laser (withDmitri Garbuzov)[11][12]
Laser diode array
Genrich Altshuller
(1926–1998)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")[13]
Vasily Andreyev
(1861–1918)
Russian Empire
standardbalalaika[14][15]
A souvenirbalalaika
Oleg Antonov
(1906–1984)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
An-series aircraft, includingAntonov A-40winged tank andAntonov An-124 (the largest serialcargo aircraft, later modified to world's largestfixed-wing aircraftAntonov An-225)[16]
An-124-100
Lev Artsimovich
(1909–1973)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
firsttokamak[17]
Tokamak scheme

B

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Georgy Babakin
(1914–1971)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
firstsoft landingspace vehicle (Luna 9)[18]
Boris Babayan
(born 1933)
Soviet Union
Russia
Elbrus computer
Vladimir Baranov-Rossine
(1888–1944)
Russian Empire
France
(Ukraine)
(self-portrait)
Optophonic Piano,pointillist ordynamic military camouflage[19]
A modernCanadiandigital camouflage
Vladimir Barmin
(1909–1993)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
first rocketlaunch complex (Baikonur spaceport)[20]
Baikonur spaceport souvenir
Nikolay Basov
(1922–2001)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
co-inventor oflaser andmaser[21]
Laser beams
Ernest Beaux
(1881–1961)
Russian Empire
France
Chanel No. 5[22]
Chanel No. 5.
Vladimir Bekhterev
(1857–1927)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Bekhterev’s Mixture (a medicine with a sedative effect)[23]
Sodium bromide, a part ofBekhterev’s Mixture
Nikolay Benardos
(1842–1905)
Russian Empire
arc welding (specificallycarbon arc welding, the first arc welding method)[24]
The firstarc welding method,ElectroHephaestus
Aleksandr Bereznyak
(1912–1974)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(left on photo)
firstrocket-powered fighter aircraft,BI-1 (together withIsaev)[25]
BI-1
Georgy Beriev
(1903–1979)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(Georgian origin)
Be-seriesamphibious aircraft[citation needed]
Beriev Be-12 Chayka
Fyodor Blinov
(1827–1902)
Russian Empire
firsttracked vehicle (awagon oncontinuous tracks), steam-poweredcaterpillartractor[26][27]
Blinov'scaterpillar steamtractor
Sam Born (1891–1959)
Russian Empire
United States
lollipop-making machine[28]
A particularly largelollipop
Georgy Bothezat
(1882–1940)
Russian Empire
United States
quadrotor helicopter (TheFlying Octopus)[29]
De Bothezat'squadrotor helicopter.
Sergey Brin
(born 1973)
Soviet Union
United States
withLarry Page, inventedGoogle web search engine[30]
Google Search logo
Mikhail Britnev
(1822–1889)
Russian Empire
firstmetal-hullicebreaker (Pilot)[31]
IcebreakerPilot on a postage stamp
Nikolay Brusentsov
(1925–2014)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
ternary computer (Setun)[32]
Gersh Budker
(1918–1977)
Soviet Union
electron cooling, co-inventor ofcollider[33][34]
Electron beam
Aleksandr Butlerov
(1828–1886)
Russian Empire
hexamine,formaldehyde,formose reaction (the synthesis ofsugar)[35]
Formaldehyde formula

C

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Vladimir Chelomey
(1914–1984)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
firstspace station (Salyut 1), further space stations ofSalyut series,Proton rocket (the most usedheavy liftlaunch system)[36]
Pavel Cherenkov
(1904–1990)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Cherenkov detector[37]
Cherenkov radiation
Evgeniy Chertovsky
(1902–?)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
pressure suit[38]
Pressure suit
Alexander Chizhevsky
(1897–1964)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier)[39]
A modernair ionizer
Andrey Chokhov
(c. 1545–1629)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Tsar Cannon, thelargest bombard by caliber but inoperative[40]
TheTsar Cannon

D

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Vasily Degtyaryov
(1880–1949)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
first self-loadingcarbine,Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer ofFedorov Avtomat (the first self-loading rifle)[41]
Akinfiy Demidov
(1678–1745)
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
co-developer ofrebar,cast ironcupola,lightning rod (all found in theLeaning Tower of Nevyansk)[42]
Rebars inside theLeaning Tower of Nevyansk.
Yuri Denisyuk
(1927–2006)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
3Dholography[43]
Denisyukholography scheme
Aleksandr Dianin
(1851–1918)
Russian Empire
Bisphenol A,Dianin's compound[44]
Bisphenol A formula
Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
(1862–1919)
Russian Empire
(Poland,Germany)
three-phase electric power (first3-phasehydroelectric power plant, 3-phaseelectrical generator, 3-phasemotor and 3-phasetransformer)[45]
3-phaseelectrical generator on exhibition inFrankfurt,1891
Nikolay Dollezhal
(1899–2000)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
AM-1 reactor for thefirst nuclear power plant and otherRBMK-type reactors,pressurized water reactor (VVER)[46]
VVER-1000nuclear reactor
Alexey Dushkin
(1904–1977)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
deep column station[47]

E

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Ivan Elmanov
Russian Empire
firstmonorail (the so-called "Road on Pillars" nearMoscow, with horse-drawn carriages)[48]
ModernMoscow monorail

F

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Peter Carl Fabergé
(1846–1920)
Russian Empire
Fabergé Eggs[49]
Memory of Azov Egg
Nicolas Florine
(1891–1972)
Russian Empire
Belgium
(born inGeorgia)
firsttandem rotorhelicopter to fly freely[50]
A moderntandem rotor helicopter
Ivan Fyodorov
(c. 1510–1583)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Poland-Lithuania
inventedmultibarreledmortar, introducedprinting inRussia[51]
Fedorov depicted in histypography
Svyatoslav Fyodorov
(1927–2000)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
radial keratotomy[52]
Vladimir Fyodorov
(1874–1966)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loadingbattle rifle, arguably the firstassault rifle)[53]

G

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Yakov Modestovich Gakkel
(1874–1945)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
first Russian-made aircraft anddiesel locomotives[54]
The Gakkel-VII
Boris Borisovich Galitzine
(1862–1916)
Russian Empire
electromagneticseismograph[55]
An electricseismograph
Dmitri Garbuzov
(1940–2006)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
United States
continuous-wave-operatingdiode lasers (together withZhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers[56]
Laser diode array
Georgy Gause
(1910–1986)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
gramicidin S,neomycin,lincomycin and otherantibiotics[57]
Gramicidin S formula
E. K. Gauzen
Russian Empire
three bolt equipment (earlydiving costume)[58][59]
A Sovietdiving helmet
Andrey Geim
(born 1958)
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
graphene[60]
Graphene
Nestor Genko
(1839–1904)
Russian Empire
Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scalewindbreak system)[61]
Valentyn Glushko
(1908–1989)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
hypergolic propellant,electric propulsion, Sovietrocket engines (including world's most powerfulliquid-fuelrocket engineRD-170)[62]
RD-170 rocket engine model
Leonid Gobyato
(1875–1915)
Russian Empire
first modern man-portablemortar[63]
Gobyato'smortar
Igor Gorynin
(1926–2015)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
weldabletitanium alloys, high strengthaluminium alloys,radiation-hardened steels[64][65]
Titanium
Boris Grabovsky
(1901–1966)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube[66][67]
A moderncathode ray tube
Mikhail Gurevich
(1893–1976)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(left on photo)
MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world'smost producedjet aircraftMiG-15 and most producedsupersonic aircraftMiG-21 (together withArtem Mikoyan)[68]
MiG-21

H

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Waldemar Haffkine
(1860–1930)
Russian Empire
 Switzerland
developed and used first vaccines againstcholera andbubonic plague[69][70]
An injection of anti-plague vaccine

I

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Gavriil Ilizarov
(1921–1992)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Ilizarov apparatus,external fixation,distraction osteogenesis[71][72]
Ilizarov apparatus
Sergey Ilyushin
(1894–1977)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Il-series fighter aircraft, includingIlyushin Il-2 bomber (themost produced military aircraft in history)[73]
Aleksei Isaev
(1908–1971)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(second left on photo)
firstrocket-powered fighter aircraft,BI-1 (together withBereznyak)[25]
BI-1
Isidore
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Russian vodka[74]
Vladislav Ivanov
(1936–2007)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Pioneer ofMagnetic resonance imaging[75][76][77]
MRI

J

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Boris Jacobi
(1801–1874)
Prussia
Russian Empire
electrotyping (an application ofelectroplating totypography),electric boat[78]
Earlyelectroplating

K

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Mikhail Kalashnikov
(1919–2013)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
AK-47 andAK-74 assault rifles (produced more than all other types of assault rifles combined)[79]
AK-47
Nikolay Kamov
(1902–1973)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
armored militaryautogyro,Ka-seriescoaxial rotorhelicopters[80]
Pyotr Kapitsa
(1894–1984)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(left on portrait byBoris Kustodiev, withNikolay Semyonov right)
first ultrastrongmagnetic field creating techniques, basiclow-temperature physics inventions[81]
Theliquid helium in thesuperfluid phase
Georgii Karpechenko
(1899–1941)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)[82][83]
Radish andcabbage
Eugene Kaspersky
(born 1965)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Kaspersky Anti-Virus,Kaspersky Internet Security,Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products[84]
Kaspersky Anti-Virus Logo
Adolphe Kégresse
(1879–1943)
 France
Russian Empire
Kégresse track (firsthalf-track and firstoff-road vehicle withcontinuous track),dual-clutch transmission[85]
Nicholas II Packard Twin-6 withKégresse track
Alexander Kemurdzhian
(1921–2003)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
first space explorationrover (Lunokhod)
Yulii Khariton
(1904–1996)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
chief designer of theSoviet atomic bomb, co-developer of theTsar Bomba
Anatoly Kharlampiyev
(1906–1979)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Sambo (martial art)[86]
Konstantin Khrenov
(1894–1984)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
underwater welding[citation needed]
A modernunderwater welding
Nikolai Kibalchich
(1853–1881)
Russian Empire
pioneer of rocketry[87]
ASoyuz-U, at BaikonurSite 1/5
Semyon Kirlian
(1898–1978)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Kirlian photography
Kirlian photo of two coins
Konstantin Konstantinov
(1817/19–1871)
Russian Empire
device for measuring flight speed ofprojectiles,ballisticrocketpendulum,launch pad, rocket-making machine[88]
Trajectory of a bullet
Sergei Korolev
(1907–1966)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
first successfulintercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka),R-7 rocket family,Sputniks (including thefirst Earth-orbiting artificial satellite),Vostok programme (including thefirst human spaceflight)
Vostok spacecraft model
Nikolai Korotkov
(1874–1920)
Russian Empire
auscultatory technique forblood pressure measurement
Aneroidsphygmomanometer withstethoscope
Semyon Korsakov
(1787–1853)
Russian Empire
punched card for information storage
Korsakov's linear homeoscope
Mikhail Koshkin
(1898–1940)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
T-34 medium tank, the most produced tank of World War II[89]
T-34
Ogneslav Stepanovich Kostovich
(1851–1916)
Serbia
Russian Empire
arborite (high-strengthplywood)[90][91]
Plywood
Gleb Kotelnikov
(1872–1944)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
knapsack parachute,drogue parachute[92][93]
A modern knapsackparachute packed
Aleksey Krylov
(1863–1945)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
gyroscopicdamping of ships
Gyroscope
Ivan Kulibin
(1735–1818)
Russian Empire
egg-shaped clock,candlesearchlight,elevator using screw mechanisms,self-rolling carriage (for the first time featuring aflywheel,brake,gear box, andbearing), an earlyoptical telegraph[94][95][96]
Kulibin's project of the one-arch bridge overNeva River.
Igor Kurchatov
(1903–1960)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
firstnuclear power plant, firstnuclear reactors forsubmarines andsurface ships
Obninsk nuclear plant

L

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Dmitry Lachinov
(1842–1902)
Russian Empire
mercurypump,economizer for electricity consumption,electrical insulation tester,opticaldynamometer,photometer,electrolyser[97]
The details ofelectrical insulation tester depicted in a Lachinov's book
Semyon Lavochkin
(1900–1960)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
La-series aircraft, the first operationalsurface-to-air missileS-25 Berkut
Lavochkin La-7
Nikolai Lebedenko
Russian Empire
Tsar Tank, the largestarmored vehicle in history[98]
Tsar Tank
Sergei Lebedev
(1874–1934)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
commercially viablesynthetic rubber
Synthetic rubber making
Lisitsyns,
Ivan Fyodorovich
and his brother
Nazar Fyodorovich
Russian Empire
Russiansamovar[99]
A typicalsamovar
Alexander Lodygin
(1847–1923)
Russian Empire
United States
electrical filament,incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament
Lodygin's lamp draw
Mikhail Lomonosov
(1711–1765)
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
night vision telescope,off-axis reflecting telescope,coaxial rotor, original Russianhard-paste porcelain (together withDmitry Vinogradov), re-discovery ofsmalt[100]
Lomonosov's drawings for his discovery ofVenus atmosphere
Yury Lomonosov
(1876–1952)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
first successful mainlinediesel locomotive[101]
The Юэ 001 locomotive
Aleksandr Loran
(1849 – after 1911)
Russian Empire
fire fighting foam,foam extinguisher[102]
Modern usage offire fighting foam.
Oleg Losev
(1903–1942)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
light-emitting diode,crystadine
Red, green and blueLEDs
Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy
(1909–2001)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Buran (spacecraft),Spiral project[103][104]
Buran carried by theAn-225
Arkhip Lyulka
(1908–1984)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
first double jetturbofan engine,other Sovietaircraft engines[105]
Saturn AL-31

M

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Aleksandr Makarov (born 1966)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Germany
orbitrap[106]
Ion trajectories in anOrbitrap
Stepan Makarov
(1849–1904)
Russian Empire
Icebreaker Yermak, the first trueicebreaker able to ride over and crushpack ice
Icebreaker Yermak on theBaltic Sea before 1917
Nestor Makhno
(1888–1934)
Russian Empire
France
(Ukraine)
tachanka
Victor Makeev
(1924–1985)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
first intercontinentalsubmarine-launched ballistic missile
Scheme ofR-27 missile ofMakeev
Dmitri Maksutov
(1896–1964)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Maksutov telescope
Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope.
Sergey Malyutin
(1859–1937)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(self-portrait)
matryoshka doll (together with craftsmanVasily Zvyozdochkin)[107]
Originalmatryoshka doll by Malyutin and Zvyozdochkin
Boris Mamyrin
(1919–2007)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
reflectron (ion mirror)[108]
Reflectronmass spectrometer
Ilya Mechnikov
(1845–1916)
Russian Empire
France
probiotics
Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834–1907)
Russian Empire
Periodic table, a type ofpycnometer,pyrocollodion, co-developer ofIcebreaker Yermak, also credited with determining the idealvodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%)[109]
Periodic table fromMendeleev's book
Artem Mikoyan
(1905–1970)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(Armenia)
(right on photo)
MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world'smost producedjet aircraftMiG-15 and most producedsupersonic aircraftMiG-21 (together withMikhail Gurevich)[68]
MiG-15
Alexander Mikulin
(1895–1985)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Mikulin AM-34 and other Sovietaircraft engines, co-developer of theTsar Tank[98][110]
Mikulin and his staff presentingMikulin AM-34
Mikhail Mil
(1909–1970)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Mi-serieshelicopter aircraft, includingMil Mi-8 (the world'smost-produced helicopter) andMil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)
Mil Mi-8
Pavel Molchanov
(1893–1941)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
radiosonde
Alexander Morozov
(1904–1979)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer ofT-34[111][112]
T-54/55main battle tank
Sergei Mosin
(1849–1902)
Russian Empire
Mosin–Nagant rifle, one of the most produced ever
Mosin–Nagants
Motorins,
Ivan Feodorovich
(1660s – 1735)
and his son
Mikhail Ivanovich
(?–1750)
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
Tsar Bell, thelargest bell in the world[113]
TheTsar Bell
Vera Mukhina
(1889–1953)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
welded sculpture[114]
Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, the firstwelded sculpture
Yevgeny Murzin
(1914–1970)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
ANS synthesizer
ANS synthesizer

N

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Alexander Nadiradze
(1914–1987)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
(born inGeorgia)
First meteorological missile "M1-Meteo". First mobileICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), alsoRSD-10 Pioneer and (RT-2PM Topol)[115]
RT-2PM Topol
Andrey Nartov
(1683–1756)
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
firstlathe with a mechaniccutting tool-supportingcarriage and a set ofgears, fast-firebattery on a rotating disc,screw mechanism for changing theartillery fire angle,gauge-boring lathe forcannon-making, earlytelescopic sight[116][117][118]
An oldlathe (b marks the carriage)
Sergey Nepobedimiy
(1921–2014)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
first supersonicanti-tank guided missileSturm, other Sovietrocket weaponry[119]
Strela 2surface-to-air missile
Nikolai Nikitin
(1907–1973)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
prestressed concrete withwire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower,The Motherland Calls),Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor toX-Seed 4000)
Ostankino Tower (on the left)
Ludvig Nobel
(1831–1888)
Sweden
Russian Empire
first successfuloil tanker[120]
A modernoil tanker
Konstantin Novoselov
(born 1974)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
United Kingdom
graphene[60] (youngest Nobel Laureate since 1973)[121]
Graphene

O

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Theophil Wilgodt Odhner
(1845–1903)
Sweden
Russian Empire
theOdhner Arithmometer (amechanicalpinwheel calculator)
Odhner Arithmometer
Lucien Olivier
(1838–1883)
Russian Empire
(Belgian orFrench origin)
Russian salad (Olivier salad)
Russian salad

P

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Alexey Pajitnov
(born 1956)
Soviet Union
United States
Tetris[122]
Tetris figures
Ivan Pavlov
(1849–1936)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
classical conditioning[123]
One of the Pavlov’s dogs with an implantedcannula.
Vasily Petrov
(1761–1834)
Russian Empire
continuouselectric arc,arc welding[124]
Electric arc
Nikolay Pirogov
(1810–1881)
Russian Empire
early use ofether asanaesthetic, firstanaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations
Diethyl ether
Fyodor Pirotsky
(1845–1898)
Russian Empire
electric tram
Miller's line wherePirotsky's tram was tested
Ivan Plotnikov
(1902–1995)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
kirza leather[125]
Kirza boots.
Nikolai Polikarpov
(1892–1944)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Po-series aircraft, includingPolikarpov Po-2Kukuruznik (world'smost produced biplane)
Polikarpov Po-2
Ivan Polzunov
(1728–1766)
Russian Empire
first two-cylindersteam engine
Polzunov'ssteam engine
Mikhail Pomortsev
(1851–1916)
Russian Empire
nephoscope
Nephoscope measures the parameters ofclouds
Alexander Popov
(1859–1906)
Russian Empire
built an earlyradio receiver in the form of alightning detector, eastern European countries claim he is the "inventor ofradio"
Popov and hisradio
Nikolay Popov
(1931–2008)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
first fullygas turbine main battle tank (T-80)[126]
T-80main battle tank
Aleksandr Porokhovschikov
(1892 – c. 1942)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Vezdekhod (the first prototypetank, ortankette, and the firstcontinuous trackamphibious ATV)[127]
Vezdekhod tank in 1915
Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
(1894–1974)
Russian Empire
United States
ionocraft, firstgyroscopically stabilized bombsight, also developedair-to-air refueling
Modernair-to-air refueling
Alexander Prokhorov
(1916–2002)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
co-inventor oflaser andmaser
Laser beams
Petro Prokopovych
(1775–1850)
Russian Empire
(Ukraine)
beehive frame,queen excluder and otherbeekeeping novelties
A shallow superframe filled withhoney
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
(1863–1944)
Russian Empire
France
earlycolour photography method based on three colour channels, also colourfilm slides and colourmotion pictures
Prokudin-Gorsky's method

R

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Leonid Ramzin
(1887–1948)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
straight-flowboiler (Ramzin boiler)[128]
Peter I of Russia (Romanov)
(1672–1725)
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
decimal currency,yacht club,sounding line with separatingplummet (sounding weight probe)[129][130][131]
Sounding line throwing
Ida Rosenthal
(1886–1973)
Russian Empire
United States
(born inBelarus,Jewish descent)
modernbrassiere (Maidenform), the standard ofcup sizes,nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)[132][133][134]
A modernbrassiere
Boris Rosing
(1869–1933)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
CRT television (firstTV system usingcathode ray tube on the receiving side)[135][136]
A moderncathode ray tube
Eugene Roshal
(born 1972)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
FAR file manager,RARfile format,WinRARfile archiver[137]
FAR Manager screenshot

S

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Alexander Sablukov
(1783–1857)
Russian Empire
centrifugal fan[138]
Components of acentrifugal fan
Andrei Sakharov
(1921–1989)
Soviet Union
explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developer of theTsar Bomb, co-developer oftokamak
Hollow tube generator
Franz San Galli
(1824–1908)
Russian Empire
(Italian andGerman descent, born inPoland)
radiator, moderncentral heating[139][140]
A householdradiator
Pavel Schilling
(1780–1836)
Russian Empire
(Estonia)
shielded cable,electric mine andelectromagnetic telegraph[141]
Cooke andWheatstone's telegraph, inspired by Schilling's one
Guy Severin
(1926–2008)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
extra-vehicular activity supporting system[142]
Leonty Shamshurenkov
(1687–1758)
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
a device for lifting theTsar Bell, the firstself-propelling carriage (a precursor to bothbicycle andautomobile), projects of an originalodometer and self-propellingsledge[95][143]
A reconstruction of Shamshurenkov'sself-runningcarriage
Pyotr Shilovsky
(1871 – after 1924)
Russian Empire
United Kingdom
gyrocar[144]
Shilovsky'sgyrocar in 1914,London
Vladimir Shukhov
(1853–1939)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process),thin-shell structure,tensile structure,hyperboloid structure,gridshell, modernoil pipeline, cylindricoil depot[145]
Shukhov Tower inMoscow
Pyotr Shuvalov
(1711–1762)
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
inventedcanister shot mortar, introducedlicorne into wide usage
A "secret"canister shot mortar
Igor Sikorsky
(1889–1972)
Russian Empire
United States
first four-enginefixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), firstairliner and purpose-designedbomber (Ilya Muromets), modernhelicopter,Sikorsky-series helicopters
Sikorsky Skycrane carrying a house
Vladimir Simonov
(1935–2020)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
APS Underwater Assault Rifle,SPP-1 underwater pistol[146][147]
APS Underwater Assault Rifle
Nikolay Slavyanov
(1854–1897)
Russian Empire
shielded metal arc welding[148]
Shielded metal arc welding
Alexander Smakula
(1900–1983)
Russian Empire
United States
(Ukraine)
anti-reflective coating
Yefim Smolin
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
table-glass (stakan granyonyi)[149]
A classictable-glass
Igor Spassky
(1926–2024)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Sea Launch platform and over 200nuclear submarines, including the world's largest submarines ofTyphoon class
Sea Launch platformOcean Odyssey
Ladislas Starevich
(1882–1965)
Russian Empire
France
(Polish descent)
puppet animation,live-action/animated film[150][151]
Scene fromThe Cameraman's Revenge animation (1911)
Boris Stechkin
(1891–1969)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
co-developer ofSikorsky Ilya Muromets andLebedenko'sTsar Tank, developer of many Sovietheat andaircraft engines[98][152]
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
Aleksandr Stoletov
(1839–1896)
Russian Empire
firstsolar cell based on the outerphotoelectric effect
A modernsolar cell
Pavel Sukhoi
(1895–1975)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Su-series fighter aircraft
Andrei Sychra
(1773/76–1850)
Russian Empire
(born inLithuania,Czech ancestry)
Russian seven-string guitar
Russian guitar
Vladimir Syromyatnikov
(1933–2006)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and otherspacecraft docking mechanisms
The originalAPAS-75 docking unit draw

T

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Andrey Ternovskiy
(born 1992)
Russian Federation
creator ofChatroulette, the first random webcam chat website
Léon Theremin
(1896–1993)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
United States
Russian Federation
theremin,burglar alarm,terpsitone,Rhythmicon (firstdrum machine), TheThing (listening device)
EtherwaveTheremin
Andrey Tikhonov
(1906–1993)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
magnetotellurics
Magnetotelluric station
Mikhail Tikhonravov
(1900–1974)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
co-developer ofSputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together withKorolyov andKeldysh, designer of furtherSputniks
Sputnik 1 replica
Gavriil Tikhov
(1875–1960)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
featheringspectrograph
Scheme of aspectrograph work
Fedor Tokarev
(1871–1968)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
TT-33 semiautomatic handgun andSVT-40 self-loading rifle (main Soviet guns ofWorld War II)
A Soviet soldier withTT-33
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky,
(1857–1935)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
spaceflight (theory principles that led to numerous inventions, derived theTsiolkovsky rocket equation)
Tsiolkovsky's drawings ofastronaut in space
Mikhail Tsvet
(1872–1919)
Russian Empire
chromatography (specificallyadsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method)
A modern gaschromatography system
Alexei Tupolev
(1925–2001)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
theTupolev Tu-144 (firstsupersonic passenger jet)
Tupolev Tu-144
Andrei Tupolev
(1888–1972)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114),turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95)
Tupolev Tu-95

U

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Vladimir Utkin
(1923–2000)
Soviet Union
Russian Federation
railcar-launchedICBM (RT-23 Molodets), other Soviet rockets[153]
RT-23 in theSt Petersburg railway museum

V

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Vladimir Vakhmistrov
(1897–1972)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
first bomber with aparasite aircraft (Zveno project)
Viktor Vasnetsov
(1848–1926)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
budenovka military hat
Vladimir Veksler
(1907–1966)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
synchrophasotron, co-inventor ofsynchrotron[34][154]
A modernsynchrotron scheme

W

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Paul Walden
(1863–1957)
Russian Empire
Germany
(born inLatvia,Baltic German descent)
Walden inversion,Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperatureionic liquid)
Ethylammonium nitrate formula

Y

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Pavel Yablochkov
(1847–1894)
Russian Empire
Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbonarc lamp)
Yablochkov demonstrates his illumination inParis, 1878
Alexander Yakovlev
(1906–1989)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
Yak-series aircraft, includingYakovlev Yak-40 (the firstregional jet)
Yakovlev Yak-40
Vladimir Yourkevitch
(1885–1964)
Russian Empire
France
United States
modern shiphull design
SS Normandie
Sergei Yudin
(1891–1954)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations[155]
World War IIsyringe forblood transfusion

Z

[edit]
PortraitPersonInventionsImage
Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof
(1859–1917)
Russian Empire
(Poland)
Esperanto language
Flag of Esperanto
Yevgeny Zavoisky
(1907–1976)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
EPR spectroscopy, co-developer ofNMR spectroscopy[156]
SimulatedEPR spectrum of theCH3 radical.
Nikolay Zelinsky
(1861–1953)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
the first effective filteringactivated charcoalgas mask in the world
A modern Russiangas mask
Nikolai Zhukovsky
(1847–1921)
Russian Empire
Russian SFSR
an earlywind tunnel, co-developer of theTsar Tank[98][157]
A modernwind tunnel
Vladimir Zvorykin
(1889–1982)
Russian Empire
United States
pioneer of television technologyIconoscope,kinescope
Zworykin's draft of a UV-microscope, similar toiconoscope
Vasily Zvyozdochkin
(1876–1956)
Russian Empire
Soviet Union
matryoshka doll (together with painterSergey Malyutin)[158]
Matryoshka doll taken apart

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (1886).Les intégraphes (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
  2. ^"Invention of the Aerowagon". What Poll?. Archived fromthe original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved11 April 2010.
  3. ^"Mechanical Advantage". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  4. ^"404. Page Not Found". Archived fromthe original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved23 October 2016.{{cite web}}:Cite uses generic title (help)
  5. ^Адамян Ованес Абгарович,Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  6. ^Alexandrov's biography(in Russian)
  7. ^Alexandrov's biographyArchived 3 May 2017 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  8. ^Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1995). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Paris, France: Indiana University Press.ISBN 2-910027-75-9
  9. ^Biography of AlexeevArchived 28 August 2008 at theWayback Machine
  10. ^Low Orbit Helium Assisted Navigator; Lohan; Iss; Nasa; Google; purity, Brexit threatens Cornish pasty's racial; home, Grim-faced 'naut Malenchenko prepares to return; $1m+, One entire US spook base: Yours for."In search of the Caspian Sea Monster".The Register. Retrieved23 October 2016.{{cite web}}:|last5= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 – Information for the Public
  12. ^"Zhores I. Alferov - Biographical". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  13. ^Altshuller's biography(in Russian)
  14. ^Vasily AndreyevArchived 4 May 2009 at theWayback Machine article on the city site ofBezhetsk(in Russian)
  15. ^History of balalaika(in Russian)
  16. ^Antonov's biographyArchived 22 May 2009 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  17. ^Artsimovich's biography(in Russian)
  18. ^Babakin's Biography(in Russian)
  19. ^"Biography". 24 December 2012. Archived fromthe original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved23 October 2016.
  20. ^Barmin's biography(in Russian)
  21. ^Basov Nikolay Gennadiyevich
  22. ^"Ernest Beaux, Perfumer -- From 'Bouquet of Napoleon' to 'Chanel No.5' to 'Mademoiselle Chanel No.1' (???)". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  23. ^БЕХТЕРЕВА МИКСТУРА (MixturaBechtereva) at medicinelib.ruArchived 15 May 2008 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  24. ^Biography of Bernardos by A. A. ChekanovArchived 30 December 2010 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  25. ^abBereznyak-Isayev BI(in Russian)
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  27. ^Our armor is strong and our tanks are fast and our people are full of courage(in Russian)
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  30. ^"BBC NEWS - Business - Profile: The Google founders". 30 April 2004. Retrieved23 October 2016.
  31. ^Вестник Регистра морского судоходства России[permanent dead link](in Russian)
  32. ^Russian Virtual Computer Museum – Hall of Fame – Nikolay Petrovich Brusentsov. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  33. ^Academician Gersh Itckovich Budker(in Russian)
  34. ^abThe brief history of particle accelerators(in Russian)
  35. ^Read, J. (1935), Text-Book of Organic Chemistry, London: G Bell & Sons.
  36. ^The history of Chelomey's OKB(in Russian)
  37. ^"Pavel A. Cherenkov - Biographical". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  38. ^Vita Germetika: A Brief History of Creating and Development of Soviet-Russian space suitsArchived 26 September 2007 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  39. ^"The A.L.Chizhevsky Science Memorial Cultural Center in Kaluga, Russia". Archived fromthe original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved23 October 2016.
  40. ^Guinness Book of Records
  41. ^Degtyaryov's biography(in Russian)
  42. ^The office of the first Russian oligarchArchived 19 May 2017 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  43. ^Virtual Museum: Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk(in Russian)
  44. ^"Michael D. Gordin, J. Chem Education83 (2006), 561–565"(PDF). Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved8 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. ^Доливо-Добровольский Михаил Осипович,Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  46. ^"Nikolay A. Dollezhal".Brief History (in Russian). N.A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering. Archived fromthe original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved11 May 2008.
  47. ^Mayakovskaya at the official site of the Moscow MetroArchived 29 April 2010 at theWayback Machine
  48. ^The Unknown Russian Monorail(in Russian)
  49. ^The House of FabergéArchived 3 July 2008 at theWayback Machine
  50. ^Jean Boulet, Histoire de l'hélicoptère : racontée par ses pionniers, 1907–1956, Paris : Ed. France-Empire, 1982(in French)
  51. ^Ivan Fyodorov's biographyArchived 13 April 2009 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  52. ^Ophthalmology for all(in Russian)
  53. ^C. Taylor The fighting rifle – A complete study of the rifle in combat,ISBN 0-87947-308-8
  54. ^"Ya.M.Gakkel. The designer of the first Soviet diesel locomotives" @ Innovation Digest.
  55. ^About Prince B. B. GalitzineArchived 5 December 2010 at theWayback Machine byAlexey Krylov(in Russian)
  56. ^Investigation of the influence of the AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure parameters on the laser threshold current and the realization of the continuous emission at the room temperature, Zh. I. Alferov, V.M. Andreev, D.Z. Garbuzov, and others, Sov. Phys. Semiconductors 4
  57. ^Gause, GF. 1960. The search for new antibiotics. New Haven: Yale University Press. 97pp.
  58. ^A Brief History of Diving(in Russian)
  59. ^History of diving in RussiaArchived 17 July 2012 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  60. ^abIt’s a thinner winner bbc.co.uk 19 October 2006
  61. ^Genko's Forest Belt[permanent dead link] at the site dedicated to protected areas ofUlyanovsk Oblast(in Russian)
  62. ^"Valentin Glushko biography".Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived fromthe original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved25 July 2006.
  63. ^Gobyato's biographyArchived 26 February 2010 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  64. ^Gorynin's biography on the web page ofPrometey[permanent dead link](in Russian)
  65. ^Igor Gorynin's article onPersonalities of Saint Petersburg(in Russian)
  66. ^"Television in Uzbekistan". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  67. ^Grabovsky Boris Pavlovich and his "Telephote". Myths and realityArchived 31 August 2011 at theWayback Machine by Yury Rubchenko(in Russian)
  68. ^abMigavia.ruArchived 5 January 2010 at theWayback Machine – official site of MiG "OKB" successor enterprise
  69. ^History of Haffkine InstituteArchived 4 May 2010 at theWayback Machine
  70. ^Haffkine's biography(in Russian)
  71. ^A Genius of OsteogenesisArchived 20 June 2008 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  72. ^Lee Beadling "Ilizarov discovered the miracle of distraction osteogenesis"
  73. ^Ilyushin's biography at The Heroes of the Country site(in Russian)
  74. ^Pokhlebkin V. V. / Похлёбкин В. В. (2007).The history of vodka / История водки. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф. p. 272.ISBN 978-5-9524-1895-0.
  75. ^MacWilliams B (November 2003)."Russian claims first in magnetic imaging".Nature.426 (6965): 375.Bibcode:2003Natur.426..375M.doi:10.1038/426375a.PMID 14647349.
  76. ^ПРИВЕТ НОБЕЛЮ ОТ ИВАНОВА
  77. ^Patents by Ivan Vladislav
  78. ^Jacobi's biography(in Russian)
  79. ^Poyer, Joe.The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications. 2004.
  80. ^Kuznetsov, G.I.OKB Kamov. 50 years
  81. ^"Pyotr Kapitsa – Biographical". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  82. ^Karpechenko, G.D., Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus X Brassica oleracea L., Bull. Appl. Bot. 17:305–408 (1927)
  83. ^Biotechnomogy timeline at bio.orgArchived 12 February 2010 at theWayback Machine
  84. ^"Kaspersky Personal & Family Security Software". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  85. ^Derela, Michal."Citroën-Kegresse halftracks in Polish service". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  86. ^Creation of SamboArchived 15 February 2006 at theWayback Machine – by Michail Lukashev, first published inPhysical Culture and Sport magazine N9-10/91.(in Russian)
  87. ^"Kibalchich". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  88. ^School Encyclopedia Russica(in Russian)
  89. ^David.B (30 June 2014)."T-34-76". The Online Tank Museum. Retrieved19 January 2024.
  90. ^Ognjeslav Kostović – čovek koji je živeo u budućnosti(in Serbian)Archived 13 March 2009 at theWayback Machine
  91. ^Manojlo srpski Ikar(in Serbian)
  92. ^Parachuting – who invented the first parachute(in Russian)
  93. ^Russian parachute of KotelnikovArchived 1 December 2010 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  94. ^Samokatka of Kulibin(in Russian)
  95. ^abКоляски Шамшуренкова и самокатка Кулибина / The carriages of Shamshurenkov andsamokatka of Kulibin[permanent dead link](in Russian)
  96. ^"Trident › Mobile-Friendly Social Network Software Platform". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  97. ^Rzhosnitsky B. N.Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosenergoizdat, 1955 / Ржонсницкий Б. Н. Дмитрий Александрович Лачинов. — М.—Л.: Госэнергоиздат, 1955(in Russian)
  98. ^abcd"Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  99. ^Самовары Лисицыных / Samovars of LisitsynsArchived 1 February 2010 at theWayback Machine at the site of Sloboda, aTula-based newspaper(in Russian)
  100. ^"early helicopter technology". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  101. ^Heywood, Anthony,Modernising Lenin's Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade, and the Railways, 1917–1924, p. 209. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999,ISBN 0-521-62178-X
  102. ^Loran and the fire extinguisherArchived 27 July 2011 at theWayback Machine at p-lab.org(in Russian)
  103. ^"Lozino-Lozinskiy". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  104. ^Lozino-Lozinskiy's biography at Encyclopedia Astronautica
  105. ^Lyulka's biography(in Russian)
  106. ^Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Graham Cooks R (2005). "The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer".Journal of Mass Spectrometry.40 (4):430–443.Bibcode:2005JMSp...40..430H.doi:10.1002/jms.856.PMID 15838939.S2CID 14756501.
  107. ^Malyutin's biographyArchived 20 November 2016 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  108. ^Mamyrin, B. A.; Karataev, V. I.; Shmikk, D. V.; Zagulin, V. A. (1973). "The mass-reflectron, a new nonmagnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high resolution".Sov. Phys. JETP.37: 45.Bibcode:1973JETP...37...45M.
  109. ^The short history of naval scienceArchived 7 June 2009 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  110. ^Mikulin's biography at The Heroes of the Country(in Russian)
  111. ^Morozov's biography at the Heroes of the country(in Russian)
  112. ^Halberstadt, Hans Inside the Great Tanks The Crowood Press Ltd. Wiltshire, England 1997 94–96ISBN 1-86126-270-1
    "The T-54/T-55 series is the hands down, all-time most popular tank in history."
  113. ^Slobodskoy,Archpriest Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals",The Law of God, Jordanville, N.Y.:Holy Trinity Monastery, p. 624,ISBN 0-88465-044-8
  114. ^The history of weldingArchived 11 April 2010 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  115. ^Nadiradze's biographyArchived 16 December 2013 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  116. ^Nartov Andrey Konstantinovich(in Russian)
  117. ^Nartov's biography at hronos.km.ruArchived 14 June 2011 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  118. ^Nartov's biography(in Russian)
  119. ^Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimiy at astronautix.com
  120. ^Tolf, Robert W. (1976)."4: The World's First Oil Tankers".The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press.ISBN 0-8179-6581-5.
  121. ^Sample, Ian (5 October 2010)."Nobel prize for physics goes to Manchester University scientists".The Guardian. London.
  122. ^4 maart 2009."Tetris 1985 History of Games part 07". YouTube. Retrieved20 November 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[dead YouTube link]
  123. ^Pavlov and, I. P. (1927/1960). Conditional Reflexes. New York: Dover Publications (the 1960 edition is an unaltered republication of the 1927 translation by Oxford University Presshttp://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/).
  124. ^Petrov Vasily Vladimirovich at weldworld.ru(in Russian)
  125. ^Kirza(in Russian)
  126. ^Chief designer of the T-80 tank dies(in Russian)
  127. ^"Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  128. ^"Леонид Константинович Рамзин Leonid Konstantinovich Ramzin". Leonid. Archived fromthe original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved15 August 2012.
  129. ^The history of Russian ruble and kopeckArchived 19 August 2011 at theWayback Machine at the law-theory.ru(in Russian)
  130. ^"Oldest International Yacht Clubs". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  131. ^Monarchs can be good at anything(in Russian)
  132. ^Lin, Patricia.Ida Kaganovich RosenthalArchived 8 October 2010 at theWayback Machine
  133. ^Maidenform Inc., company website, company history section. Retrieved June 2004 fromhttp://www.maidenform.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?sectionId=33
  134. ^"Maidenform, Inc. – Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved29 September 2010.
  135. ^"History of the Cathode Ray Tube".About.com. Archived fromthe original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved4 October 2009.
  136. ^The beginnings of a blue screen(in Russian)
  137. ^Interview with Roshal(in Russian)
  138. ^A History of Mechanical FanArchived 20 October 2009 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  139. ^"family San Galli: a European success". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  140. ^The hot boxes of San GalliArchived 7 February 2010 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  141. ^Virtual Museum of Information technologyArchived 20 April 2010 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  142. ^Severin, Guy Ilich at theRussian Academy of Sciences website(in Russian)
  143. ^Leonty Luk'yanovich ShamshurenkovArchived 19 April 2011 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  144. ^"Wolseley Register - The Club for Wolseley Car Owners and Enthusiasts". Retrieved23 October 2016.
  145. ^Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov's biography at Shukhov Tower Foundation site.
  146. ^SPP-1Archived 14 September 2010 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  147. ^Modern weapons of underwater fighters(in Russian)
  148. ^Slavyanov's biographyArchived 15 August 2007 atarchive.today(in Russian)
  149. ^The Day of Granenyi StakanArchived 20 November 2010 at theWayback Machine at hronograf.narod.ru(in Russian)
  150. ^An illustrated biography of StarevichArchived 15 July 2011 at theWayback Machine(in Spanish)
  151. ^Entomology and Animation: A Portrait of an Early Master Ladislaw Starewicz (May 2000 6-page article from Animation World Magazine)
  152. ^Stechkin's biography at The Heroes of the Country(in Russian)
  153. ^Utkin's biography at the Heroes of the Country site(in Russian)
  154. ^Who and when invented synchrophasotron?(in Russian)
  155. ^Shamov V.N. The transfusion of stored cadaver blood Lancet 1937; 2, August 7:306–309
  156. ^Gareth R. Eaton; et al. (1998).Foundations of modern EPR. World Scientific. pp. 45–46.ISBN 981-02-3295-0. Retrieved30 September 2010.
  157. ^Zhukovsky's biographyArchived 3 December 2009 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  158. ^Vasily Zvyozdochkin – the father of Russian MatryoshkaArchived 1 March 2012 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
Lists of inventions or discoveries
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