| Year | Image | Laureate[a] | Nationality | Rationale[b] | Ref |
|---|
| 1901 |  | Wilhelm Röntgen
(1845–1923) |  German | "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkablerays subsequently named after him" | [19] |
|---|
| 1902 |  | Hendrik Lorentz
(1853–1928) |  Dutch | "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence ofmagnetism uponradiation phenomena" | [20] |
|---|
 | Pieter Zeeman
(1865–1943) |
|---|
| 1903 |  | Henri Becquerel
(1852–1908) |  French | "for his discovery of spontaneousradioactivity" | [21] |
|---|
 | Pierre Curie
(1859–1906) | "for their joint researches on theradiation phenomena discovered by ProfessorHenri Becquerel" |
|---|
 | Marie Curie
(1867–1934) |  Polish
French |
|---|
| 1904 |  | Lord Rayleigh
(1842–1919) |  British | "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery ofargon in connection with these studies" | [22] |
|---|
| 1905 |  | Philipp Lenard
(1862–1947) |  Hungarian
German | "for his work oncathode rays" | [23] |
|---|
| 1906 |  | J. J. Thomson
(1856–1940) | British | "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on theconduction of electricity by gases" | [24] |
|---|
| 1907 |  | Albert A. Michelson
(1852–1931) |  American | "for his optical precision instruments and thespectroscopic andmetrological investigations carried out with their aid" | [25] |
|---|
| 1908 |  | Gabriel Lippmann
(1845–1921) | French | "forhis method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon ofinterference" | [26] |
|---|
| 1909 |  | Guglielmo Marconi
(1874–1937) |  Italian | "for their contributions to thedevelopment of wireless telegraphy" | [27] |
|---|
 | Karl Ferdinand Braun
(1850–1918) | German |
|---|
| 1910 |  | Johannes Diderik van der Waals
(1837–1923) | Dutch | "for his work on theequation of state for gases and liquids" | [28] |
|---|
| 1911 |  | Wilhelm Wien
(1864–1928) | German | "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" | [29] |
|---|
| 1912 |  | Gustaf Dalén
(1869–1937) |  Swedish | "for his invention ofautomatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators inlighthouses and buoys" | [30] |
|---|
| 1913 |  | Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
(1853–1926) | Dutch | "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production ofliquid helium" | [31] |
|---|
| 1914 |  | Max von Laue
(1879–1960) | German | "For his discovery of thediffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development ofX-ray spectroscopy. | [9] |
|---|
| 1915 |  | William Henry Bragg
(1862–1942) | British | "'For their services in the analysis ofcrystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development ofX-ray crystallography" | [32] |
|---|
 | Lawrence Bragg
(1890–1971) |
|---|
| 1916 | Not awarded due toWorld War I |
| 1917 |  | Charles Glover Barkla
(1877–1944) | British | "'For his discovery of thecharacteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development ofX-ray spectroscopy" | [10] |
|---|
| 1918 |  | Max Planck
(1858–1947) | German | "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energyquanta" | [11] |
|---|
| 1919 |  | Johannes Stark
(1874–1957) |  German | "for his discovery of theDoppler effect incanal rays and the splitting ofspectral lines inelectric fields" | [33] |
|---|
| 1920 |  | Charles Édouard Guillaume
(1861–1938) |  Swiss | "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" | [34] |
|---|
| 1921 |  | Albert Einstein
(1879–1955) | German
Swiss | "for his services totheoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of thephotoelectric effect" | [12] |
|---|
| 1922 |  | Niels Bohr
(1885–1962) |  Danish | "for his services in the investigation of the structure ofatoms and of the radiation emanating from them" | [35] |
|---|
| 1923 |  | Robert Andrews Millikan
(1868–1953) |  American | "for his work on theelementary charge of electricity and on thephotoelectric effect" | [36] |
|---|
| 1924 |  | Manne Siegbahn
(1886–1978) | Swedish | "for his discoveries and research in the field ofX-ray spectroscopy" | [13] |
|---|
| 1925 |  | James Franck
(1882–1964) | German | "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of anelectron upon an atom" | [14] |
|---|
 | Gustav Hertz
(1887–1975) |
|---|
| 1926 |  | Jean Baptiste Perrin
(1870–1942) | French | "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery ofsedimentation equilibrium" | [37] |
|---|
| 1927 |  | Arthur Compton
(1892–1962) | American | "for his discovery of theeffect named after him" | [38] |
|---|
 | Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
(1869–1959) | British | "for hismethod of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" |
|---|
| 1928 |  | Owen Willans Richardson
(1879–1959) | British | "for his work on thethermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery ofthe law named after him" | [15] |
|---|
| 1929 |  | Louis de Broglie
(1892–1987) | French | "for his discovery of the wave nature ofelectrons" | [39] |
|---|
| 1930 |  | C. V. Raman
(1888–1970) |  Indian | "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of theeffect named after him" | [40] |
|---|
| 1931 | Not awarded |
| 1932 |  | Werner Heisenberg
(1901–1976) | German | "for the creation ofquantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of theallotropic forms of hydrogen" | [16] |
|---|
| 1933 |  | Erwin Schrödinger
(1887–1961) |  Austrian | "for the discovery of new productive forms ofatomic theory" | [41] |
|---|
 | Paul Dirac
(1902–1984) | British |
|---|
| 1934 | Not awarded |
| 1935 |  | James Chadwick
(1891–1974) | British | "for the discovery of theneutron" | [42] |
|---|
| 1936 |  | Victor Francis Hess
(1883–1964) |  Austrian | "for his discovery ofcosmic radiation" | [43] |
|---|
 | Carl David Anderson
(1905–1991) | American | "for his discovery of thepositron" |
|---|
| 1937 |  | Clinton Davisson
(1881–1958) | American | "for their experimental discovery of thediffraction of electrons by crystals" | [44] |
|---|
 | George Paget Thomson
(1892–1975) | British |
|---|
| 1938 |  | Enrico Fermi
(1901–1954) | Italian | "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced byneutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" | [45] |
|---|
| 1939 |  | Ernest Lawrence
(1901–1958) | American | "for the invention and development of thecyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" | [46] |
|---|
| 1940 | Not awarded due toWorld War II |
| 1941 | Not awarded due to World War II |
| 1942 | Not awarded due to World War II |
| 1943 |  | Otto Stern
(1888–1969) | German American | "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of themagnetic moment of theproton" | [17] |
|---|
| 1944 |  | Isidor Isaac Rabi
(1898–1988) | American | "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties ofatomic nuclei" | [47] |
|---|
| 1945 |  | Wolfgang Pauli
(1900–1958) | Austrian | "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called thePauli principle" | [48] |
|---|
| 1946 |  | Percy Williams Bridgman
(1882–1961) | American | "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field ofhigh pressure physics" | [49] |
|---|
| 1947 |  | Edward Victor Appleton
(1892–1965) | British | "for his investigations of the physics of theupper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-calledAppleton layer" | [50] |
|---|
| 1948 |  | Patrick Blackett
(1897–1974) | British | "for his development of the Wilsoncloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields ofnuclear physics andcosmic radiation" | [51] |
|---|
| 1949 |  | Hideki Yukawa
(1907–1981) |  Japanese | "for his prediction of the existence ofmesons on the basis of theoretical work onnuclear forces" | [52] |
|---|
| 1950 |  | C. F. Powell
(1903–1969) | British | "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" | [53] |
|---|
| 1951 |  | John Cockcroft
(1897–1967) | British | "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" | [54] |
|---|
 | Ernest Walton
(1903–1995) |  Irish |
|---|
| 1952 |  | Felix Bloch
(1905–1983) | Swiss
American | "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" | [55] |
|---|
 | Edward Mills Purcell
(1912–1997) |  American |
|---|
| 1953 |  | Frits Zernike
(1888–1966) | Dutch | "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of thephase contrast microscope" | [56] |
|---|
| 1954 |  | Max Born
(1882–1970) |  West German
British | "for his fundamental research inquantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of thewavefunction" | [57] |
|---|
 | Walther Bothe
(1891–1957) | West German | "for thecoincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" |
|---|
| 1955 |  | Willis Lamb
(1913–2008) | American | "for his discoveries concerning thefine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" | [58] |
|---|
 | Polykarp Kusch
(1911–1993) | "for his precision determination of themagnetic moment of theelectron" |
|---|
| 1956 |  | John Bardeen
(1908–1991) | American | "for their researches onsemiconductors and their discovery of thetransistor effect" | [59] |
|---|
 | Walter Houser Brattain
(1902–1987) |
|---|
 | William Shockley
(1910–1989) |
|---|
| 1957 |  | Lee Tsung-Dao
(1926–2024) |  Chinese | "for their penetrating investigation of the so-calledparity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding theelementary particles" | [60] |
|---|
 | Yang Chen-Ning
(1922–2025) |
|---|
| 1958 |  | Pavel Cherenkov
(1904–1990) |  Soviet | "for the discovery and the interpretation of theCherenkov effect" | [61] |
|---|
 | Ilya Frank
(1908–1990) |
|---|
 | Igor Tamm
(1895–1971) |
|---|
| 1959 |  | Emilio Segrè
(1905–1989) |  Italian
 American | "for their discovery of theantiproton" | [62] |
|---|
 | Owen Chamberlain
(1920–2006) | American |
|---|
| 1960 |  | Donald A. Glaser
(1926–2013) | American | "for the invention of thebubble chamber" | [63] |
|---|
| 1961 |  | Robert Hofstadter
(1915–1990) | American | "for his pioneering studies ofelectron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of thenucleons" | [64] |
|---|
 | Rudolf Mössbauer
(1929–2011) | West German | "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption ofgamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of theeffect which bears his name" |
|---|
| 1962 |  | Lev Landau
(1908–1968) | Soviet | "for his pioneering theories forcondensed matter, especiallyliquid helium" | [65] |
|---|
| 1963 |  | Eugene Wigner
(1902–1995) |  Hungarian
American | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamentalsymmetry principles" | [66] |
|---|
 | Maria Goeppert-Mayer
(1906–1972) | German American | "for their discoveries concerningnuclear shell structure" | [66] |
|---|
 | J. Hans D. Jensen
(1907–1973) | West German |
|---|
| 1964 |  | Nikolay Basov
(1922–2001) | Soviet | "for fundamental work in the field ofquantum electronics, which has led to the construction ofoscillators andamplifiers based on themaser–laser principle" | [67] |
|---|
 | Alexander Prokhorov
(1916–2002) |
|---|
 | Charles H. Townes
(1915–2015) | American |
|---|
| 1965 |  | Richard Feynman
(1918–1988) | American | "for their fundamental work inquantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" | [68] |
|---|
 | Julian Schwinger
(1918–1994) |
|---|
 | Shin'ichirō Tomonaga
(1906–1979) | Japanese |
|---|
| 1966 |  | Alfred Kastler
(1902–1984) |  French | "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" | [69] |
|---|
| 1967 |  | Hans Bethe
(1906–2005) | German American | "for his contributions to the theory ofnuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production instars" | [70] |
|---|
| 1968 |  | Luis Alvarez
(1911–1988) | American | "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number ofresonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogenbubble chamber and data analysis" | [71] |
|---|
| 1969 |  | Murray Gell-Mann
(1929–2019) | American | "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" | [72] |
|---|
| 1970 |  | Hannes Alfvén
(1908–1995) | Swedish | "for fundamental work and discoveries inmagneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts ofplasma physics" | [73] |
|---|
 | Louis Néel
(1904–2000) | French | "for fundamental work and discoveries concerningantiferromagnetism andferrimagnetism which have led to important applications insolid state physics" |
|---|
| 1971 |  | Dennis Gabor
(1900–1979) | Hungarian
British | "for his invention and development of theholographic method" | [74] |
|---|
| 1972 | | John Bardeen
(1908–1991) | American | "for their jointly developed theory ofsuperconductivity, usually called theBCS-theory" | [75] |
|---|
 | Leon Cooper
(1930–2024) |
|---|
 | John Robert Schrieffer
(1931–2019) |
|---|
| 1973 |  | Leo Esaki
(b. 1925) | Japanese | "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena insemiconductors andsuperconductors, respectively" | [76] |
|---|
 | Ivar Giaever
(1929–2025) |  Norwegian
American |
|---|
 | Brian Josephson
(b. 1940) | British | "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of asupercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as theJosephson effect" |
|---|
| 1974 |  | Martin Ryle
(1918–1984) | British | "for their pioneering research inradio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of theaperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery ofpulsars" | [77] |
|---|
 | Antony Hewish
(1924–2021) |
|---|
| 1975 |  | Aage Bohr
(1922–2009) | Danish | "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion inatomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" | [78] |
|---|
 | Ben Roy Mottelson
(1926–2022) | American
Danish |
|---|
 | James Rainwater
(1917–1986) | American |
|---|
| 1976 |  | Samuel C. C. Ting
(b. 1936) | American | "for their pioneering work in the discovery ofa heavy elementary particle of a new kind" | [79] |
|---|
 | Burton Richter
(1931–2018) |
|---|
| 1977 |  | Philip Warren Anderson
(1923–2020) | American | "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" | [80] |
|---|
 | Nevill Francis Mott
(1905–1996) | British |
|---|
 | John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
(1899–1980) | American |
|---|
| 1978 |  | Pyotr Kapitsa
(1894–1984) | Soviet | "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area oflow-temperature physics" | [81] |
|---|
 | Arno Allan Penzias
(1933–2024) | American | "for their discovery ofcosmic microwave background radiation" |
|---|
 | Robert Woodrow Wilson
(b. 1936) |
|---|
| 1979 |  | Sheldon Glashow
(b. 1932) | American | "for their contributions to the theory of theunified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of theweak neutral current" | [82] |
|---|
 | Abdus Salam
(1926–1996) |  Pakistani |
|---|
 | Steven Weinberg
(1933–2021) | American |
|---|
| 1980 |  | James Cronin
(1931–2016) | American | "for the discovery of violations of fundamentalsymmetry principles in the decay ofneutral K-mesons" | [83] |
|---|
 | Val Logsdon Fitch
(1923–2015) |
|---|
| 1981 |  | Nicolaas Bloembergen
(1920–2017) | Dutch
American | "for their contribution to the development oflaser spectroscopy" | [84] |
|---|
 | Arthur Leonard Schawlow
(1921–1999) | American |
|---|
 | Kai Siegbahn
(1918–2007) | Swedish | "for his contribution to the development of high-resolutionelectron spectroscopy" | [84] |
|---|
| 1982 | | Kenneth G. Wilson
(1936–2013) | American | "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection withphase transitions" | [85] |
|---|
| 1983 |  | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
(1910–1995) |  Indian
American | "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure andevolution of the stars" | [86] |
|---|
 | William Alfred Fowler
(1911–1995) | American | "for his theoretical and experimental studies of thenuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" |
|---|
| 1984 |  | Carlo Rubbia
(b. 1934) | Italian | "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the fieldparticles W and Z, communicators ofweak interaction" | [87] |
|---|
 | Simon van der Meer
(1925–2011) | Dutch |
|---|
| 1985 |  | Klaus von Klitzing
(b. 1943) | West German | "for the discovery of thequantized Hall effect" | [88] |
|---|
| 1986 |  | Ernst Ruska
(1906–1988) | West German | "for his fundamental work inelectron optics, and for the design of the firstelectron microscope" | [89] |
|---|
 | Gerd Binnig
(b. 1947) | "for their design of thescanning tunneling microscope" | [89] |
|---|
 | Heinrich Rohrer
(1933–2013) | Swiss |
|---|
| 1987 |  | Georg Bednorz
(b. 1950) | West German | "for their important break-through in the discovery ofsuperconductivity inceramic materials" | [90] |
|---|
 | K. Alex Müller
(1927–2023) | Swiss |
|---|
| 1988 |  | Leon M. Lederman
(1922–2018) | American | "for theneutrino beam method and the demonstration of thedoublet structure of theleptons through the discovery of themuon neutrino" | [91] |
|---|
 | Melvin Schwartz
(1932–2006) |
|---|
 | Jack Steinberger
(1921–2020) |
|---|
| 1989 |  | Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
(1915–2011) | American | "for the invention of theseparated oscillatory fields method and its use in thehydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" | [92] |
|---|
| Hans Georg Dehmelt
(1922–2017) | West German | "for the development of theion trap technique" |
|---|
| Wolfgang Paul
(1913–1993) | West German |
|---|
| 1990 |  | Jerome I. Friedman
(b. 1930) | American | "for their pioneering investigations concerningdeep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of thequark model in particle physics" | [93] |
|---|
 | Henry Way Kendall
(1926–1999) |
|---|
 | Richard E. Taylor
(1929–2018) |  Canadian |
|---|
| 1991 |  | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
(1932–2007) |  French | "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular toliquid crystals andpolymers" | [94] |
|---|
| 1992 |  | Georges Charpak
(1924–2010) | French | "for his invention and development ofparticle detectors, in particular themultiwire proportional chamber" | [95] |
|---|
| 1993 |  | Russell Alan Hulse
(b. 1950) | American | "for the discovery of anew type ofpulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study ofgravitation" | [96] |
|---|
 | Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
(b. 1941) |
|---|
| 1994 |  | Bertram Brockhouse
(1918–2003) | Canadian | "for the development ofneutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development ofneutron scattering techniques for studies ofcondensed matter" | [97] |
|---|
 | Clifford Shull
(1915–2001) | American | "for the development of theneutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development ofneutron scattering techniques for studies ofcondensed matter" |
|---|
| 1995 |  | Martin Lewis Perl
(1927–2014) | American | "for the discovery of thetau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions tolepton physics" | [98] |
|---|
 | Frederick Reines
(1918–1998) | "for the detection of theneutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions tolepton physics" |
|---|
| 1996 |  | David Lee
(b. 1931) | American | "for their discovery ofsuperfluidity inhelium-3" | [99] |
|---|
 | Douglas D. Osheroff
(b. 1945) |
|---|
 | Robert Coleman Richardson
(1937–2013) |
|---|
| 1997 |  | Steven Chu
(b. 1948) | American | "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light." | [100] |
|---|
 | Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
(b. 1933) | French |
|---|
 | William Daniel Phillips
(b. 1948) | American |
|---|
| 1998 |  | Robert B. Laughlin
(b. 1950) | American | "for their discovery of a new form ofquantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" | [101] |
|---|
 | Horst Ludwig Störmer
(b. 1949) | German |
|---|
 | Daniel C. Tsui
(b. 1939) | American |
|---|
| 1999 |  | Gerard 't Hooft
(b. 1946) | Dutch | "for elucidating the quantum structure ofelectroweak interactions in physics" | [102] |
|---|
 | Martinus J. G. Veltman
(1931–2021) |
|---|
| 2000 |  | Zhores Alferov
(1930–2019) |  Russian | "for developingsemiconductorheterostructures used in high-speed- andoptoelectronics" | [103] |
|---|
 | Herbert Kroemer
(1928–2024) | German |
|---|
 | Jack Kilby
(1923–2005) | American | "for his part in the invention of theintegrated circuit" |
|---|
| 2001 |  | Eric Allin Cornell
(b. 1961) | American | "for the achievement ofBose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases ofalkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" | [104] |
|---|
 | Carl Wieman
(b. 1951) |
|---|
 | Wolfgang Ketterle
(b. 1957) | German |
|---|
| 2002 |  | Raymond Davis Jr.
(1914–2006) | American | "for pioneering contributions toastrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmicneutrinos" | [105] |
|---|
 | Masatoshi Koshiba
(1926–2020) |  Japanese |
|---|
 | Riccardo Giacconi
(1931–2018) | Italian
American | "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery ofcosmic X-ray sources" |
|---|
| 2003 |  | Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
(1928–2017) | Russian
American | "for pioneering contributions to the theory ofsuperconductors andsuperfluids" | [106] |
|---|
 | Vitaly Ginzburg
(1916–2009) | Russian |
|---|
 | Anthony James Leggett
(b. 1938) | British
American |
|---|
| 2004 |  | David Gross
(b. 1941) | American | "for the discovery ofasymptotic freedom in the theory of thestrong interaction" | [107] |
|---|
 | Hugh David Politzer
(b. 1949) |
|---|
 | Frank Wilczek
(b. 1951) |
|---|
| 2005 |  | Roy J. Glauber
(1925–2018) | American | "for his contribution to the quantum theory ofoptical coherence" | [108] |
|---|
 | John L. Hall
(b. 1934) | "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precisionspectroscopy, including theoptical frequency comb technique" |
|---|
 | Theodor W. Hänsch
(b. 1941) | German |
|---|
| 2006 |  | John C. Mather
(b. 1946) | American | "for their discovery of theblackbody form andanisotropy of thecosmic microwave background radiation" | [109] |
|---|
 | George Smoot
(1945–2025) |
|---|
| 2007 |  | Albert Fert
(b. 1938) | French | "for the discovery ofgiant magnetoresistance" | [110] |
|---|
 | Peter Grünberg
(1939–2018) | German |
|---|
| 2008 |  | Makoto Kobayashi
(b. 1944) | Japanese | "for the discovery of the origin of thebroken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families ofquarks in nature" | [111] |
|---|
 | Toshihide Maskawa
(1940–2021) |
|---|
 | Yoichiro Nambu
(1921–2015) | Japanese
American | "for the discovery ofthe mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" |
|---|
| 2009 |  | Charles K. Kao
(1933–2018) | British American Hongkonger | "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light infibers foroptical communication" | [112] |
|---|
 | Willard S. Boyle
(1924–2011) | Canadian | "for the invention of an imagingsemiconductor circuit – theCCD sensor" |
|---|
 | George E. Smith
(1930–2025) | American |
|---|
| 2010 |  | Andre Geim
(b. 1958) | Russian
British | "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional materialgraphene" | [113] |
|---|
 | Konstantin Novoselov
(b. 1974) |
|---|
| 2011 |  | Saul Perlmutter
(b. 1959) | American | "for the discovery of theaccelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distantsupernovae" | [114] |
|---|
 | Brian P. Schmidt
(b. 1967) | American  Australian
|
|---|
 | Adam G. Riess
(b. 1969) | American |
|---|
| 2012 |  | Serge Haroche
(b. 1944) | French | "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individualquantumsystems." | [115] |
|---|
 | David J. Wineland
(b. 1944) | American |
|---|
| 2013 |  | François Englert
(b. 1932) |  Belgian | "for the theoretical discovery of amechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamentalparticle, by theATLAS andCMS experiments atCERN'sLarge Hadron Collider" | [116] |
|---|
 | Peter Higgs
(1929–2024) | British |
|---|
| 2014 |  | Isamu Akasaki
(1929–2021) | Japanese | "for the invention of efficient bluelight-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" | [117] |
|---|
 | Hiroshi Amano
(b. 1960) |
|---|
 | Shuji Nakamura
(b. 1954) | Japanese
American |
|---|
| 2015 |  | Takaaki Kajita
(b. 1959) | Japanese | "for the discovery ofneutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" | [118] |
|---|
 | Arthur B. McDonald
(b. 1943) | Canadian |
|---|
| 2016 |  | David J. Thouless
(1934–2019) | British | "for theoretical discoveries oftopological phase transitions andtopological phases of matter" | [119] |
|---|
 | Duncan Haldane
(b. 1951) |
|---|
 | John M. Kosterlitz
(b. 1943) | British
American |
|---|
| 2017 |  | Rainer Weiss
(1932–2025) | American | "for decisive contributions to theLIGO detector and the observation ofgravitational waves" | [120] |
|---|
 | Kip Thorne
(b. 1940) |
|---|
 | Barry Barish
(b. 1936) |
|---|
| 2018 |  | Arthur Ashkin
(1922–2020) | American | "for groundbreaking inventions in the field oflaser physics", in particular "for theoptical tweezers and their application to biological systems" | [121] |
|---|
 | Gérard Mourou
(b. 1944) | French | "for groundbreaking inventions in the field oflaser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" |
|---|
 | Donna Strickland
(b. 1959) | Canadian |
|---|
| 2019 |  | James Peebles
(b. 1935) | Canadian
American | "for theoretical discoveries inphysical cosmology" | [122] |
|---|
 | Michel Mayor
(b. 1942) | Swiss | "for the discovery of anexoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" |
|---|
 | Didier Queloz
(b. 1966) |
|---|
| 2020 |  | Roger Penrose
(b. 1931) | British | "for the discovery thatblack hole formation is a robust prediction of thegeneral theory of relativity" | [123] |
|---|
 | Reinhard Genzel
(b. 1952) | German | "for the discovery ofa supermassive compact object at the centre ofour galaxy" |
|---|
 | Andrea M. Ghez
(b. 1965) | American |
|---|
| 2021 |  | Syukuro Manabe
(b. 1931) | Japanese
American[124] | "for the physical modelling of Earth'sclimate, quantifying variability and reliably predictingglobal warming" | [125] |
|---|
 | Klaus Hasselmann
(b. 1931) | German |
|---|
 | Giorgio Parisi
(b. 1948) | Italian | "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales" |
|---|
| 2022 |  | Alain Aspect
(b. 1947) | French | "for experiments withentangled photons, establishing the violation ofBell inequalities and pioneeringquantum information science" | [126] |
|---|
 | John Clauser
(b. 1942) | American |
|---|
 | Anton Zeilinger
(b. 1945) | Austrian |
|---|
| 2023 |  | Anne L'Huillier
(b. 1958) | French | "for experimental methods that generateattosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" | [127] |
|---|
 | Ferenc Krausz
(b. 1962) | Hungarian
Austrian |
|---|
 | Pierre Agostini
(b. 1941) | French |
|---|
| 2024 |  | John Hopfield
(b. 1933) | American | "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enablemachine learning withartificial neural networks" | [128] |
|---|
 | Geoffrey Hinton
(b. 1947) | British
Canadian |
|---|
| 2025 |  | John Clarke
(b. 1942) | British | "for the discovery of macroscopicquantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit" | [129] |
|---|
 | Michel H. Devoret
(b. 1953) | French |
|---|
 | John M. Martinis
(b. 1958) | American |
|---|
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