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List of Mycenaean deities

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List of Greek deities from the Mycenaean civilization
This article contains text in Mycenaean Greek, written in Linear B. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols.

Many of the Greek deities are known from as early asMycenaean (Late Bronze Age) civilization. This is an incomplete list of these deities[n 1] and of the way their names,epithets, or titles are spelled and attested inMycenaean Greek, written in theLinear B[n 2]syllabary, along with some reconstructions and equivalent forms in laterGreek.

Deities

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Pantheon

[edit]
NameNotes
EnglishLinear BTransliterationCommentsFootnotes
Pantes Theoi𐀞𐀯𐀳𐀃𐀂pa-si-te-o-i"To All the Gods"; a special invocation, irrespective of sex, etc.; recurrently attested at Knossos[1][2][3][4][n 3][n 4][n 5]

Gods

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NameNotes
EnglishLinear BTransliterationCommentsFootnotes
Anemoi𐀀𐀚𐀗𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊 /𐀀𐀚𐀗𐄀𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊a-ne-mo-i-je-re-ja /a-ne-mo,i-je-re-jaattested through *Anemohiereia or *Anemon Hiereia, "Priestess of the Winds"[9][1][10][11][n 6][n 7][n 8][n 9]
Apollo(?)𐀟𐁊pe-rjo-, reconstructeda-pe-rjo-neperhaps attested through, though doubted, the lacunoseperio[13][14][n 10]
Ares𐀀𐀩a-re[9][16][17][18][19]
Despotas𐀈𐀡𐀲do-po-taunclear, perhaps house deity, euphemism for Hades meaning master(?)[19][20][21][n 11][n 12][n 13]
Dionysus𐀇𐀺𐀝𐀰di-wo-nu-soson of Zeus, unknown if wine god from early on[19][26][n 14]
Dipsioi𐀇𐀠𐀯𐀍𐀂di-pi-si-jo-imeaning obscure: perhaps "The Thirstyand hence the Dead Ones" possibly referring to ancestor worship or slain gods possibly the Titans; perhaps related toThessalian monthDipsos[19][32][33][34][35][n 15]
Drimios𐀇𐀪𐀖𐀍di-ri-mi-jounknown, in later times, son of Zeus, perhaps a precursor ofApollo(?) or most likely an entirely separate deity[19][34][37][n 11][n 16][n 17]
Enesidaon𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀅𐀃𐀚e-ne-si-da-o-nepossibly a theonym; possibly an epithet of Poseidon, assumed to mean "Earthshaker" or something similar[1][37][40][n 13][n 18][n 19]
Enyalius𐀁𐀝𐀷𐀪𐀍e-nu-wa-ri-joa later epithet of Ares, or his son with Enyo, maybe a title for his father Zeus.[1][19][28][34]
Hephaestus𐀀𐀞𐀂𐀴𐀍a-pa-i-ti-joregarded as indirectly attested by the name *Haphaistios or *Haphaistion, presumed to be atheophoric name[27][29][43]
Hermes𐀁𐀔𐁀e-ma-*25 ore-ma-ha[19][2][44][45][46][n 20]
Areias𐀀𐀩𐀊a-re-jaepithet (Hermes as war god)[2][48][n 11]
Hyperion𐀟𐁊pe-rjo-, reconstructedu-pe-rjo-neperhaps attested through the lacunoseperio[49][n 21]
Marineus(?)𐀔𐀪𐀚 /𐀔𐀪𐀚𐀸 /𐀔𐀪𐀚𐀺ma-ri-ne(-u?) /ma-ri-ne-we /ma-ri-ne-wounknown deity, perhaps "God of the Woolens", meaning obscure, perhaps Pan.[19][27][29][50][51]
Pade(?)𐀞𐀆 /𐀞𐀆𐀂pa-de /pa-de-ipossibly unknown god, thought to be Cretan,Minoan in origin, or maybeZagreus as the divine child.[9][1][19][52]
Paean𐀞𐀊𐀺𐀚pa-ja-wo-nea medical epithet of Apollo[1][19][53][54][n 22]
Poseidon𐀡𐀮𐀅𐀃 /𐀡𐀮𐀅𐀺𐀚po-se-da-o /po-se-da-wo-nechief deity[19][56][57][n 13]
Trisheros𐀴𐀪𐀮𐀫𐀁ti-ri-se-ro-etheonym, "Thrice-Hero"; thought to attest, and pertain to, theveneration of the dead or theTritopatores[19][34][63][64][65][n 23][n 24][n 25]
Wanax𐀷𐀙𐀏𐀳wa-na-ka-te"The King"; in this case, it is considered to be a theonym in the dative case, perhaps as an epithet of Poseidon and Zeus[19][34][73][n 26][n 27]
Zephyrus𐀽𐁆𐀫ze-pu2-roOne of the wind gods[76][77]
Zeus𐀇𐀸 /𐀇𐀺di-we /di-woGod of the sky[19][78][79]
Diktaios𐀇𐀏𐀲𐀍 𐀇𐀸di-ka-ta-jo di-welocal epithet of Zeus onCrete[9][19][80][81][n 28][n 29]

Goddesses

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NameNotes
EnglishLinear BTransliterationCommentsFootnotes
Artemis𐀀𐀳𐀖𐀵 /𐀀𐀴𐀖𐀳a-te-mi-to /a-ti-mi-te[19][83][84][85][86]
Diwia𐀇𐀄𐀊 /𐀇𐀹𐀊di-u-ja /di-wi-japossibly the female counterpart of Zeus, possiblyDione in later Greek[1][19][21][34]
DemeterDamate in Linear A and B
Doqeia(?)𐀈𐀤𐀊do-qe-japossibly an unknown goddess but could be only a feminineadjective[87][88][89][n 30]
Eileithyia𐀁𐀩𐀄𐀴𐀊e-re-u-ti-jaattested in the CretanEleuthia form; perhaps Minoan in origin(?)[1][19][91][92][93]
Selene𐀕𐀙me-naperhaps attested throughMene, an epithet for Selene.
Eos𐀀𐀺𐀂𐀍a-wo-i-joperhaps attested through a personal nameἈϝohιος related to the word for dawn, ordative formĀwōiōi[94][95][96][97][98][99][n 31][n 32]
Iris𐀂𐀪i-riperhaps attested at Pylos throughîris
Erinyes𐀁𐀪𐀝 /𐀁𐀪𐀝𐀸e-ri-nu /e-ri-nu-weboth forms of the theonym are considered to be in thesingular,Erinys, in the Arcadian myth refers toDemeter and also used as an epithet for Demeter byPausanias[9][19][56][101][102][n 33]
Hera𐀁𐀨e-rapossibly wife of Zeus from early on[19][34][104]
Iphemedeia𐀂𐀟𐀕𐀆𐀊i-pe-me-de-jatheonym; probably variant form ofIphimedia, name of amythological person found inHomer'sOdyssey[19][21][34][105]
Komawenteia(?)𐀒𐀔𐀸𐀳𐀊ko-ma-we-te-japossibly unknown deity, possibly meaning "long-haired goddess"[21][106][n 34]
Leto𐀨𐀴𐀍 /𐀨𐀵ra-ti-jo /ra-toperhaps attested through the forms Latios[109][110] and Lato[111][n 35]
Manasa𐀔𐀙𐀭ma-na-saunknown goddess[19][34][87][113][114][n 11][n 36]
Mater Theia𐀔𐀳𐀩𐄀𐀳𐀂𐀊ma-te-re,te-i-japossibly"Mother of the Gods" (Rhea or Gaia?) or MotherTheia, probably mother ofHelios,Selene andEos from early on(?)[19][115][116][n 37]
Pipituna𐀠𐀠𐀶𐀙pi-pi-tu-naReconstructed as*Πίπτυννα (Píptynna);[118] unknown deity, considered to be Pre-Greek or Minoan[9][1][19][35][37][119][120][n 38]
Posidaeia𐀡𐀯𐀅𐀁𐀊po-si-da-e-japrobably the female counterpart to Poseidon, most likely early name for Amphitrite[19][21][n 11]
Potnia𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊po-ti-ni-ja"Mistress" or "Lady"; may be used as an epithet for many deities, but also shows up as a single deity[19][122][123][124][n 13]
PotniaAthena𐀀𐀲𐀙𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-jaPotniaAt(h)ana, early variant name of Athena[1][19][116][n 39]
PotniaHippeia𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊𐄀𐀂𐀤𐀊po-ti-ni-ja,i-qe-jaMistress of the Horses; later epithet ofDemeter and Athena[19][116][n 40][n 41]
Potnia of Sitos𐀯𐀵𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊si-to-po-ti-ni-jaMistress of Grain;Bronze Age reference to Demeter[19][87][116][126][n 42]
Potnia of theLabyrinth 𐀅𐁆𐀪𐀵𐀍𐄀𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊da-pu2-ri-to-jo,po-ti-ni-ja[1][19][34][116]
Potnia, atThebes𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊𐄀𐀺𐀒𐀆po-ti-ni-ja,wo-ko-deof no attested name or title, other than that offers are madeto herhouse, herpremises likely theSphinx[19][27][34][128][129][n 43]
Potnia, of unidentifiedPylos sanctuary𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊po-ti-ni-jaunknown local(?) goddess ofpa-ki-ja-ne (*Sphagianes?)sanctuary at Pylos[116][131][132][n 11][n 44][n 45]
Potnia, of uncertainA place or epithet𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊𐄀𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊po-ti-ni-ja,a-si-wi-jaMaybeAphrodite as/orAstarte when she was introduced into Greece/Aphrodite identified with Astarte(?)[19][137][n 46][n 47]
Potnia, of unknownE place or epithet𐀁𐀩𐀹𐀍𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊e-re-wi-jo-po-ti-ni-jaanother name for Hera(?), or maybe an early reference toEris, but uncertain[87][n 48]
Potnia, of unknownN place or epithet𐀚𐀺𐀟𐀃𐄀𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊ne-wo-pe-o,po-ti-ni-jaPerhapsNike(?) orNyx(?), highly unlikely[19][87]
Potnia, of unknownU place or epithet𐀄𐀡𐀍𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊u-po-jo-po-ti-ni-jaPerhapsEuphrosyne(?), highly unlikely[19][87][n 49]
Potnia, of unknown? place or epithet𐀀𐀐𐀯𐄀𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊(?)-a-ke-si,po-ti-ni-jaPerhapsHecate(?), highly unlikely[87][n 50]
Preswa(?)𐀟𐀩𐁚pe-re-*82 orpe-re-swagenerally interpreted as an early name ofPersephone[19][21][113][141]
Qerasia(?)𐀤𐀨𐀯𐀊qe-ra-si-jaunknown goddess, perhaps Minoan in origin or possibly connected withthēr[9][1][19][34][87][142][143][144][n 51][n 52]
Qowia(?)𐀦𐀹𐀊qo-wi-jaepithet for Hera, possibly meaning "She of the Cow(s)" or "cow eyed"[21][75][87][n 11][n 53][n 54]
Wanasso(?)𐀷𐀙𐀰𐀂wa-na-so-i"The TwoQueens", possibly Demeter and Persephone; *wanassojin(?) regarded as a dativedual form[19][34][131][149][n 26][n 27][n 55]
Possible goddesses
(?)(?)(?)A possiblesun goddess, predecessor toHelios(?), and possibly related toHelen(?).[152] No unambiguous attestations of words for "sun" have yet been found, though the Mycenaean word for "sun" is reconstructed as *hāwélios.[n 56]

Heroes, mortals and other entities or concepts

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NameNotes
EnglishLinear BTransliterationCommentsFootnotes
Proteus𐀡𐀫𐀳𐀄po-ro-te-ucould be the theonym of the sea-godProteus, but probably just the anthroponym of a nobleman(?)[153][154][155]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toLinear B andMycenaean civilization.
For a list of words relating to Mycenaean Greek andLinear B, see theMycenaean Greek language category of words inWiktionary, the free dictionary.

Notes

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  1. ^This list includes deities which in later Greek times and sources were thought of as semigods or mortal heroes. Scholars assign to attested words in Linear B a possibility or probability, sometimes controversially, of being atheonym or ananthroponym, atoponym, etc.; Mycenaean Linear B sources are often damaged inscriptions bearinglacunae, and in any case, they are too few to enable classifications with certainty.
    Finally there is a list of attested words which seem to refer to mortals or whose reference is unclear, yet they may have a connection to religion or to a divine or heroic figure of later times.
  2. ^The names/words in Linear B and the transliteration thereof are not necessarily in thenominativecase and also not necessarily of said godsper se, as e.g. in the case of Hephaestus.
  3. ^This term is for example found, on the Kn Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[5][6]
  4. ^It should be made clear that an absence of offerings, in parallel, to explicitly named deities or people (like priests or priestesses) on relevant attested inscriptions, does not necessarily follow from the presence of this special dedication; for example, the Kn Fp 1 inscription also includes, among others, offerings to Zeus Diktaios, Pade, Erinys and Anemon Hiereia.
  5. ^The words are two - despite the lack of a separator symbol - and in the dative plural case; their reconstructed form is *pansi tʰeoihi; see the wordsπᾶς,θεός.[2][7][8]
  6. ^See thenounἱέρεια.[12]
  7. ^Found on theKN Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[5][6]
  8. ^The inscriptions read that the offers are made to her, thus they could refer to a goddess; this is not though, what modern scholars seem to believe.
  9. ^The first cited form could just be an instance of ascribe forgetting to write the word-separator sign𐄀 between two words. In that case *Anemohiereia should be instead read as *Anemon Hiereia also.
  10. ^Found on the lacunoseKN E 842 tablet.[15]
  11. ^abcdefgFound on thePY Tn 316 tablet.[22][23]
  12. ^Cf. the nounsδεσπότης,δόμος,πόσις;[24] whencedespot in English;[25] in anetymological sense, it literally means "master of the house" and is related topotnia.
  13. ^abcdThe wordPoseidon (Ποσειδῶν; variant forms includeΠοσειδάων, the former's final syllable being asynaeresis of the latter's final two) itself, could be connected in an etymological sense - cf.πόσις - toDespotas (if indeed this is the correct reading-interpretation ofdo-po-ta) andPotnia;[34] likewise compare the same word in connection toGe-Gaia (hence possibly toMa Ga) and the possibleEnesidaon and other undoubted later-times epithets of him, in consideration of the word-endings, etc.. Moreover some scholars have connected - in a similar manner to the one ofPoseidon -Demeter to "Earth" via theDe (Da; considered in this case asPre-Greek and as meaning "Earth") syllable, the goddess thus viewed as representingDa-Mater, "Mother Earth" or similar; others on the other hand have interpretedDemeter'sDa syllable as related todomos (i.e. to beIndo-European), interpreting her name as "Mother of the House", creating thus an etymological connection toDespotas andPotnia. À propos, some scholars have considered the attested, on the PY En 609 tablet,[58] Mycenaean word𐀅𐀔𐀳,da-ma-te, as readingDemeter, but the view is not widely held anymore; the former is indeed thought to be connected todomos, etc, but it is believed to probably be a form of, or something similar to,δάμαρ.[59][60][61][62]
  14. ^According to Chadwick,[27] "Dionysos surprisingly appears twice at Pylos, in the formDiwonusos, both times irritatingly enough on fragments, so that we have no means of verifying his divinity". This old view can be found reflected in other scholars[28] but this has changed after the 1989-90 Greek-Swedishexcavations at Kastelli Hill, Chania, unearthed theKH Gq 5 tablet.[19][29][30][31]
  15. ^Cf. theverbδιψάω-ῶ.[36]
  16. ^The inscription reads (line 10):di-ri-mi-jo⌞ ⌟di-wo,i-je-we, i.e. *Drimiōi Diwos hiēwei, "to Drimios, the son of Zeus".[22][2][38]
  17. ^Drimios likely formed a cult group with Zeus and Hera, perhaps the son of this couple, who was forgotten by archaic times.[39]
  18. ^Found on the KN M 719 tablet.[41]
  19. ^Cf.Ἐνοσίχθων, Ἐννοσίγαιος, Poseidon's later epithets.[42]
  20. ^𐀁𐀔𐁀, when in the nominative, is thought to be read asἙρμάἁς (Ἑρμάhας).[47]
  21. ^Found on the lacunoseKN E 842 tablet.[15]
  22. ^Hiller's[1] or Schofield's[28]pa-ja-wo is not actually attested per se; the word actually attested on the damaged KN V 52 tablet and the fragments thereof, readspa-ja-wo-ne; the latter would be thedative case form of the former.[54][55]
  23. ^Found on the PY Tn 316 and PY Fr 1204 tablets.[22][66]
  24. ^See the wordsτρίς, ἥρως.[67][68][69]
  25. ^It is generally thought to be connected toτριπάτορες, i.e. the "collective, anonymous family ancestors",[64][70][71] but it could perhaps instead refer toTriptolemus, himself possibly "a 'hypostasis' of Poseidon".[70][72]
  26. ^abThe King and the Two Queens are sometimes attested on tablets together, in the offerings or thelibations to them; forms of both "the King" and "the Two Queens" are in the dative case. An example of said concurrent attested worship is the PY Fr 1227 tablet.[74]
  27. ^abOn the other hand, there are scholars who have argued that "the King" and "the Two Queens" are not theonyms, that they simply refer to mortal royalty.[75]
  28. ^Pertaining to theDikti.[82]
  29. ^Found on the KN Fp 1 tablet.[5]
  30. ^Found on the PY An 607 tablet.[90]
  31. ^Found in a tablet from Pylos, also found on theKN Dv 1462 tablet.
  32. ^Foreign scholars interpret this name as "matinal", "matutino", "mañanero", meaning "of the early morning", "of the dawn".[100]
  33. ^Found on the KN Fp 1, KN V 52, and KN Fh 390 tablets.[55][103]
  34. ^Cf.ko-ma-we,κομήεις, κόμη.[107][108]
  35. ^Found on the KN Xd 58 tablet. Some doubts have been cast over its connection to Leto due to the non-matching geography.[112]
  36. ^Cf. theHindu goddess of thesame name.
  37. ^See the nounsμήτηρ, θεός, θεά and the adjectiveθεῖος-α-ον.[117][7]
  38. ^Cf.Diktynna about word formation, considered to be characteristically Pre-Greek.[35][121]
  39. ^Found on the KN V 52 tablet.[55]
  40. ^See the wordsἵππειος-α-ον, ἵππος.[125]
  41. ^Could also be precursor ofLeto.[citation needed]
  42. ^See the nounσῖτος and the epithetΣιτώ.[127]
  43. ^Said Potnia orPotnia in general is found on only one table at Thebes:TH Of 36.[130] Herpremises, herhouse is thought to have been her shrine.[27][128]
  44. ^The word, on the same tablet,𐀡𐀩𐀙,po-re-na, *phorenas, understood to mean "those broughtor those bringing" (it actually reads𐀡𐀩𐀙𐀤,po-re-na-qe, but a postfixed𐀤,qe, is usually aconjunction; cf.καί, τε, andLatinet,qve),[133][134] has been interpreted by some scholars as evidence of human sacrifice at said sanctuary:[135] "According to this interpretation, the text of Tn 316 was written as one of many extreme emergency measures just before the destruction of the palace. Tn 316 would then reflect a desperate, and abnormal, attempt to placate divine powers through the sacrifice of male victims to male gods and female victims to female gods".[136]
  45. ^The nominative case form of the place (i.e. of the sanctuary) is𐀞𐀑𐀊𐀚,pa-ki-ja-ne; it is also found in other forms, including derivative words; the specific form found on the PY Tn 316 tablet is𐀞𐀑𐀊𐀯,pa-ki-ja-si, i.e. possibly itslocative plural form.[132]
  46. ^Possibly anethnic or geographic adjective of Asia understood in this context as referring toLydia or theAssuwa league; i.e. in the sense of, or similar to,Anatolia.[137]
  47. ^Perhaps an epithet of Artemis.
  48. ^Perhaps an epithet of Hera.[citation needed]
  49. ^Could be some kind of "under" or "to weave" epithet;[87] cf. theprepositionὑπό and the verbὑφαίνω.[138][139]
  50. ^Found on the PY An 1281 tablet.[140]
  51. ^Possibly an epithet of Artemis; cf.Πότνια θηρῶν,θήρ.[144][145][146]
  52. ^Could be instead, form ofTiresias.[citation needed]
  53. ^Cf. the nounβοῦς.[147]
  54. ^Perhaps connected to proposedPIE *Gʷouu̯indā; cf.Govinda andOld IrishBoand.[148]
  55. ^Also attested once on the PY 1219 table as𐀷𐀜𐀰𐀂,wa-no-so-i.[150][151]
  56. ^SeeEtymology of Ἑλένη.

Sources

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Books

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Articles in journals, periodicals and of conferences

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Online databases and dictionaries

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Mycenaean Greek and Linear B

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Ancient Greek, Latin and of English etymology

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Further reading

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  • Duev, Ratko. "di-wi-ja and e-ra in the Linear B texts". In: Pierre Carlier, Additional editors: Charles De Lamberterie, Markus Egetmeyer, Nicole Guilleux, Françoise Rougemont and Julien Zurbach (editors).Études mycéniennes 2010. Actes du XIIIe colloque international sur les textes égéens, Sèvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20-23 septembre 2010. Biblioteca di Pasiphae. 10. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. pp. 195–205.ISBN 9788862274722
  • Flouda, Georgia. "The Goddess Eileithyia in the Knossian Linear B Tablets". In:Honors to Eileithyia at Ancient Inatos: The Sacred Cave of Eileithyia at Tsoutsouros. Crete: Highlights of the Collection. Edited by Athanasia Kanta et al., INSTAP Academic Press, 2022. pp. 33–36,https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2f4v5x3.12. Accessed 10 Apr. 2022.
  • Killen, John (2024). "Mycenaean Religion". In John Killen (ed.).The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 307–314.doi:10.1017/9781139029049.013.ISBN 978-1-139-02904-9.
  • Killen, John (2024). "Religion, Cults And Ritual". In John Killen (ed.).The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 838–891.doi:10.1017/9781139046152.012.ISBN 978-1-139-04615-2.
  • LEUVEN, JON C. (1979). "Mycenaean Goddesses Called Potnia".Kadmos.18 (2):112–129.doi:10.1515/kadm.1979.18.2.112.
  • Morris, S.P. (2001) [Date of Conference: 12–15 April 2000]. Laffineur, R.; Hägg, R. (eds.). "Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Religion".Aegaeum. 22: Potnia. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference, Göteborg, Göteborg University. Belgium:423–434.
  • Parker, Robert (2024). "Mycenaean And Classical Greek Religion". In John Killen (ed.).The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–20.doi:10.1017/9781139029049.014.ISBN 978-1-139-02904-9.
  • Sergent, Bernard (1990). "Héortologie du mois Plowistos de Pylo".Dialogues d'histoire ancienne (in French).16 (1):175–217.doi:10.3406/dha.1990.1464.
  • Wachter, Rudolf. "Homeric – Mycenaean Word Index (MYC)". In:Prolegomena. Edited by Joachim Latacz, Anton Bierl and Stuart Douglas Olson [English Edition]. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. pp. 236–258.https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501746-015

References

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  1. ^abcdefghijklmHiller (1997), page206.
  2. ^abcdeGarcía-Ramón, J.L., inDuhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page230.
  3. ^Gulizio (2008), page3ff.
  4. ^Linear B Transliterations:pa-si-te-o-i.
  5. ^abcDāmos:KN Fp 1 + 31.
  6. ^abDāmos:KN 13 Fp(1) (138)
  7. ^abθεῖος-α-ον,θεός,θεά inLiddell andScott.
  8. ^πᾶς inLiddell andScott.
  9. ^abcdefgGulizio (2008), page4.
  10. ^Linear B Transliterations:a-ne-mo.
  11. ^Billigmeier, Jon-Christian; Turner, Judy A. (2004) [1981]."The socio-economic roles of women in Mycenaean Greece: A brief survey from evidence of the Linear B tablets". InFoley, Helene P. (ed.).Reflections of Women in Antiquity. Rootledge. p. 15.ISBN 0-677-16370-3.
  12. ^ἱέρεια.Liddell, Henry George;Scott, Robert;A Greek–English Lexicon at thePerseus Project.
  13. ^R. S. P. Beekes,Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 118.
  14. ^Herda, Alexander (2008)."Apollon Delphinios – Apollon Didymeus: Zwei Gesichter eines milesischen Gottes und ihr Bezug zur Kolonisation Milets in archaischer Zeit".Internationale Archäologie (in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress. Band 11: Kult(ur)kontakte. Apollon in Milet/Didyma, Histria, Myus, Naukratis und auf Zypern. Akten des Table Ronde in Mainz vom 11.–12. März 2004: 16.ISBN 978-3-89646-441-5.
  15. ^ab"KN 842 E",DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo,University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, archived fromthe original on 2016-12-15, retrieved2014-03-26
  16. ^Gulizio, Joann."A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the Historical Period"(PDF).Journal of Prehistoric Religion.15:32–38.
  17. ^Linear B Transliterations:a-re.
  18. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word a-re.
  19. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalHägg (1997), page165.
  20. ^Linear B Transliterations:do-po-ta.
  21. ^abcdefgChadwick (1976), page95.
  22. ^abcDāmos:PY 316 Tn (44).
  23. ^Balcer, Jack Martin; Stockhausen, John Matthew,Mycenaean society and its collapse(PDF), pp. 66–67[permanent dead link].
  24. ^δεσπότης,δόμος,πόσις inLiddell andScott.
  25. ^Harper, Douglas."despot".Online Etymology Dictionary.
  26. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word di-wo-nu-so.
  27. ^abcdeChadwick (1976), page99.
  28. ^abcSchofield (2007), page160.
  29. ^abcTrzaskoma et al (2004), page443–446.
  30. ^Linear B Transliterations:Khania Linear B Transliterations.
  31. ^Dāmos:KH 5 Gq (1).
  32. ^Marinatos, Spyridon (1966)."Πολυδίψιον Ἄργος". InPalmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John (eds.).Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–274.
  33. ^Linear B Transliterations:di-pi-si-jo
  34. ^abcdefghijklmnBudin (2004), pages235–236.
  35. ^abcGarcía-Ramón, J.L., inDuhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page236.
  36. ^διψάω inLiddell andScott.
  37. ^abcVentris and Chadwick (1973).
  38. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word i-je-we.
  39. ^Larson, p.33
  40. ^Linear B Transliterations:e-ne-si-da-o-ne.
  41. ^Dāmos:KN 719 M (140).
  42. ^Ἐνοσίχθων,Ἐννοσίγαιος inLiddell andScott.
  43. ^Linear B Transliterations:a-pa-i-ti-jo.
  44. ^Gulizio (2000).
  45. ^Linear B Transliterations:e-ma-a2.
  46. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word e-ma-ha.
  47. ^Gulizio (2000), page106.
  48. ^Linear B Transliterations:a-re-ja.
  49. ^Logozzo and Poccetti, p.644
  50. ^Castleden (2003), page122.
  51. ^Linear B Transliterations:ma-ri-ne,ma-ri-ne-we.
  52. ^Linear B Transliterations:pa-de.
  53. ^Linear B Transliterations:KN V 52+.
  54. ^abChadwick (1976), page89.
  55. ^abcDāmos:KN 52 V + 52 bis + 8285 (unknown).
  56. ^abPalaima, Thomas G. (2009)."Continuity from the Mycenaean Period in a historical Boeotian Cult of Poseidon (and Erinys)"(PDF). In Danielidou, Despoina (ed.).Δώρον. Τιμητικός Τόμος για τον καθηγητή Σπύρο Ιακωβίδη [Festschrift for Spyros Iakovides]. Σειρά Μονογραφιών. 6. Athens:Academy of Athens. pp. 527–536.
  57. ^Linear B Transliterations:po-se-da-o.
  58. ^Dāmos:PY 609 En.
  59. ^Ποσειδών inLiddell andScott.
  60. ^Beekes, Robert (2010) [2009]. "E.g.,s.v.γαῖα, δάμαρ, πόσις, Δημήτηρ".Etymological Dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. In two volumes. Leiden, Boston.ISBN 9789004174184.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  61. ^Linear B Transliterations:da-ma-te.
  62. ^δάμαρ inLiddell andScott.
  63. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word ti-ri-se-ro-e.
  64. ^abLinear B Transliterations:ti-ri-se-ro-e.
  65. ^Trckova-Flamee, Alena."Thrice-Hero".The Book of Threes. Retrieved2012-04-27.
  66. ^Dāmos:PY 1204 Fr (4).
  67. ^τρίς inLiddell andScott.
  68. ^ἥρως inLiddell andScott.
  69. ^Harper, Douglas."hero".Online Etymology Dictionary.
  70. ^abHerda, Alexander (2011)."Burying a Sage: The Heroon of Thales in the Agora of Miletos"(PDF).Rencontres d'Archéologie de l'IFEA. Istanbul: Institut français d'études anatoliennes: 105.
  71. ^τριπάτωρ inLiddell andScott.
  72. ^Peters, Martin (2002), "Aus der Vergangenheit von Heroen und Ehegöttinnen", in Fritz, Matthias; Zeifelder, Susanne (eds.),Novalis Indogermanica: Festschrift für Günter Neumann zum 80. Geburstag, Grazer vergleichende Arbeiten (in German), Graz: Leykam, pp. 357–380,ISBN 3701100322.
  73. ^Linear B Transliterations:wa-na-ka.
  74. ^Dāmos:PY 1227 Fr (2).
  75. ^abPalaima (2006), page66.
  76. ^Risch, Ernst (1968). "Zephyros".Museum Helveticum (in German).25 (4): 205–13 [206].JSTOR 24813921.
  77. ^Gangutia, Elvira (2002)."La Potnia Equina".Emerita (in Spanish).70 (1): 9-44 [26].doi:10.3989/emerita.2002.v70.i1.119.hdl:10261/244205.
  78. ^Linear B Transliterations:di-we.
  79. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word di-we;The Linear B word di-wo.
  80. ^Linear B Transliterations:di-ka-ta.
  81. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word di-ka-ta-jo.
  82. ^Δικταῖος inLiddell andScott.
  83. ^Chadwick, John;Baumbach, Lydia (1963). "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary".Glotta.41.3&4:157–271, p. 176f, s.v. Ἄρτεμις.a-te-mi-to- (genitive)
  84. ^Souvinous, C. (1970). "A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE".Kadmos.9:42–47.doi:10.1515/kadm.1970.9.1.42.S2CID 162990140.
  85. ^Christidis, T. (1972). "Further remarks on A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE".Kadmos.11.2:125–28.
  86. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word a-ti-mi-te.
  87. ^abcdefghijNosch, Marie-Louise, inFischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page22.
  88. ^Palaima, Thomas G. (2008) [Date of Conference: 25–29 March 2008]."The Significance of Mycenaean Words Relating to Meals, Meal Rituals and Food"(PDF). In Hitchcock, Louise A.; Laffineur, Robert; Crowley, Janice (eds.).DAIS The Aegean Feast. Proceedings of the 12th International Aegean Conference. 12th International Aegean Conference. University of Melbourne.Aegaeum. Liège, Austin. pp. 383–389.
  89. ^Linear B Transliterations:do-qe-ja.
  90. ^Dāmos:PY 607 An (1).
  91. ^Linear B Transliterations:KN Gg 705,KN Od 714+.
  92. ^Linear B Transliterations:e-re-u-ti-ja.
  93. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word e-re-u-ti-ja.
  94. ^Luján, Eugénio R. "Los temas en -s en micénico". In:Donum Mycenologicum: Mycenaean Studies in Honour of Francisco Aura Jorro. Edited by Alberto Bernabé and Eugenio R. Luján. Bibliothèque des cahiers de L'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain Vol. 131. Louvain-la-Neuve; Walpole, MA: Peeters. 2014. p. 68.
  95. ^Lejeune, Michel. "Une présentation du Mycénien". In:Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 69, 1967, n° 3–4. p. 281. [DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1967.3800]; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1967_num_69_3_3800
  96. ^Nakassis, Dimitri. "Labor and Individuals in Late Bronze Age Pylos". In:Labor in the Ancient World. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. Dresden: ISLET-Verlag. 2015 [2005]. p. 605.ISBN 978-3-9814842-3-6.
  97. ^Davies, Anna Morpurgo (1972). "Greek and Indo-European semiconsonants: Mycenaean u and w". In:Acta Mycenaea, vol. 2 (M.S. Ruipérez, ed.). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. p. 93.
  98. ^Jorro, Francisco Aura. "Reflexiones sobre el léxico micénico" In:Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 307.ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9.
  99. ^Chadwick, John, andLydia Baumbach. "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". In:Glotta 41, no. 3/4 (1963): 198. Accessed March 12, 2021.http://www.jstor.org/stable/40265918.
  100. ^Bernabé, Alberto; Luján, Eugenio R.Introducción al Griego Micénico: Gramática, selección de textos y glosario. Monografías de Filología Grega Vol. 30. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 2020. p. 234.
  101. ^Linear B Transliterations:e-ri-nu.
  102. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word e-ri-nu-we.
  103. ^Dāmos:KN 1 Fp(1) + 31 (138),KN 390 Fh (141).
  104. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word e-ra.
  105. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word i-pe-me-de-ja.
  106. ^Palaeolexicon:ko-ma-we-te-ja.
  107. ^Linear B Transliterations:ko-ma-we.
  108. ^κόμη inLiddell andScott.
  109. ^Beekes 2009, pp 858-859.
  110. ^"ra-ti-jo".www.palaeolexicon.com. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2023.
  111. ^"ra-to".www.palaeolexicon.com. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2023.
  112. ^West, David R. (1995).Some Cults of Greek Goddesses and Female Daemons of Oriental Origin. Butzon & Bercker. p. 99.ISBN 9783766698438.
  113. ^abCastleden (2003), page112.
  114. ^Linear B Transliterations:ma-na-sa.
  115. ^"Mother Goddesses".Timeless Myths: Classical Mythology.
  116. ^abcdefBurkert (1985), page44.
  117. ^μήτηρ inLiddell andScott.
  118. ^Francisco & Francisco 1999, p. 121.
  119. ^Linear B Transliterations:KN Fp 13.
  120. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word pi-pi-tu-na.
  121. ^Hägg (1997), page166.
  122. ^Linear B Transliterations:Po-ti-ni-ja.
  123. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word po-ti-ni-ja.
  124. ^πότνια inLiddell andScott.
  125. ^ἵππειος-α-ον,ἵππος inLiddell andScott.
  126. ^Linear B Transliterations:si-to-po-ti-ni-ja.
  127. ^σῖτος,Σιτώ inLiddell andScott.
  128. ^abNosch, Marie Louise, inFischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page31.
  129. ^Linear B Transliterations:wo-ko-de.
  130. ^Dāmos:TH Of 36 (303).
  131. ^ab"Lesson 26: Narrative. Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture".Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology. Dartmouth College.
  132. ^abLinear B Transliterations:pa-ki-ja-ne.
  133. ^καί,τε inLiddell andScott.
  134. ^et,qve. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.A Latin Dictionary onPerseus Project.
  135. ^Gulizio (2000), pages107–108.
  136. ^Trzaskoma et al (2004), page450.
  137. ^abLinear B Transliterations:a-si-wi-ja,a-*64-ja.
  138. ^ὑπό inLiddell andScott.
  139. ^ὑφαίνω inLiddell andScott.
  140. ^Dāmos:PY 1281 An + frr.: 10 + fr. (12).
  141. ^Burkert (1985), pages45,364.
  142. ^Chadwick, John (1966)."The Olive Oil tablets of Knossos". In Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John (eds.).Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
  143. ^Linear B Transliterations:qe-ra-si-ja.
  144. ^abPalaeolexicon:The Linear B word qe-ra-si-ja.
  145. ^θήρ inLiddell andScott.
  146. ^Nosch, Marie Louise, inFischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), pages22–23.
  147. ^βοῦς inLiddell andScott.
  148. ^Campanile, Enrico (1985). "Old IrishBoand".Journal of Indo-European Studies.13.3&4:477–479.
  149. ^Bartoněk, Antonín (2002). "2. Substantiva und Adjektiva der I., II. und III. Deklination: I. Deklination (Substantiva)".Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. WINTER. pp. 165–6.ISBN 3825314359.
  150. ^Ventris and Chadwick (1973), Mycenaean Vocabularywa-no-so-i.
  151. ^Dāmos:PY 1219.
  152. ^Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005).The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press.
  153. ^Linear B Transliterations:po-ro-te-u.
  154. ^Bartoněk, Antonin (2002)."Mycenaean words in Homer". In Clairis, Christos (ed.).Recherches en linquistique grecque. L'Harmattan. p. 94.ISBN 2-7475-2742-5.
  155. ^Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word po-ro-te-u.
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