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List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients

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Padma Vibhushan
Padma Vibhushan medal in golden colour with its pink ribbon
Padma Vibhushan medal attached with a pink ribbon
TypeNational Civilian
CountryIndia
Presented by

Government of India
Ribbon
ObverseA centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus.
ReverseA platinumEmblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
Established1954
First award1954
Final award2025
Total343
Precedence
Next (higher)Bharat Ratna
Next (lower)Padma Bhushan
← Padma Vibhushan "Pahla Varg" (Class I)

ThePadma Vibhushan is the second highestcivilian award of theRepublic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954,[1] the award is given for the "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year onRepublic Day and registered inThe Gazette of India—a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication,Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices.[2] The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in theGazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are also registered in theGazette and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register.[3] As of 2020[update], none of the conferments of Padma Vibhushan have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government, theBharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, theChief Ministers and theGovernors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, constituted by thePrime Minister. The committee recommendations are later submitted to the Prime Minister and thePresident for the further approval.[2]

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Vibhushan was classified as "Pahla Varg" (Class I) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards; preceded by the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award,[4] and followed by "Dusra Varg" (Class II), and "Tisra Varg" (Class III).[1] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by thePadma Bhushan and thePadma Shri. The criteria includes "exceptional and distinguished service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" but excluding those working with thePublic sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.[2][3] The award, along with other personalcivil honours, was briefly suspended twice in its history;[5] for the first time in July 1977 whenMorarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister.[6][7] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, afterIndira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[8] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when twoPublic-Interest Litigations were filed in theHigh Courts questioning the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation ofArticle 18 (1) of theConstitution.[5][a] The awards were reintroduced by theSupreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[10]

The recipients receive aSanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medal with no monetary grant associated with the award.[2] The decoration is a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion1+34 inches (44 mm) in diameter and18 inch (3.2 mm) thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of1+316 inches (30 mm) side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter1+116 inches (27 mm) is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" written inDevanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus. TheEmblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text "Padma Vibhushan" of silver gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband1+14 inches (32 mm) in width.[3] It is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations.[11]

The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan wereSatyendra Nath Bose,Nandalal Bose,Zakir Husain,Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher,V. K. Krishna Menon, andJigme Dorji Wangchuck, who were honoured in 1954. As of 2025[update], the award has been bestowed on 343 individuals, including thirty-two posthumous and twenty-five non-citizen recipients.[12] Some of the recipients have refused or returned their awards;P. N. Haksar,[b]Vilayat Khan,[c]E. M. S. Namboodiripad,[d]Swami Ranganathananda,[e] andManikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award; the family members ofLakshmi Chand Jain (2011) andSharad Anantrao Joshi (2016) declined their posthumous conferments,[f][g] and 1986 recipientBaba Amte and 2015 recipientParkash Singh Badal returned theirs honour in 1991 and 2020 respectively.[21][h][23][i] The 2025 award was bestowed upon seven recipients – D. Nageshwara Reddy,Jagdish Singh Khehar,Kumudini Lakhia,L. Subramaniam,M. T. Vasudevan Nair (posthumous),Osamu Suzuki (posthumous) andSharda Sinha (posthumous).[24]

Recipients

[edit]
Award recipients by year[12]
YearNumber of recipients
1954–1959
17
1960–1969
27
1970–1979
53
1980–1989
20
1990–1999
42
2000–2009
86
2010–2019
62
2020–2029
31
Award recipients by field[12]
FieldNumber of recipients
Arts
67
Civil Service
53
Literature & Education
43
Medicine
16
Others
8
Public Affairs
79
Science & Engineering
37
Social Work
18
Sports
4
Trade & Industry
13
Key
   +Naturalised citizen recipient
   * Non-citizen recipient
   # Posthumous recipient
YearImageLaureatesFieldState / country[12]
1954Satyendra Nath Bose
(1894–1974)
Science & EngineeringWest Bengal
1954Nandalal Bose
(1882–1966)
ArtsWest Bengal
1954Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)
Public AffairsAndhra Pradesh
1954B. G. Kher
(1888–1957)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1954V. K. Krishna Menon
(1896–1974)
Public AffairsKerala
1954Jigme Dorji Wangchuck*
(1928–1972)
Public AffairsBhutan
1955Dhondo Keshav Karve
(1858–1962)
Literature & EducationMaharashtra
1955J. R. D. Tata
(1904–1993)
Trade & IndustryMaharashtra
1956Fazl Ali
(1886–1959)
Public AffairsBihar
1956Janaki Devi Bajaj
(1893–1979)
Social WorkMadhya Pradesh
1956Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
(1893–1980)
Public AffairsMadhya Pradesh
1957Ghanshyam Das Birla
(1894–1983)
Trade & IndustryRajasthan
1957Sri Prakasa
(1890–1971)
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
1957M. C. Setalvad
(1884–1974)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1958No awards
1959John Matthai
(1886–1959)
Literature & EducationKerala
1959Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta
(1900–1974)
Social WorkMaharashtra
1959Radhabinod Pal
(1886–1967)
Public AffairsWest Bengal
1960Narayana Raghvan Pillai
(1898–1992)
Public AffairsTamil Nadu
1961No awards
1962H. V. R. Iyengar
(1902–1978)
Civil ServiceTamil Nadu
1962Padmaja Naidu
(1900–1975)
Public AffairsAndhra Pradesh
1962Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
(1900–1990)
Civil ServiceUttar Pradesh
1963Suniti Kumar Chatterji
(1890–1977)
Literature & EducationWest Bengal
1963A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
(1887–1974)
MedicineTamil Nadu
1963Hari Vinayak Pataskar
(1892–1970)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1964Acharya Kakasaheb Kalelkar
(1885–1981)
Literature & EducationMaharashtra
1964Gopinath Kaviraj
(1887–1976)
Literature & EducationUttar Pradesh
1965General
Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri

(1908–1983)
Civil ServiceWest Bengal
1965Mehdi Nawaz Jung
(1894–1967)
Public AffairsTelangana
1965Marshal of the Air Force
Arjan Singh

DFC
(1919–2017)
Civil ServiceDelhi
1966Valerian Gracias
(1900–1978)
Social WorkMaharashtra
1967C. K. Daphtary
(1893–1983)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1967Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim
(1889–1968)
Civil ServiceAndhra Pradesh
1967Bhola Nath JhaCivil ServiceUttar Pradesh
1967P. V. R. RaoCivil ServiceAndhra Pradesh
1968Madhav Shrihari Aney
(1880–1968)
Public AffairsMadhya Pradesh
1968Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar*
(1910–1995)
Science & EngineeringUnited States
1968Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
(1893–1972)
Literature & EducationDelhi
1968Kirpal Singh
(1894–1974)
Civil ServiceDelhi
1968Kalyan Sundaram
(1904–1992)
Public AffairsDelhi
1969Rajeshwar Dayal
(1909–1999)
Civil ServiceDelhi
1969Dattatraya Shridhar JoshiCivil ServiceMaharashtra
1969Har Gobind Khorana*
(1922–2011)
Literature & EducationUnited States
1969Mohan Sinha Mehta
(1895–1986)
Civil ServiceRajasthan
1969Ghananand Pande
(1902–1995)
Civil ServiceUttar Pradesh
1970Tara Chand
(1888–1973)
Literature & EducationUttar Pradesh
1970Group Captain
Suranjan Das
#
(1920–1970)[i]
Civil ServiceWest Bengal
1970Anthony Lancelot Dias
(1910–2002)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1970General
Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam

DSO MBE
(1913–2000)
Civil ServiceTamil Nadu
1970A. Ramasamy Mudaliar
(1913–2000)
Civil ServiceAndhra Pradesh
1970Binay Ranjan Sen
(1898–1993)
Civil ServiceWest Bengal
1970Lieutenant General
Harbaksh Singh

VrC
(1913–1999)
Civil ServicePunjab
1971Bimala Prasad Chaliha
(1912–1971)
Civil ServiceAssam
1971Allauddin Khan
(1862–1972)
ArtsWest Bengal
1971Sumati Morarjee
(1909–1998)
Civil ServiceMaharashtra
1971Uday Shankar
(1900–1977)
ArtsMaharashtra
1971Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar
(1899–1971)
MedicineGoa
1971B. SivaramanCivil ServiceTamil Nadu
1972P. Balacharya Gajendragadkar
(1901–1981)
Civil ServiceMaharashtra
1972Aditya Nath Jha#
(1911–1972)
Civil ServiceUttar Pradesh
1972Air Chief Marshal
Pratap Chandra Lal

DFC
(1916–1982)
Civil ServicePunjab
1972Field Marshal
Sam Manekshaw

MC
(1914–2008)
Civil ServiceTamil Nadu
1972Jivraj Narayan Mehta
(1887–1978)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1972Admiral
Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda

PVSM AVSM
(1915–2009)
Civil ServiceDelhi
1972Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq#
(1912–1971)[ii]
Public AffairsJammu and Kashmir
1972Vikram Sarabhai#
(1919–1971)[iii]
Science & EngineeringGujarat
1972Hormasji Maneckji Seervai
(1906–1996)
Literature & EducationMaharashtra
1973Basanti Devi
(1880–1974)
Civil ServiceWest Bengal
1973U. N. Dhebar
(1905–1977)
Social WorkGujarat
1973Daulat Singh Kothari
(1906–1993)
Science & EngineeringDelhi
1973Nellie Sengupta
(1884–1973)
Social WorkWest Bengal
1973Nagendra Singh
(1914–1988)
Public AffairsRajasthan
1973Thirumalraya SwaminathanCivil ServiceTamil Nadu
1974Niren DePublic AffairsWest Bengal
1974Benode Behari Mukherjee
(1904–1980)
ArtsWest Bengal
1974V. K. R. V. Rao
(1908–1991)
Civil ServiceKarnataka
1974Harish Chandra Sarin
(1914–1997)
Civil ServiceDelhi
1975C. D. Deshmukh
(1896–1982)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1975Durgabai Deshmukh
(1909–1981)
Social WorkAndhra Pradesh
1975Mary Clubwala Jadhav
(1909–1975)
Social WorkTamil Nadu
1975Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri
(1917–2006)
Literature & EducationWest Bengal
1975Raja Ramanna
(1925–2004)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
1975Homi Nusserwanji Sethna
(1923–2010)
Civil ServiceMaharashtra
1975M. S. Subbulakshmi
(1916–2004)
ArtsTamil Nadu
1975Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey
(1894–1977)
Literature & EducationMaharashtra
1976Salim Ali
(1896–1987)
Science & EngineeringUttar Pradesh
1976Gurmukh Singh Musafir#
(1899–1976)[iv][27]
Literature & EducationPunjab
1976K. Shankar Pillai
(1902–1989)
ArtsDelhi
1976K. R. Ramanathan
(1893–1984)
Science & EngineeringKerala
1976Satyajit Ray
(1921–1992)
ArtsWest Bengal
1976Kalu Lal Shrimali
(1909–2000)
Literature & EducationUttar Pradesh
1976Bashir Hussain Zaidi
(1898–1992)
Literature & EducationDelhi
1977T. Balasaraswati
(1918–1984)
ArtsTamil Nadu
1977Ali Yavar Jung#
(1906–1976)[v]
Public AffairsAndhra Pradesh
1977Ajudhia Nath Khosla
(1892–1984)
Civil ServiceDelhi
1977Air Chief Marshal
Om Prakash Mehra

PVSM
(1919–2015)
Civil ServicePunjab
1977Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee
(1901–1986)
Public AffairsWest Bengal
1977Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh
(1901–1994)
Literature & EducationDelhi
1978Awards suspended
1979
1980Bismillah Khan
(1916–2006)
ArtsUttar Pradesh
1980Rai KrishnadasaCivil ServiceUttar Pradesh
1981Satish Dhawan
(1920–2002)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
1981Ravi Shankar
(1920–2012)
ArtsUttar Pradesh
1982Mirabehn
(1892–1982)
Social WorkUnited Kingdom
1983No awards
1984
1985C. N. R. Rao
(born 1934)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
1985M. G. K. Menon
(1928–2016)
Science & EngineeringKerala
1986Baba Amte
(1914–2008)
Social WorkMaharashtra
1986Birju Maharaj
(1938–2022)
ArtsDelhi
1986Autar Singh Paintal
(1925–2004)
MedicineDelhi
1987Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
(1903–1988)
Social WorkKarnataka
1987Benjamin Peary Pal
(1906–1989)
Science & EngineeringPunjab
1987Manmohan Singh
(1932–2024)
Civil ServiceDelhi
1987General
Arun Shridhar Vaidya
#
PVSM AVSM ADC
(1926–1986)[vi]
Civil ServiceMaharashtra
1988Mirza Hameedullah Beg
(1913–1988)
Public AffairsDelhi
1988Kuvempu
(1904–1994)
Literature & EducationKarnataka
1988Mahadevi Varma#
(1907–1987)[vii]
Literature & EducationUttar Pradesh
1989Uma Shankar Dikshit
(1901–1991)
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
1989Ali Akbar Khan
(1922–2009)
ArtsWest Bengal
1989M. S. Swaminathan
(1925–2023)
Science & EngineeringTamil Nadu
1990V. S. R. Arunachalam
(1935–2023)
Literature & EducationDelhi
1990Triloki Nath Chaturvedi
(1928–2020)
Civil ServiceKarnataka
1990Bhabatosh Datta
(1911–1997)
Literature & EducationWest Bengal
1990Kumar Gandharva
(1924–1992)
ArtsMadhya Pradesh
1990A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015)
Science & EngineeringTamil Nadu
1991Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer
(1908–2003)
ArtsTamil Nadu
1991M. Balamuralikrishna
(1930–2016)
ArtsTamil Nadu
1991M. F. Husain
(1915–2011)
ArtsMaharashtra
1991Hirendranath Mukherjee
(1907–2004)
Public AffairsWest Bengal
1991Gulzarilal Nanda
(1898–1999)
Public AffairsGujarat
1991I. G. Patel
(1924–2005)
Science & EngineeringGujarat
1991N. G. Ranga
(1900–1995)
Public AffairsAndhra Pradesh
1991Khusro Faramurz RustamjiCivil ServiceMaharashtra
1991Rajaram Shastri
(1904–1991)
Literature & EducationUttar Pradesh
1992Aruna Asaf Ali
(1909–1996)
Social WorkDelhi
1992Lakshman Shastri Joshi
(1901–1994)
Literature & EducationMaharashtra
1992Mallikarjun Mansur
(1910–1992)
ArtsKarnataka
1992S. I. Padmavati
(1917–2020)
MedicineDelhi
1992Kaloji Narayana Rao
(1914–2002)
ArtsTelangana
1992Ravi Narayana Reddy#
(1908–1991)[viii]
Public AffairsAndhra Pradesh
1992V. Shantaram#
(1901–1990)[ix]
ArtsMaharashtra
1992Govindbhai Shroff
(1911–2002)
Literature & EducationMaharashtra
1992Swaran Singh
(1907–1994)
Public AffairsPunjab
1992Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(1924–2018)
Public AffairsDelhi
1993Awards suspended
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998Usha Mehta
(1920–2000)
Social WorkMaharashtra
1998Nanabhoy Palkhivala
(1920–2002)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
1998Lakshmi Sahgal
(1914–2012)
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
1998Walter Sisulu*
(1912–2003)
Public AffairsSouth Africa
1999Pandurang Shastri Athavale
(1920–2003)
Social WorkMaharashtra
1999Rajagopala Chidambaram
(1936–2025)
Science & EngineeringMaharashtra
1999Nanaji Deshmukh
(1916–2010)
Social WorkDelhi
1999Sarvepalli Gopal
(1923–2002)
Literature & EducationTamil Nadu
1999Satish Gujral
(1925–2000)
ArtsDelhi
1999V. R. Krishna Iyer
(1915–2014)
Public AffairsKerala
1999Bhimsen Joshi
(1922–2011)
ArtsMaharashtra
1999Hans Raj Khanna
(1912–2008)
Public AffairsDelhi
1999Verghese Kurien
(1921–2012)
Science & EngineeringGujarat
1999Lata Mangeshkar
(1929–2022)
ArtsMaharashtra
1999Braj Kumar Nehru
(1909–2001)
Civil ServiceHimachal Pradesh
1999D. K. Pattammal
(1919–2009)
ArtsTamil Nadu
1999Lallan Prasad Singh#
(1912–1998)[x]
Civil ServiceDelhi
1999Dharma Vira
(1906–2000)
Civil ServiceDelhi
2000Sikander Bakht
(1918–2004)
Public AffairsDelhi
2000Jagdish Bhagwati*
(born 1934)
Literature & EducationUnited States
2000Hariprasad Chaurasia
(born 1938)
ArtsMaharashtra
2000M. S. Gill
(1936–2023)
Civil ServiceDelhi
2000Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
(1940–2025)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
2000K. B. Lall
(1917–2005)
Civil ServiceDelhi
2000Kelucharan Mohapatra
(1926–2004)
ArtsOdisha
2000Jasraj Motiram
(1930–2020)
ArtsMaharashtra
2000M. Narasimham
(1927–2021)
Trade & IndustryAndhra Pradesh
2000R. K. Narayan
(1906–2001)
Literature & EducationTamil Nadu
2000Bhairab Dutt Pande
(1917–2009)
Civil ServiceUttar Pradesh
2000K. N. Raj
(1924–2010)
Literature & EducationKerala
2000Tarlok SinghCivil ServiceDelhi
2001John Kenneth Galbraith*
(1908–2006)
Literature & EducationUnited States
2001Benjamin Gilman*
(1922–2016)
Public AffairsUnited States
2001Amjad Ali Khan
(born 1945)
ArtsDelhi
2001Zubin Mehta*
(born 1936)
ArtsUnited States
2001Hrishikesh Mukherjee
(1922–2006)
ArtsMaharashtra
2001K. Satchidananda Murty
(1924–2011)
Literature & EducationAndhra Pradesh
2001Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan
(1915–2003)
Civil ServiceTamil Nadu
2001Hosei Norota*
(1929–2019)
Public AffairsJapan
2001C. R. Rao
(1920–2023)
Science & EngineeringUnited States
2001Man Mohan Sharma
(born 1937)
Science & EngineeringMaharashtra
2001Shivkumar Sharma
(1938–2022)
ArtsMaharashtra
2002Kishori Amonkar
(1932–2017)
ArtsMaharashtra
2002Gangubai Hangal
(1913–2009)
ArtsKarnataka
2002Kishan Maharaj
(1923–2008)
ArtsUttar Pradesh
2002C. Rangarajan
(born 1932)
Literature & EducationTamil Nadu
2002Soli Sorabjee
(1930–2021)
Public AffairsDelhi
2003Kazi Lhendup Dorjee
(1904–2007)
Public AffairsWest Bengal
2003Sonal Mansingh
(born 1944)
ArtsDelhi
2003Bal Ram Nanda
(1917–2010)
Literature & EducationDelhi
2003Brihaspati Dev Triguna
(1920–2013)
MedicineDelhi
2004Jayant Narlikar
(1938–2025)
Science & EngineeringMaharashtra
2004Amrita Pritam
(1919–2005)
Literature & EducationDelhi
2004M. N. Venkatachaliah
(born 1929)
Public AffairsKarnataka
2005Milon K. Banerji
(1928–2010)
Public AffairsDelhi
2005Mohan Dharia
(1925–2013)
Social WorkMaharashtra
2005Jyotindra Nath Dixit#
(1936–2005)[xi]
Civil ServiceDelhi
2005B. K. Goyal
(1935–2018)
MedicineMaharashtra
2005R. K. Laxman
(1921–2015)
ArtsMaharashtra
2005Ram Narayan
(1927–2024)
ArtsMaharashtra
2005Karan Singh
(born 1931)
Public AffairsDelhi
2005M. S. Valiathan
(1934–2024)
MedicineDelhi
2006Norman Borlaug*
(1914–2009)
Science & EngineeringUnited States
2006Charles Correa
(1930–2015)
Science & EngineeringMaharashtra
2006Nirmala Deshpande
(1929–2008)
Social WorkDelhi
2006Mahasweta Devi
(1926–2016)
Literature & EducationWest Bengal
2006Adoor Gopalakrishnan
(born 1941)
ArtsKerala
2006V. N. Khare
(born 1934)
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
2006C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao
(1927–2013)
Civil ServiceTamil Nadu
2006Obaid Siddiqi
(1932–2013)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
2006Prakash Narain Tandon
(born 1928)
MedicineDelhi
2007P. N. Bhagwati
(1921–2017)
Public AffairsDelhi
2007Naresh Chandra
(1934–2017)
Civil ServiceDelhi
2007Raja Chelliah
(1922–2009)
Public AffairsTamil Nadu
2007V. Krishnamurthy
(1925–2022)
Civil ServiceDelhi
2007Fali Sam Nariman
(1929–2024)
Public AffairsDelhi
2007Raja Rao*#
(1908–2006)[xii]
Literature & EducationUnited States
2007Balu Sankaran
(1926–2012)
MedicineDelhi
2007Khushwant Singh
(1915–2014)
Literature & EducationDelhi
2007E. C. George Sudarshan*
(1931–2018)
Science & EngineeringUnited States
2007Narinder Nath Vohra
(born 1936)
Civil ServiceHaryana
2008Adarsh Sein Anand
(1936–2017)
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
2008Viswanathan Anand
(born 1969)
SportsTamil Nadu
2008Asha Bhosle
(born 1933)
ArtsMaharashtra
2008P. N. Dhar
(1919–2012)
Public AffairsDelhi
2008Edmund Hillary*#
(1919–2008)[xiii]
SportsNew Zealand
2008Lakshmi Mittal*
(born 1950)
Trade & IndustryUnited Kingdom
2008Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–2020)
Public AffairsDelhi
2008N. R. Narayana Murthy
(born 1946)
Trade & IndustryKarnataka
2008Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi
(1929–2023)
Trade & IndustryDelhi
2008Rajendra K. Pachauri
(1940–2020)
Science & EngineeringDelhi
2008E. Sreedharan
(born 1932)
Science & EngineeringDelhi
2008Ratan Tata
(1937–2024)
Trade & IndustryMaharashtra
2008Sachin Tendulkar
(born 1973)
SportsMaharashtra
2009Sunderlal Bahuguna
(1927–2021)
Social WorkUttarakhand
2009Jasbir Singh Bajaj
(1936–2019)
MedicinePunjab
2009D. P. Chattopadhyaya
(1933–2022)
Literature & EducationWest Bengal
2009Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
(born 1935)
Trade & IndustryMaharashtra
2009Nirmala Joshi
(1934–2015)
Social WorkWest Bengal
2009Anil Kakodkar
(born 1943)
Science & EngineeringMaharashtra
2009Purshotam Lal
(born 1954)
MedicineUttar Pradesh
2009G. Madhavan Nair
(born 1943)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
2009Govind Narain
(1916–2012)
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
2009Chandrika Prasad Srivastava
(1920–2013)
Civil ServiceMaharashtra
2010Ebrahim Alkazi
(1925–2020)
ArtsDelhi
2010Venkatraman Ramakrishnan*
(born 1952)
Science & EngineeringUnited Kingdom
2010Prathap C. Reddy
(born 1933)
Trade & IndustryAndhra Pradesh
2010Y. Venugopal Reddy
(born 1941)
Public AffairsAndhra Pradesh
2010Zohra Sehgal
(1912–2014)
ArtsDelhi
2010Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
(born 1937)
ArtsTamil Nadu
2011Montek Singh Ahluwalia
(born 1943)
Public AffairsDelhi
2011Vijay Kelkar
(born 1942)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
2011Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
(1921–2016)
Public AffairsDelhi
2011O. N. V. Kurup
(1931–2016)
Literature & EducationKerala
2011Sitakant Mahapatra
(born 1937)
Literature & EducationOdisha
2011Brajesh Mishra
(1928–2012)
Civil ServiceDelhi
2011K. Parasaran
(born 1927)
Public AffairsDelhi
2011Azim Premji
(born 1945)
Trade & IndustryKarnataka
2011Palle Rama Rao
(born 1937)
Science & EngineeringAndhra Pradesh
2011Akkineni Nageswara Rao
(1923–2014)
ArtsAndhra Pradesh
2011Kapila Vatsyayan
(1928–2020)
ArtsDelhi
2011Homai Vyarawalla
(1913–2012)
ArtsGujarat
2012Bhupen Hazarika#
(1926–2011)[xiv]
ArtsAssam
2012Mario Miranda#
(1926–2011)[xv]
ArtsGoa
2012T. V. Rajeswar
(1926–2018)
Civil ServiceDelhi
2012Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
(born 1936)
MedicineMaharashtra
2012K. G. Subramanyan
(1924–2016)
ArtsGujarat
2013Raghunath Mohapatra
(1943–2021)
ArtsOdisha
2013Roddam Narasimha
(1933–2020)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
2013Yash Pal
(1926–2017)
Science & EngineeringUttar Pradesh
2013S. H. Raza
(1922–2016)
ArtsDelhi
2014B. K. S. Iyengar
(1918–2014)
OthersMaharashtra
2014Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
(born 1943)
Science & EngineeringMaharashtra
2015L. K. Advani
(born 1927)
Public AffairsGujarat
2015Amitabh Bachchan
(born 1942)
ArtsMaharashtra
2015Parkash Singh Badal
(1927–2023)
Public AffairsPunjab
2015Veerendra Heggade
(born 1948)
Social WorkKarnataka
2015Dilip Kumar
(1922–2021)
ArtsMaharashtra
2015Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracharya
(born 1950)
Literature & EducationUttar Pradesh
2015M. R. Srinivasan
(1930–2025)
Science & EngineeringTamil Nadu
2015Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
(born 1931)
Public AffairsDelhi
2015Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan*
(1936–2025)
Social WorkUnited Kingdom/ France
2016V. K. Aatre
(born 1939)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
2016Dhirubhai Ambani#
(1932–2002)[xvi]
Trade & IndustryMaharashtra
2016Girija Devi
(1929–2017)
ArtsWest Bengal
2016Avinash Dixit*
(born 1944)
Literature & EducationUnited States
2016Jagmohan
(1927–2021)
Public AffairsDelhi
2016Yamini Krishnamurthy
(1940–2024)
ArtsDelhi
2016Rajinikanth
(born 1950)
ArtsTamil Nadu
2016Ramoji Rao
(1936–2024)
Literature & EducationAndhra Pradesh
2016Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
(born 1956)
OthersKarnataka
2016V. Shanta
(1927–2021)
MedicineTamil Nadu
2017Murli Manohar Joshi
(born 1934)
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
2017Sunder Lal Patwa#
(1924–2016)[xvii]
Public AffairsMadhya Pradesh
2017Sharad Pawar
(born 1940)
Public AffairsMaharashtra
2017Udupi Ramachandra Rao
(1932–2017)
Science & EngineeringKarnataka
2017P. A. Sangma
(1947–2016)[xviii]
Public AffairsMeghalaya
2017Jaggi Vasudev
(born 1957)
OthersTamil Nadu
2017K. J. Yesudas
(born 1940)
ArtsKerala
2018Ilaiyaraaja
(born 1943)
ArtsTamil Nadu
2018Ghulam Mustafa Khan
(1931–2021)
ArtsMaharashtra
2018P. Parameswaran
(1927–2020)
Literature & EducationKerala
2019Teejan Bai
(born 1956)
ArtsChhattisgarh
2019Ismaïl Omar Guelleh*
(born 1946)
Public AffairsDjibouti
2019Anil Manibhai Naik
(born 1942)
Trade & IndustryMaharashtra
2019Balwant Moreshwar Purandare
(1922–2021)
ArtsMaharashtra
2020George Fernandes#
(1930–2019)[xix]
Public AffairsBihar
2020Arun Jaitley#
(1952–2019)[xx]
Public AffairsDelhi
2020Anerood Jugnauth*
(1930–2021)
Public AffairsMauritius
2020M. C. Mary Kom
(born 1982)
SportsManipur
2020Chhannulal Mishra
(1936–2025)
ArtsUttar Pradesh
2020Sushma Swaraj#
(1952–2019)[xxi]
Public AffairsDelhi
2020Vishwesha Tirtha#
(1931–2019)[xxii]
OthersKarnataka
2021Shinzo Abe*
(1954–2022)
Public AffairsJapan
2021S. P. Balasubrahmanyam#
(1946–2020)[xxiii]
ArtsTamil Nadu
2021Belle Monappa Hegde
(born 1938)
MedicineKarnataka
2021Narinder Singh Kapany*#
(1926–2020)[xxiv]
Science & EngineeringUnited States
2021Wahiduddin Khan
(1925–2021)
OthersDelhi
2021B. B. Lal
(1921–2022)
OthersDelhi
2021Sudarshan Sahoo
(born 1939)
ArtsOdisha
2022Prabha Atre
(1932–2024)
ArtsMaharashtra
2022Radheshyam Khemka#
(1935–2021)[xxv]
Literature & EducationUttar Pradesh
2022General
Bipin Rawat
#
PVSM UYSM AVSM YSM SM VSM ADC
(1958–2021)[xxvi]
Civil ServiceUttarakhand
2022Kalyan Singh#
(1932–2021)[xxvii]
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
2023Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi#
(1927–2023)[xxviii]
Science & EngineeringGujarat
2023Zakir Hussain
(1951–2024)
ArtsMaharashtra
2023S. M. Krishna
(1932–2024)
Public AffairsKarnataka
2023Dilip Mahalanabis#
(1934–2022)[xxix]
MedicineWest Bengal
2023S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan*
(born 1940)
Science & EngineeringUnited States
2023Mulayam Singh Yadav#
(1939–2022)[xxx]
Public AffairsUttar Pradesh
2024Vyjayanthimala
(born 1933)
ArtsTamil Nadu
2024Chiranjeevi
(born 1955)
ArtsAndhra Pradesh
2024Venkaiah Naidu
(born 1949)
Public AffairsAndhra Pradesh
2024Bindeshwar Pathak#
(1943–2023)[xxxi]
Social WorkBihar
2024Padma Subrahmanyam
(born 1943)
ArtsTamil Nadu
2025D. Nageshwar Reddy
(born 1956)
MedicineTelangana
2025Jagdish Singh Khehar
(born 1952)
Public AffairsChandigarh
2025Kumudini Lakhia
(1930–2025)
ArtsGujarat
2025L. Subramaniam
(born 1947)
ArtsKarnataka
2025M. T. Vasudevan Nair#
(1933–2024)[xxxii]
Literature & EducationKerala
2025Osamu Suzuki*#
(1930–2024)[xxxiii]
Trade & IndustryJapan
2025Sharda Sinha#
(1952–2024)[xxxiv]
ArtsBihar

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^Per Article 18 (1) of theConstitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[7][9]
  2. ^P. N. Haksar was offered the award in 1973 for, among other services, his crucial diplomatic role in brokering theIndo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and theShimla Agreement, but declined as "Accepting an award for work done somehow causes an inexplicable discomfort to me."[13]
  3. ^Vilayat Khan refusedPadma Shri (1964),Padma Bhushan (1968), and Padma Vibhushan (2000) and stated that "the selection committees were incompetent to judge [his] music".[14][15]
  4. ^E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the General Secretary of theCommunist Party of India (of theCommunist Party of India (Marxist) from 1964) and the firstChief Minister of Kerala (1957-59, 1967-69), declined the award in 1992, as it went against his nature to accept a state honour.[16]
  5. ^Swami Ranganathananda declined the award in 2000 as it was conferred to him as an individual and not to theRamakrishna Mission.[15][17]
  6. ^Lakshmi Chand Jain died on 14 November 2010, at the age of 84.[18] His family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Jain was against accepting state honours.[19]
  7. ^Sharad Anantrao Joshi's family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Joshi's work for good of farmers is not reflected in the Government policies for them.[20]
  8. ^In 1991,Baba Amte returned the award, along with thePadma Shri conferred in 1971, to protest against the treatment given to the tribals during the construction ofSardar Sarovar Dam.[22]
  9. ^In 2020,Parkash Singh Badal returned the award in solidarity with thefarmers protest.
Posthumous recipients
  1. ^Suranjan Das died on 10 January 1970, at the age of 49.
  2. ^Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq died on 12 December 1971, at the age of 59.[25]
  3. ^Vikram Sarabhai died on 30 December 1971, at the age of 52.[26]
  4. ^Gurmukh Singh Musafir died on 18 January 1976, at the age of 77.
  5. ^Ali Yavar Jung died on 11 December 1976, at the age of 70.
  6. ^Arun Shridhar Vaidya was assassinated by Sikh extremists on 10 August 1986.[28]
  7. ^Mahadevi Varma died on 11 September 1987, at the age of 80.
  8. ^Ravi Narayana Reddy died on 9 September 1991, at the age of 83.
  9. ^V. Shantaram died on 30 October 1990, at the age of 88.
  10. ^Lallan Prasad Singh died on 9 November 1998, at the age of 86.[29]
  11. ^Jyotindra Nath Dixit died on 3 January 2005, at the age of 68.[30]
  12. ^Raja Rao died on 8 July 2006, at the age of 97.[31]
  13. ^Edmund Hillary died on 11 January 2008, at the age of 88.[32]
  14. ^Bhupen Hazarika died on 5 November 2011, at the age of 85.[33]
  15. ^Mario Miranda died on 11 December 2011, at the age of 85.[34]
  16. ^Dhirubhai Ambani died on 6 July 2002, at the age of 69.[35]
  17. ^Sunder Lal Patwa died on 28 December 2016, at the age of 92.[36]
  18. ^P. A. Sangma died on 4 March 2016, at the age of 68.[37]
  19. ^George Fernandes died on 29 January 2019, at the age of 88.[38]
  20. ^Arun Jaitley died on 24 August 2019, at the age of 66.[39]
  21. ^Sushma Swaraj died on 6 August 2019, at the age of 67.[40]
  22. ^Vishwesha Tirtha died on 29 December 2019, at the age of 88.[41]
  23. ^S. P. Balasubrahmanyam died on 25 September 2020, at the age of 74.
  24. ^Narinder Singh Kapany died on 4 December 2020, at the age of 94.
  25. ^Radheshyam Khemka died on 4 April 2021, at the age of 86.[42]
  26. ^GeneralBipin Rawat died on 8 December 2021, at the age of 63.
  27. ^Kalyan Singh died on 21 August 2021, at the age of 89.[43]
  28. ^Balakrishna Doshi died on 24 January 2023, at the age of 95.[44]
  29. ^Dilip Mahalanabis died on 16 October 2022, at the age of 87.[45]
  30. ^Mulayam Singh Yadav died on 10 October 2022, at the age of 82.[46]
  31. ^Bindeshwar Pathak died on 15 August 2023, at the age of 80.
  32. ^M. T. Vasudevan Nair died on 25 December 2024, at the age of 91.[47]
  33. ^Osamu Suzuki died on 25 December 2024, at the age of 94.[48]
  34. ^Sharda Sinha died on 5 November 2024, at the age of 72.[49]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abLal, Shavax A. (1954)."The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I"(PDF).The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 2 January 1954): 2. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved26 September 2015.The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated "Padma Vibhushan" in three classes, namely: "Pahla Varg", "Dusra Varg" and "Tisra Varg"
  2. ^abcd"Padma Awards Scheme"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved28 September 2015.
  3. ^abcAyyar, N. M. (1955)."The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I"(PDF).The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 15 January 1955): 8. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved26 September 2015.All persons upon whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan (Pahla Varg) was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan has been conferred by the President.
  4. ^"Bharat Ratna Scheme"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved8 May 2014.
  5. ^abHoiberg & Ramchandani 2000, p. 96.
  6. ^Bhattacherje 2009, p. A248.
  7. ^abEdgar 2011, p. C-105.
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  9. ^"The Constitution of India"(PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice (India). p. 36. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved19 May 2014.
  10. ^"Balaji Raghavan S. P. Anand Vs. Union of India: Transfer Case (civil) 9 of 1994". Supreme Court of India. 4 August 1997. Archived fromthe original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved14 May 2014.
  11. ^"Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals". Indian Army.Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved22 November 2015.
  12. ^abcd"Padma Awards: Year wise list of recipients (1954–2014)"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 21 May 2014. pp. 1,3–6, 9, 11, 14, 17,19–20, 23, 25, 29,32–33, 37, 42, 48, 55, 59, 63, 66,69–70, 72, 74, 83, 86, 88,90–93, 95,99–100,105–106, 112,114–115,117–118, 121, 126, 131, 135,139–140, 144, 149,154–155, 160, 166, 172, 178, 183, 188. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 15 November 2014. Retrieved18 October 2015.
    • "Padma Awards: 2015"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2015. p. 1. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved18 October 2015.
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    • "Padma Awards: 2017"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2017. p. 1. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved25 January 2017.
    • "Padma Awards: 2018"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2018. p. 1. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved25 January 2018.
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    • "Padma Awards: 2020"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2020. p. 1.Archived(PDF) from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved25 January 2020.
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    • "Padma Awards: 2022"(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2022. pp. 1–2.Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved5 December 2022.
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  13. ^"Haksar and the Padma Vibhushan".The Hindu. 13 January 2017.Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved10 May 2018.
  14. ^Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (2011).India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 411.ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3.
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  16. ^Guha, Ramachandra (2001).An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays. Permanent Black. p. 211.ISBN 81-7824-001-7.
  17. ^"Ranganathananda, kept alive spirit of Vivekananda's legacy".The Hindu. 31 May 2005. Archived fromthe original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved21 November 2015.
  18. ^Pawar, Yogesh (15 November 2010)."Gandhian activist who revitalised Indian handicraft dies at 85".Daily News Analysis.Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved10 April 2016.
  19. ^"Gandhian's family declines Padma Vibhushan".Mumbai Mirror. The Times of India. 25 March 2011.Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved18 October 2015.
  20. ^Chavan, Vijay (26 January 2016)."Sharad Joshi's family refuses Padma award".Pune Mirror. The Times of India.Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved19 February 2017.
  21. ^Kumar, A. Prasanna (1983)."The Privilege of Knowing M. C.".Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance. Vol. 52. Triveni Publishers.
  22. ^D'Monte, Darryl (2011). Dharker, Anil (ed.).Icons: Men and Women Who Shaped India's Today. Roli Books Private Limited. p. 52.ISBN 978-81-7436-944-4.
    • Deshpande, Neeta (11 February 2008)."The Good Life". Outlook.Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved20 November 2015.
  23. ^"Prakash Singh Badal and Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa returned their padma award".The Tribune. 3 December 2020.Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved4 December 2020.
  24. ^"Padma Awards 2025 announced".pib.gov.in. Retrieved25 January 2025.
  25. ^"Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq, 59, Kashmir Chief Minister, Dies".The New York Times. New Delhi. 12 December 1971.Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved19 February 2017.
  26. ^Mahanti, Subodh."Vikram Sarabhai: A Visionary of Indian Space Programme". Vigyan Prasar Science Portal. Archived fromthe original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved4 April 2016.
  27. ^Duggal, Kartar Singh (1999).Giani Gurmukh Singh 'Musafir'. National Book Trust, India.ISBN 978-81-237-2765-3.
  28. ^"General A.S. Vaidya; 1926-1986".India Today. 4 June 2009.Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved26 July 2019.
  29. ^"ULFA leader Anup Chetia sentenced to six years and nine months in jail by a Dhaka court".India Today. 9 November 1998.Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved11 April 2016.
  30. ^Singh, Kuldip (5 January 2005)."Obituaries: J. N. Dixit: Hawkish diplomat and India's first full-time National Security Adviser".Independent.Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved13 December 2016.
  31. ^Alterno, Letizia (17 July 2006)."Obituaries: Raja Rao".The Guardian.Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved10 April 2016.
  32. ^McKenzie-Minifie, Martha (11 January 2008)."State funeral for Sir Edmund Hillary".The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved29 September 2011.
  33. ^"Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies".BBC News Asia. 5 November 2011. Archived fromthe original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved22 May 2014.
  34. ^"Cartoonist Mario Miranda passes away at 85".Daily News Analysis. Panaji. 11 December 2011.Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved10 April 2016.
  35. ^"Indian business giant dies".BBC News World Edition. BBC. 7 July 2002.Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved10 April 2016.
  36. ^"Sunder Lal Patwa, former Madhya Pardesh CM, dies at 92".The Indian Express. New Delhi. 28 December 2016.Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved25 January 2017.
  37. ^"PA Sangma dead at 68; Lok Sabha adjourned in respect for former Speaker".The Indian Express. New Delhi. 4 March 2016.Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved25 January 2017.
  38. ^Prabhu, Sunil (29 January 2019). Ghosh, Deepshikha (ed.)."George Fernandes, Former Defence Minister, Dies At 88 After Long Illness". New Delhi: NDTV. Archived fromthe original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved29 January 2019.
  39. ^"Arun Jaitley passes away at 66". India Today Group.Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved24 August 2019.
  40. ^"Sushma Swaraj funeral; latest updates: Ex-minister cremated with State honours in Delhi as top NDA leaders bid farewell".Firstpost. 7 August 2019.Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved7 August 2019.
  41. ^"Padma Vibhushan honour for Pejawar seer's visionary work".The Times of India. 26 January 2020.Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved26 January 2020.
  42. ^"Gita Press chairman Radheshyam Khemka dies, PM pays tribute".The Times of India. 5 August 2021.Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved10 February 2022.
  43. ^"Former Uttar Pradesh chief minister Kalyan Singh dies at 89".The Hindustan Times.Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved10 February 2022.
  44. ^"Balkrishna Doshi, Modernist Indian Architect, Is Dead at 95".New York Times.Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved26 January 2023.
  45. ^"Dr Dilip Mahalanabis, Pioneer Of Oral Rehydration Therapy, Dies In Kolkata".NDTV.Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved26 January 2023.
  46. ^"Updates: Mulayam Singh Yadav Dies At 82, Political Leaders Pay Tributes".NDTV.Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved26 January 2023.
  47. ^"Celebrated Indian author MT Vasudevan Nair dies at 91".bbc.com. 25 December 2024. Retrieved25 January 2025.
  48. ^"Osamu Suzuki, who led Japanese automaker into India, dies at 94".CNN. 27 December 2024. Retrieved25 January 2025.
  49. ^"Folk singer Sharda Sinha, 72, dies at Delhi AIIMS".economictimes.indiatimes.com. 5 November 2024. Retrieved25 January 2025.

Bibliography

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External links

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