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Maldives was turned into aSultanate in 1153 when the Buddhist KingDhovemi converted toIslam. Prior to that the Maldives was a Buddhist Kingdom, a Hindu Kingdom and before that a matriarchal society with each atoll ruled by a chief queen according to some accounts or by others, several theocratic societies ruled by priests known asSawamias ofheliolatric,selenolatric andastrolatric religions. All the rulers before KingKoimala only ruled over parts of the Maldives or Deeva Maari (and Dheeva Mahal) as it was known then. Koimala was the first king to rule over all the islands of the Maldives as we know today and the island ofMaliku.
The formal title of the Sultan up to 1965 was,Sultan of Land and Sea, Lord of the twelve-thousand islands and Sultan of the Maldives which came with the styleHighness. After independence in 1965 the Sultan assumed the title King with the styleMajesty. This style was used until 1968, when the Maldives became a republic for the second time. The main official Royal residence of the Sultan was theEtherekoilu, a palace in Malé.
The reigns of Sultans are from three sources. Taarikh (also known as the Tarikh lslam Diba Mahal) by Maldivian chronicler Hasan Taj Al-Din (died in 1727) written in Arabic which covers 670 years of Maldives history, theloamaafaanu copper plates and the third source calledRaadhavalhi which was written in 1757 using bothDhives Akuru andThaana.
The 7 dynasties of Maldives1. Theemugu dynasty2. Umaru veeru dynasty3. Hilai dynasty4. Utheem dynasty5. Isdhoo dynasty6. Dhiyamili dynasty7. Hura dynasty, Lunar Dynasty [(Soma Vansa) or Soker Dynasty].
| Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Soodasarunaditya | 573 BCE | 530 BCE | Exiled prince and son ofKing Sri Brahmaditya of theKalinga kingdom of India.[1] Founder of theKingdom of Dheeva Maari [bn] |
| Unknown number of rulers | TheMapanansa,[2] the copper plates on which the history of the Kings of Solar Dynasty was written were lost quite early on. A 4th century notice written byAmmianus Marcellinus (362 CE) speaks of gifts sent to the Roman emperorJulian by a deputation from the nation of "Divi". The name "Divi" is very similar to "Dheyvi" who were the first settlers of Maldives.[2] | ||
| Srimati Damahara | 953 | 990 | She is also spelled as Damahaar.[3] Last ruler of the Solar Dynasty. It is unclear from the records how many other rulers ruled between the reigns of King Sri Srudasarunaditya and Queen Damahara. Married Prince Sri Baladitya from theKalinga kingdom who later became the first king of the Lunar Dynasty.Al-Jawaliqi, writing in 1135 CE looking at earlier records,[4] describes a queen of Maldives named "Danhara" ruling on an island called "Abannba".[5] |
| Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Baladitya | around 990 | unknown | Prince from Kalinga kingdom of India. Married Queen Damahara of the Solar dynasty to become the ruler of Dheeva Maari. Early during his reignKing Rajaraja I ofChola captured the northern atollsMinicoy andThiladhummathi. Although some sources indicate the start of the reign as when Rajaraja I invaded Maldives, a Chinese document from theTang dynasty, records the visits of people fromMo-lai (Maldives) to China bringing with them gifts from their king,Che-p'o-lo-ti-to (Sri Balāditya) in 658 CE and also in 662 CE.[6] The king mentioned must have been a king of the Solar dynasty. |
| Sri Laukabarana | 11th cent. | 11th cent. | King of the Lunar dynasty. He is son or grandson of Queen Damahara. His name is alternatively written as Sri Loaka Abaaruna. |
| Sri Maha Sandura | ~11th cent. | unknown | Son of King Laukabarana. He had a daughter Princess Kamanhaar (also known as Kamanaar or Rehendihaar), who was banished to the island then calledIs-Midu (Addu Meedhoo today). With her she took theMapanansa, the copper plates in which the history of the kings of Solar dynasty was written. TheMapanansa were later buried by a certain Al-Muhaddith Hassan, and this is why such little information survived about the Solar dynasty.[2] |
| Sri Bovana Ananda | unknown | before 1117 | Son of King Laukabarana and brother of King Maha Sandura. He is the father of KingKoimala. |
| Name[7] | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala)[4] | Suvasthi Shri Theemuge Rannafireyru Mini Mahaabarana Mahaaradhun[8] | 21 years | 1121 | 1141 | The first king to rule over the whole of Maldives. |
| KingDhovemi Later Sultan Muhammad al-Adil[9] | Siri Bavanditta Maha Radun | 24 years | 1141 | 1165 | Reigned as a Buddhist until 1153. Son of Henevi Maava Kilege, sister ofKoimala. A member of the Soma or Homa (Lunar) dynasty. Converted to Islam in 1153, assumed the title Sultan and founded the Theemuge dynasty. He was the famousDharumavantha Radun[2] or theBenevolent King. |
| SultanMuthey[9] | Bavana Abaruna Maha Radun | 19 years | 1165 | 1184 | Mother's sister's son ofDhovemi |
| SultanAli b. Reke Hiriya[9] | Dammara-nanda Maha Radun | 8 years | 1184 | 1192 | |
| SultanDinei[9] | Fanaditta Maha Radun | 6 years | 1192 | 1198 | TheLōmāfānu was written during Sultan Dhinei's reign. |
| SultanDihei[9] | Dagata Abaruna Maha Radun | 15 years | 1198 | 1213 | Brother of Sultan Dhinei I |
| SultanWadi[9] | Dagata Suvara Maha Radun | 19 years | 1213 | 1232 | Brother of Sultans Dhinei I and Dhinei II |
| SultanValla Dio[9][10] | Rada-rada Suvara Maha Radun | 25 years | 1232 | 1257 | Brother of Sultans Dhinei I, Dhinei II and Wadi |
| SultanHudei[9] | Vira Abaruna Maha Radun | 6 years | 1257 | 1263 | |
| SultanAima[9] | Loka Suvara Maha Radun | 2 years | 1263 | 1265 | |
| SultanHiley (Ali)[9] | Sinja Abaruna Maha Radun | 2 years | 1265 | 1267 | |
| SultanKalaminja b. Aydage[9] | Madini Survara Maha Radun | 1 year | 1267 | 1268 | |
| SultanUda (Auda)[9] | Arida Suvara Maha Radun | 9 years | 1268 | 1277 | Son of Sultan Wadi |
| SultanAli II[9] | Arida Suvara Maha Radun | 10 years | 1277 | 1287 | Son of Sultan Audha |
| SultanYoosuf[9] | Bavana Aditta Maha Radun | 6 years | 1287 | 1293 | Brother of Sultan Hali II |
| SultanSalah al-Din b. Yusuf[9] | Some Sivara Maha Radun | 8 years | 1293 | 1301 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf I |
| SultanDa'ud b. Yusuf[9] | Sundura Bavana Maha Radun | 5 years | 1301 | 1306 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf I |
| SultanUmar Vira (Abu Fath Jalal al-Din)[9] | Loka Abaruna Maha Radun | 34 years | 1306 | 1340 | Son of Sultan Salis |
| SultanShihab al-Din Ahmad[9] | Loka Aditta Maha Radun | 7 years | 1340 | 1347 Deposed and assassinated | Son of Sultan Omar I, deposed, banished and assassinated by sisterKhadijah.[11] |
| SultanaRehindi Kabadi Kilege (Khadija)[9] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 15 years | 1347 | 1362 Deposed | Deposed by her first husbandMohamed el-Jameel. |
| SultanMohamed el-Jamil[9] | Bavana Suja Maha Radun | 1 year | 1362 | 1363 Deposed and assassinated | First Husband of Sultana Khadijah. Assassinated by estranged wife Khadijah. He was nicknamed Handsome Mohamed. |
| SultanaRehendi (Khadijah)[9] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 10 years | 1363 | 1373 Deposed | Second reign on assassination of first husband Sultan Mohamed el-Jameel. Deposed for a second time by her second husband Abdullah. |
| SultanAbdullah Kilege[9] | Dammaru Aaditta Maha Radun | 3 years | 1373 | 1376 Deposed andassassinated | Second husband of Sultana Khadijah. Assassinated by wife Khadijah. |
| SultanaRehendi (Khadijah)[9] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 3 years | 1376 | 1379 | Third reign |
| SultanaRadafati (Adafate) Kabadi Kilege[9] | Soma Aburana Maha Radun | 1 year | 1379 | 1380 Deposed | Daughter of Sultan Omar I, half sister of Sultana Khadijah. Deposed by husband Mohamed. |
| SultanMohamed I[4][9] | Sundura Abaruna Maha Radun | 4 years | 1380 | 1384 | Husband of Sultana Raadhafathi. Son of Kaeumani Kaulhanna Kilege.[4] He is from the island ofMaakurathu in Raa Atoll hence he is also known as Maakurathu Mohamed Rasgefaan. |
| SultanaDa'inu Kabadi Kilege[9] | Natta Abaruna Maha Radun | 3 years | 1385 | 1388 Deposed | Daughter of Sultan Mohamed I. Deposed by husband Abdullah. |
| SultanAbdullah[9] | Soma Abaruna Maha Radun | less than 1 year | 1388 | 1388 | Husband of Sultana Dhaain. Some records call him a regent (Henevi-rasge). |
| SultanUthman al-Fahandavi[9] | Sundura Aditta Maha Radun | less than 1 year | 1388 | 1388 | Sultan Usman I Former Imam toRaadhafathi andDhaainLast of the Lunar dynasty. Grave found in Thaa Atoll, Guraidhoo by H.C.P Bells expedition.[12] |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SultanHasan I[9] | Bavana | 10 years | 1388 | 1398 | First of the Hilaaly dynasty Son of Golhaavahi Kambulo (Kalavahi Kabulo) and Kulhiveri Hilaalu Kaeulhanna Kaloge son of Muslim Abbas of Hulhule |
| SultanIbrahim I[9] | Dhammaru Veeru | less than 1 year | 1398 | 1398 Deposed | Son of Sultan Hassan I Deposed by his uncle Hussain. |
| SultanHusayn I[9] | Loka Veeru | 11 years | 1398 | 1409 | Brother of Sultan Hassan I Assumed the throne after deposing his nephew Sultan Ibrahim I. |
| SultanNasir al-Din al-Gulavihi[9] | Veeru Abaarana | 2 years | 1409 | 1411 | Introduced the Islamic penal code. Possibly a member of the Lunar dynasty |
| SultanHasan Hilali[9] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | less than 1 year | 1411 | 1411 Accidental death | Sultan Hassan II. Drowned in a tank. Grave found in Thaa Atoll, Guraidhoo by H.C.P Bells expedition.[12] |
| SultanIsa[9] | Bavana Sundhura | less than 1 year | 1411 | 1411 | Brother of Sultan Hassan II |
| SultanIbrahim I[9] | Dhammaru Veeru | 10 years | 1411 | 1421 | Second reign, first reigned in 1398. |
| SultanUthman II[9] | Dhammaru Loaka | less than 1 year | 1421 | 1421 | Son of SultanOsman I |
| SultanMuhammad[9] | Raadha Bavana | less than 1 year | 1421 | 1421 | Uncle of SultansHassan I andHussain I Prime Minister toOsman I |
| SultanYusuf II[9] | Loka Aananadha | 22 years | 1421 | 1443 | Son of SultanHassan I |
| SultanAbu Bakr I[9] | Bavana Sooja | less than 1 year | 1443 | 1443 Killed in battle | Son of SultanHassan I Half brother of SultanYoosuf IIKilled in battle with the Portuguese who came to summon the Council of Ministers of the Maldives to Cochin. |
| SultanHasan III[9] | Raadha Veeru | 24 years | 1443 | 1467 | Son of SultanAboobakuru I Deposed by Sayyid Mohamed while abroad. |
| Sultan al-Sayyid Muhammad[9] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | less than 1 year | 1467 | 1467 Deposed | Possible descendant of the ProphetMuhammad. Deposed by SultanHassan III upon returning to Maldives. |
| SultanHasan III[9] | Raadha Veeru | 1 year | 1467 | 1468 | Second reign |
| SultanMuhammadh II[9] | Bavana Abaarana | 12 years | 1468 | 1480 | Son of SultanHasan III |
| SultanHasan IV[9] | Raadha Loka | less than 1 year | 1480 | 1480 Deposed | Son of SultanMohamed IIDeposed byOmar II. |
| SultanUmar II[9] | Loka Sundhura | 4 years | 1480 | 1484 | Son of SultanYoosuf II |
| SultanHasan V[9] | Raadha Aanandha | 1 year | 1484 | 1485 | Son of SultanOmar II |
| SultanHasan IV[9] | Raadha Loka | 6 years | 1485 | 1491 | Second reign |
| Sultan al-Shaykh Hasan VI[9] | Raadha Fanaveeru | 1 year | 1491 | 1492 | Grandson of SultanAboobakuru I |
| Sultan Ibrahim II[9] | Bavana Furasuddha | less than 1 year | 1492 | 1492 | Son ofOmar II |
| Sultan Kalu Muhammad[6][9] | Dhammaru Bavana | less than 1 year | 1492 | 1492 Deposed | Son of SultanOmar IIDeposed by his brother Yoosuf. |
| Sultan Yusuf III[9] | Veeru Aanandha | 1 year | 1492 | 1493 | Son of SultanOmar II |
| Sultan Ali II[9] | Audha Veeru | 2 years | 1493 | 1495 | Grandson of SultanHassan I |
| Sultan Kalu Muhammad[6][9] | Dhammaru Bavana | 15 years | 1495 | 1510 Deposed | Second reign Son of SultanOmar II Deposed for a second time, this time by his nephew Hassan. |
| Sultan Hasan VII[9] | Singa Veeeru | 1 year | 1510 | 1511 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf III |
| Sultan al-Sharif Ahmad al-Makki[9] | Suddha Bavana | 2 years | 1511 | 1513 | An Arab from Mecca Possible descendant ofMuhammad |
| Sultan Ali III[9] | Aanandha | less than 1 year | 1513 | 1513 Killed | Killed in a duel with his sisterBurecca (Buraki Raani). Grandson of SultanAboobakuru ISon of Mohamed Farhana Kalo and Recca daughter ofAboobakuru I |
| Sultan Kalu Muhammad[6][9] | Dhammaru Bavana | 16 years | 1513 | 1529 | Third accession assisted by his wife QueenBurecca who killed her brother Ali III. |
| Sultan Hasan al-Shirazi VIII[9] | Ran Mani Loka | 20 years | 1529 | 1549 | Son of Sultan Kalu Mohamed and Fatuma Dio a concubine fromShiraz in Persia |
| Sultan Muhammad III[9] | Singa Bavana | 2 years | 1549 | 1551 Assassinated | Assassinated by his brother Hassan who succeeded him. Son of Golhavahi Aysha Rani Kilege and Omar Maafaiy Kilege son of Kalu Mohamed and Aysha Rani Kilege daughter of Korari Kilege therefore grandson of Sultan Kalu Mohamed |
| Sultan Hasan IX[9] | Dhirukusa Loka | 1 year | 1551 | 1552 Deposed | Brother of Mohamed III He was the firstMaldivian and only member of its royalty to renounceIslam and convert to Christianity. He was deposed upon conversion, and known subsequently by the Lusitanian name of Dom Manoel. |
| Interregnum | 2 years | 1552 | 1554 | Maldives ruled by a Council of Ministers. | |
| Sultan Abu Bakr II[9] | Asaalees Loka | 3 years | 1554 | 1557 | Son of Ibrahim Faarhana Kilege and Sanfa Dio Former Prime Minister to Dom Manoel |
| Sultan Ali IV (Ali Rasgefaan)[9] | Audha Siyaaka Katthiri | 1 year | 1557 | 1558 Killed in battle | Popularly known as Ali Rasgefaan He was killed in battle.[13] Son of Prime Minister Abdur Rahman Dorhimeyna Kaloge and Sitti Rani Kilege He was married to Princess Aysha Rani Kilege aunt of Dom Manoel and daughter of Kalu Mohamed. |
| King Dom Manoel[4] | Dhirikusa Loka (in absentia) | 15 years | 1558 | 1573 | Restored as the King. Formerly known as Sultan Hassan IX A Maldivian Catholic named Andiri Andirin acted as his regent, while Manoel lived inGoa. |
| Interregnum[4] | less than 1 year | 1573 | 1573 | Maldives ruled byKateeb Mohamed Thakurufan ofUtheemu after he assassinated Andiri Andirin, the regent of King Dom Manoel. As per a treaty he got refuge from Ali Raja ofCannanore, Mohamed Thakurufan's base of operation wasMinicoy under the sovereignty of Cannanore. Keteeb Mohamed Thakurufan did not honour this promise. The Ali Raja demanded dominion over the Maldives, as promised to him by the Kateeb of Uteem. The nature of the relationship between Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan and the Ali Raja of Cannanore was outlined in a letter sent by a later Ali Raja, Mariambe Ali-Adi Raja Bibi, to the Sultan Mohamed Mueenuddine I of the Maldives. The letter was dated Friday 17 Jamada-el-oula Anno Hegirae 1243 (7 December AD 1827). According to the letter Mohamed Thakurufan had entered into a treaty ceding sovereignty of the Maldives to the Ali Raja of Cannanore in the event Thakurufan was established in power in Male. (refer page 294 of Divehi Tarikh). | |
| King Dom Manoel[4] | Dhirikusa Loka | 10 years | 1573 | 1583 | Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan concluded a Treaty with King Dom Manoel to ward off the Ali Raja of Cannanore with whose help the Kateeb seized power in Male. Under the treaty Dom Manoel was restored but remained in Goa. The co-regents wereKateeb Mohamed Thakurufan of Utheem and his brother Hassan Thakurufan. The Kateeb conferred on himself the title of Sultan in 1583 upon Dom Manoel's death. This was in breach of the Treaty and was not legally binding. |
| King Dom João[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 20 years | 1583 | 1603 | Son of King Manoel, who remained inGoa. He had two brothers, Dom Francisco and Dom Pedro. Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan and his brother Hassan Thakurufan ruled for King Dom João as co-regents. Kateeb Mohamed Thakurufan assumed the title of Sultan following the death of King Dom Manoel. He married aPortuguese Christian noblewoman, Donna Francisca Vasconelles and had two children Dom Philippe and Dona Inez.Ibrahim, also known asKalaafaan[14] (literally "Lord") was thede facto Sultan, but legally the regent of Kings Dom João and Dom Philippe who resided in Goa. He reigned from 1585 to 1609. Son of Mohamed Thakurufan, Kateeb of Utheemu and Rehendiye Goyye daughter of Cat Fatima of Boarhi Woods in Baarah Ibrahim Kalaafaan was the regent at the time ofFrançois Pyrard de Laval's[14] detainment in the Maldives after the shipwreck. |
| King Dom Philippe[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 29 years | 1603 | 1632 | Son of King Dom João and Donna Francisca Vasconelles Al-Amira Kuda Kalu Kamanafaanu acted as regent from 1607 until 1609.She was the daughter of Hassan Thakurufaan and Sitti Maryam Maavaa Kuda Kamanafaanu Rani Kilege, daughter of Sultan Ali VI, Sultan of the Maldives, by his wife, Princess Aisha Kabafa'anu, daughter of Sultan Kalu Mohamed[6] Hussain Faamuladeyri Kilege acted as regent from 1609 to 1620.Muhammad Imaduddin I acted as regent from 1620 to 1632. De-recognised in the Maldives after an abortive expedition with Portuguese assistance to abolish regency and assume power. |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SultanMuhammad Imaduddin I[4] | Kula Sundhura Katthiri Bavana | 16 years | 1632 | 1648 | Legally proclaimed sultan in 1632 Former regent for King Dom Philippe |
| SultanIbrahim Iskandar I[4] | Kula Ran Meeba Katthiri Bavana | 39 years | 1648 | 1687 | Son of SultanMuhammad Imaduddin I |
| Sultan Kuda Muhammad[4] | Maniranna Loka | 4 years | 1687 | 1691 Accidental death | Son of SultanIbrahim Iskandar I His motherPrincess Maryam acted as regent due to his age. Killed with his mother while at sea in an explosion. |
| Sultan Muhammad Mohyeddine[4] | Naakiree Sundhura | 1 year | 1691 | 1692 | Re-established the Islamic penal code. Son of Dharanboodhoo Kadida Dio and Abu Naibu Hassan Dorhimeyna Kilege son of the Regent Hussain Famuladeyri Kilege |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Claim / relationship with predecessor(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen I[4] | Mikaalha Madhaadheettha | less than 1 year | 1692 | 1692 Possibly poisoned to death | Married Mariyam Kan'baafaanu who was the widow of Sultan Muhammad Mohyeddine | Arab mentor of Sultan Muhammad Mohyeddine He first visited Male during the reign ofIbrahim Iskandar I. He was probably poisoned to death. He coutured the re-establishment of the Islamic Penal code held by the previous Sultan Muhammad Mohyeddine and assigned Scholars to teach in Mosques. In his Sultanate Maldives was very peaceful and citizens became educated and religious. (refer page 67 to 69 of Divehi Tarikh) |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Claim / relationship with predecessor(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan Muhammad Ali IV (Devvadhoo Rasgefaan)[9] | Kula Ran Mani | 9 years | 1692 | 1701 Possibly poisoned to death | Married Mariyam Kan'baafaanu who was the widow of Sultan Muhammad Shamsedeen I Appointed as Sultan by request of Viziers[15] | First Sultan of theDhevvadhoo dynasty[16] Popularly known as Dhevvadhoo Rasgefaanu,[17] son of Ali Mafahaiy Kilege of Dhevvadhoo and Kakuni Dio[4] Sultan Mohamed IV was married to Khadheeja Kanba daughter of Ibrahim Shah Bandar of Isdhoo (Isdhoo Bodu Velaanaa Thakurufaan) Devvadhoo Rasgefaan or Sultan Muahmmadh Ali V was grandson of Al Gazi Muhammad Shamsuddeen. He himself served as Chief Justice prior to Sultan. Devvadhoo Rasgefaan appointed the chronicler Hassan Thaajuddeen as his Chief Justice.[15] |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan Ali VII[9] | Kula Ran Muiy | less than 1 year | 1701 | 1701 | Ali Shah Bandar or Isdu 'Ali Velana Thakuru'fa'anu,[18] first Sultan of the Isdhoo dynasty Son of Ibrahim Shah Bandar Kilege of Isdhoo and Aysha Dio |
| Sultan Hasan X[9] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | less than 1 year | 1701 | 1701 Abdicated | Son of Sultan Ali VII Abdicated for cousin Ibrahim MudzhiruddineHe is also known asAddu Hassan Manikfan[19] |
| Sultan Ibrahim Muzhir al-Din[9] | Muthey Ran Mani Loka | 3 years | 1701 | 1704 Deposed | First-cousin of Sultan Hasan X Deposed by his Prime Minister Muhammad Imaduddin during the regency of his spouseFatima Kabafa'anu while on theHajj pilgrimage. |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Claim / relationship with predecessor(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin II[4] | Kula Sundhura Siyaaka Saasthura | 16 years | 1704 | 1720 | Son of Sultan Ibrahim Muzhir al-Dins maternal (Athiree Kamana) aunt Amina Dio[20] | Prime Minister to Sultan Ibrahim Mudzhiruddine First of the Dhiyamigili dynasty. Commissioned Hassan Taj al-Din to write the Ta’rīkh.[21] |
| SultanIbrahim Iskandar II[4] | Rannava Loka | 30 years | 1720 | 1750 | Son of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin II | |
| Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin III[4] | Navaranna Keerithi | 7 years | 1750 | 1757 Died in captivity by Ali Raja | Son of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin II | Held captive onKavaratti island from 1752 until his death in 1757. In 1752 he was seized by the Ali Raja of Cannanore and transported to Kavaratti island in the Laccadives. Male was occupied. The occupation was ended by Muleegey Don Hassan Maniku. The sultan died in captivity. During this time Maldives was ruled by the captive sultan's nieceAmina I of Maldives and his daughter Amina II. Thede facto regent was Muleegey Don Hassan Maniku. |
| Interregnum | 2 years | 1757 | 1759 | Regency continued in expectation of the return of the deceased Sultan's heir from captivity. | ||
| SultanaAmina I[22] | 1 year | 1753 | 1754 Abdicated | Daughter of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II | Amina assumed the role of the ruler of Maldives in 1753 after Male was recaptured from theMalabars after 17 weeks of occupation. She was the daughter of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II and Aisha Manikfan. She abdicated the throne and moved toAddu Atoll in the south. She was later banished to various islands and eventually became the Ruler of Maldives for the second time as the regent during the reign of her younger brotherSultan Mohamed Ghiyasuddin in 1773. | |
| SultanaAmina II[22] | 2 years | 1757 | 1759 | Daughter of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin III | Amina succeeded her cousin in 1754 as nominal regent for her absent father the age of nine, while Muleegey Hassan Manikfaan managed the political affairs asde facto regent. Her father died in 1757 inMinicoy, after which she formally became monarch and queen regnant. In 1759 Sultan Hassan Izzuddin became monarchin absentia of Dhiyamigili Sultan. |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Claim / relationship with predecessor(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SultanHasan 'Izz ud-din[4] | Kula Ran Meeba Audha Keerithi Katthiri Bavana | 7 years | 1759 | 1766 Abdicated | Ascended after hearing news of Sultan Muhammadh Imaduddin III's demise to fill the thronein absentia of Dhiyamigili heir to throne who was held captive by Ali Raja.[23] Abdicated throne to Sultan Muhammadh Ghiyath al-Din on his return and died on 2 February 1767.[23] | Also known as Muleegey Don Hassan Maniku or Don Bandaara Don Bandaara was son of Amina Dio daughter of Mohamed Kateeb ofisland Muli of Maldives and Huraa Mohamed Faamuladeyri Thakurufan (from the island ofHuraa). |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Claim / relationship with predecessor(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SultanMuhammad Ghiyath al-Din[9] | Kula Ranmani Keerithi | 8 years | 1766 | 1774 Assassinated after the throne was seized. | Son of Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II of Dhiyamigili Dynasty also known as Muhammadh Manikfaan. | Also known as Haajee Bandaarain Muhammadh Shams al-Din (later Sultan Muhammadh Shams al-Din Iskandar II) seized the throne when Sultan Ghiyath al-Din was on Hajj.[9]Unaware of seizure of throne Ghiyath al-Din returned from Hajj and was killed during the reign of Huraa dynasty Sultan Muhammadh Mu'izz al-Din who is also known as Kalhu Bandaara. The last remaining heir of DhiyamigiliPrince Abdulla was banished toFuvahmulah at the age of seven.[24] |
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Claim / relationship with predecessor(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SultanMuhammad Shams al-Din Iskandar II[9] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | less than 1 year | 1774 Ascended after seizing throne from Dhiyamigili Dynasty | 1774 | Seized the throne when Sultan Ghiyath al-Din was on Hajj.[9][25] Ascended throne after an armed confrontation with Dhiyamigili dynasty supporters.[23][25] After becoming the Sultan he looted and banished the aides of Sultan Ghiyath al-Din to various islands and seized the properties of Sultan Ghiyath al-Din.[25] | Uncle of SultanHasan 'Izz ud-din. |
| SultanMuhammad Mu'izz al-Din[9] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 5 years | 1774 | 1779 | Son of SultanHasan 'Izz ud-din who reignedin absentia for the return of Dhiyamigili heir Ghiyath al-Din.[23] Sultan Ghiyath al-Din of Dhiyamigili dynasty was killed after he returned from Hajj in October 1774 during Sultan Muhammadh Mu'izz al-Din's reign.[25] | When Sultan Ghiyath al-Din of Dhiyamigili dynasty returned after Hajj during Sultan Muhammadh Mu'izz al-Din's reign, instead of bringing Sultan Ghiyath al-Din to Male', he was killed by attaching weights to his feet and throwing overboard into the sea.[25] The last remaining heir of DhiyamigiliPrince Abdulla was banished toFuvahmulah at the age of seven.[24] Sultan Muhammadh Mu'izz al-Din is popularly known as Kalhu Bandaarain. Sultan Muhammadh Mu'izz al-Din was married to Aminath Manikfaan from Isdhoo Dynasty and Aminath Didi from Dhiyamigili Dynasty.[19])[26] |
| SultanHasan Nooraddeen I[9] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 20 years | 1779 | 1799 | Younger brother of SultanMuhammad Mu'iz ud-din[4] | Sultan Hassan Nooradeen I married Aishath Manikfaan fromAddu, great-granddaughter of Isdhoo Dynasty Sultan Hassan X (Also known asAddu Hassan Manikfan[19])[26] |
| SultanMuhammad Mueenuddeen I[9] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 36 years | 1799 | 1835 | Son of SultanHassan Nooraddeen I | |
| SultanMuhammad Imaaduddeen IV[4] | Kula Sudha Ira Siyaaka Saasthura Audha Keerithi Katthiri Bovana | 47 years | 1835 | 1882 | Son of SultanMuhammad Mueenuddeen I | |
| SultanIbrahim Nooraddeen[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 4 years | 1882 | 1886 Abdicated | Son ofImaaduddeen IV | Abdicated in favor of his nephew Muhammad Mueenuddeen. |
| SultanMuhammad Mueenuddeen II[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 2 years | 1886 | 1888 Abdicated | Nephew of Sultan Ibrahm Nooraddeen | On 16 December 1887, he accepted British protection and the nation became a protectorate.[27] |
| SultanIbrahim Nooraddeen[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 4 years | 1888 | 1892 | Uncle of Sultan Muhammadh Mueenuddeen II | Second reign |
| SultanMuhammad Imaaduddeen V[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 1 year | 1892 | 1893 Abdicated | His cousin Hassan Nooreddine Maandhoogey Manippulu acted as his regent due to his age. The regent abdicated in his name in favour of his older half brother. | |
| SultanMuhammad Shamsuddeen III[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | less than 1 year | 1893 | 1893 Abdicated | Brother of Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen V | His cousin Hassan Nooreddine Maandhoogey Manippulu acted as his regent due to his age. His cousin abdicated in his name and assumed the throne himself. |
| SultanMuhammad Imaaduddeen VI[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 9 years | 1893 | 1902 Deposed | Former regent for Sultans Muhammad Imaaduddeen V and Muhammad Shamsuddeen III. Deposed while in theOttoman Empire. | |
| SultanMuhammad Shamsuddeen III[4] | Kula Sundhura Katthiri Bavana | 32 years | 1902 | 1934 Deposed | Second reign and introduced the first Constitution[25] which ended when he was deposed and exiled. | |
| SultanHassan Nooraddeen II[4] | Kula Sudha Ira Siyaaka Saasthura Audha Keerithi Katthiri Bavana | 8 years | 1935 | 1943 Forced to abdicate | ||
| SultanAbdul Majeed Didi | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 8 years | 1944 | 1952 | Abdul Majeed Didi was elected Sultan but continued to live inCeylon. Maldives ruled by Council of Regency headed for a time by former Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II. | |
| Interregnum | 2 years | 1952 | 1954 | Following the death of Abdul Majeed and after a nationalreferendum the Maldives became a republic. | ||
| KingMuhammad Fareed Didi[4] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | 14 years | 1954 | 1968 | Grandson of Sultan Muhammad Mueenuddeen II and eldest son of Sultan Abdul Majeed Didi took the title of King Muhammad Fareed Didi in 1965 when the British protectorate of the Maldives ended. Deposed by a nationalreferendum which decided to replace the sultanate with a republic. |