Thislist of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ)firsts by year denotes pioneeringLGBTQ endeavors organized chronologically. Openly LGBTQ people remain ademographic minority in most places. In areas that historically are not known for having (or being friendly to) LGBTQ people who do not remaincloseted, a "first" can make it easier for other openly LGBTQ persons to enter the field or for those who are closeted tocome out. Openly LGBTQ people being visible in society affectssocietal attitudes toward homosexuality, bisexuality, and the transgender community on a wider level.
One commonly cited example isMichael McConnell and Jack Baker, the first openly gay couple to apply for a marriage license in 1971. Another isHarvey Milk, the first openly gay person to be elected to political office inCalifornia, becoming the most visible LGBTQ politician in the world in the 1970s, after decades of resistance to LGBTQ people by mainstream culture. Milk encouraged LGBTQ people to "come out of the closet" during his speeches; as a result of his work andhis assassination—along with San Francisco mayor George Moscone—thousands of ordinary people did so. In 2002, Milk was called "the most famous and most significantly open LGBT official ever elected in the United States".[1]
1600s
1672
The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672) contains the first reference to homosexuality between nuns inEthiopian literature.[2][3]
1800s to 1930s
1896
The first issue ofDer Eigene appeared in Berlin. It was one of the first gay periodicals in the world.[4]
German journalistAnna Rüling, in a speech to the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, made one of the first known public statements of the social and legal problems faced by lesbians.[6]
Mona's 440 Club, the first lesbian bar in America, opened in San Francisco.[18][19] Mona's waitresses and female performers wore tuxedos and patrons dressed their roles.[19]
Frances V. Rummell, an educator and a teacher of French at Stephens College, published an autobiography under the titleDiana: A Strange Autobiography; it was the first explicitly lesbian autobiography in which two women end up happily together.[21] This autobiography was published with a note saying, "The publishers wish it expressly understood that this is a true story, the first of its kind ever offered to the general reading public".[21]
1940s
1944
The poetRobert Duncan became the first prominent American to reveal his homosexuality. This occurred when in 1944, using his own name in the anarchist magazinePolitics, he wrote that homosexuals were an oppressed minority.[22]
Spring Fire, the first lesbian paperback novel, and the beginning of thelesbian pulp fiction genre, was published in 1952 and sold 1.5 million copies.[29][30] It was written by lesbianMarijane Meaker under the false name Vin Packer,[29] and ended unhappily.
ONE magazine published as the first gay men's magazine in the United States.[31] Founded in Los Angeles, it would later transform into an educational institution and then intoONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, one of the world's largest and oldest surviving LGBT archives.[32]
1955
TheDaughters of Bilitis (DOB) was founded in San Francisco in 1955 by four lesbian couples (includingDel Martin and Phyllis Lyon) and was the first national lesbian political and social organization in the United States.[33]
1956
The Ladder, widely considered the first lesbian magazine in the United States, began publication.[34] It was the primary publication and method of communication for theDaughters of Bilitis, the first lesbian organization in the US.[35]
One, Inc. v. Olesen, 355 U.S. 371 (1958), was the first U.S. Supreme Court ruling to deal with homosexuality and the first to address free speech rights with respect to homosexuality. The Supreme Court reversed a lower court ruling that the gay magazineONE magazine violated obscenity laws, thus upholding constitutional protection for pro-homosexual writing.[37]
1959
South, the earliest known gay TV drama, was first broadcast in the UK on 24 November 1959. Two other dramas based on the court trials of Oscar Wilde and Sir Roger Casement, who were both charged with homosexuality, were produced a year later.[38]
1960s
1960
Fannie Mae Clackum and Grace Garner, U.S. Air Force reservists in the late 1940s and early 1950s, became the first people to successfully challenge their discharges from the U.S. military for being gay, although the ruling turned on the fact that there was not enough evidence to show the women were lesbians—rather than that there was nothing wrong with it if they were.[39]
Nancy Ledins, an ordained Catholic priest, came out as a transgender woman, arguably becoming the first woman and first openly transgender Catholic priest.[40]
1961
José Sarria became the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States (San Francisco city-county supervisor).[41]
The Rejected, the first documentary on homosexuality broadcast on American television, was first broadcast on KQED TV in San Francisco on 11 September 1961.[42]
Victim was the first British film to explicitly name homosexuality and deal with it sympathetically.[43]
1962
TheTavern Guild, the first gay business association in the United States, was created by gay bar owners in 1962 as a response to continued police harassment and closing of gay bars (including theTay-Bush Inn raid), and continued until 1995.[44]
1964
The first photograph of lesbians on the cover of lesbian magazineThe Ladder appeared in September 1964, showing two women from the back, on a beach looking out to sea.
The June 1964 Paul WelchLife article entitled"Homosexuality In America" was the first time a national publication reported on gay issues.
Vanguard, an organization of LGBT youth in the low-incomeTenderloin district of San Francisco, was created in 1965. It is considered the firstGay Liberation organization in the U.S.[45][46]
TheCouncil on Religion and the Homosexual held an event where local politicians could be questioned about issues concerning gay and lesbian people, including police intimidation. The event marks the second known instance of "the gay vote" being sought. The first was during the early homosexual emancipation movement in Germany.
1966
The first lesbian to appear on the cover of lesbian magazineThe Ladder with her face showing wasLilli Vincenz in January 1966.
In 1966 the first case to consider transidentity in the US was heard,Mtr. of Anonymous v. Weiner, 50 Misc. 2d 380, 270 N.Y.S.2d 319 (1966). The case concerned a transgender person from New York City who had undergone sex reassignment surgery and wanted a change of name and sex on their birth certificate. The New York City Health Department refused to grant the request, and the court ruled that the New York City and New Jersey Health Code only permitted a change of sex on the birth certificate if an error was made recording it at birth, so the Health Department acted correctly. The decision of the court inWeiner was affirmed in a case brought byDeborah Hartin,Mtr. of Hartin v. Dir. of Bur. of Recs., 75 Misc. 2d 229, 232, 347 N.Y.S.2d 515 (1973) andAnonymous v. Mellon, 91 Misc. 2d 375, 383, 398 N.Y.S.2d 99 (1977).
The Homosexuals, a 1967 episode of the documentary television series CBS Reports, was the first network documentary dealing with the topic of homosexuality.
1968
In the aftermath of theCompton's Cafeteria riot, a network of transgender social, psychological, and medical support services was established, which culminated in 1968 with the creation of the National Transsexual Counseling Unit (NTCU), the first such peer-run support and advocacy organization in the world.[50]
1969
Rev. James Lewis Stoll, M. Div. (January 18, 1936 – December 8, 1994), a Unitarian Universalist minister, became the first ordained minister of an established denomination to come out as gay. He went on to lead the effort that convinced the Unitarian Universalist Association to pass their first-ever gay rights resolution in 1970.[51]
TheGay Liberation Front was formed in America, and it was the first gay organization to use "gay" in its name.
1960s (year unknown)
In the late 1960s in New York,Mario Martino founded the Labyrinth Foundation Counseling Service, which was the first transgender community-based organization that specifically addressed the needs of female-to-male transgender people.
1970s
1970
TheAmazon Bookstore Cooperative opened, the first lesbian/feminist bookstore in the U.S. It later became True Colors bookstore (with alabrys acting as the "T",) but has since closed.[52]
On June 27, 1970, the first gay and lesbian pride parade in the world was held in Chicago, followed by a march in New York City and a parade in Los Angeles on June 28, 1970, to commemorate the anniversary of theStonewall riots.[53] Today such parades are held annually throughout the world.[54]
In September 1970, University of Southern California staff member Del Whan taught the first LGBTQ class at USC. Her class, entitled "Social Movement: Gay Liberation" was offered through the Experimental College. It soon evolved into a student group called The Gay Liberation Forum, the first gay and lesbian group on campus. After years of struggle, the group was finally recognized by USC in 1975. It continues today under the name Queer and Ally Student Assembly.
In 1970, the Task Force on Gay Liberation formed within theAmerican Library Association. Now known as theRainbow Round Table, this organization is the oldest LGBTQ professional organization in the United States.[55]
1971
TheAll in the Family episode "Judging Books by Covers" features the first LGBT person on primetime TV. Steve, played byPhilip Carey, tells Archie he is gay.
In February 1971 Virginia Hoeffding and Del Whan of the Los Angeles Gay Liberation Front opened the Gay Women's Service Center in Echo Park, the first social service center for lesbian women in the country. Their listing in the phone book was the first time the word "Gay" had ever appeared in the directory.
In 1971, during a UCLA conference called "The Homosexual in America",Betty Berzon became the first psychotherapist in the country to come out as gay to the public.[64]
Boys in the Sand was the first gay porn film to include credits, to achieve crossover success, to be reviewed byVariety,[67] and one of the earliest porn films, after 1969'sBlue Movie[68][69][70][71] byAndy Warhol, to gain mainstream credibility, preceding 1972'sDeep Throat by nearly a year. It was promoted with an advertising campaign unprecedented for a pornographic feature, premiered inNew York City in 1971 and was an immediate critical and commercial success.[72]
In December,Nightride by Lee Barton became the firstoff-Broadway play to discuss a romantic gay relationship.[73]
TheAlice B. Toklas Democratic Club, founded in San Francisco in 1971, was the first gay Democratic club of the United States.
1972
The first gay Democratic political club, theAlice B. Toklas Democratic Club, was founded by political activistJim Foster. The first meeting took place in San Francisco on Valentine's day.
The firstgay rights legislation was enacted in America, on March 7, 1972. TheEast Lansing, Michigan, city council approved by a vote of 4-to-1 an act declaring the city must seek to "employ the best applicant for each vacancy on the basis of his [sic] qualifications for the job and without regard to race, color, creed, national origin, sex orhomosexuality."
The city ofAnn Arbor, Michigan took East Lansing's measure (which was limited to government hiring) further in July, prohibiting discrimination against gays by public and private parties not only in employment but in housing and public accommodations, as well – the first community-wide gay rights legislation in the nation. Ann Arbor's act was spurred by the election to the city council in 1972 ofJerry DeGrieck andNancy Wechsler, who had run on theHuman Rights Party ticket. Both would come out as gay in 1973.
Democratic presidential candidateGeorge McGovern endorsed gay rights, the first US presidential candidate in history to do so; as a result, some party stalwarts denounced him.
Nancy Wechsler andJerry DeGrieck simultaneously became the first openly lesbian and openly gay male elected officials in the United States. Both were recent graduates of the University of Michigan when they were elected to the Ann Arbor City Council in 1972 as members of the Human Rights Party. They came out at a city council meeting in October 1973 when the Chief of Police was in attendance. An anti-gay attack at a local bar had occurred the night before, which violated the recently passed Human Rights Ordinance, and they wanted to ask the Chief of Police why the police were unaware of the contents of the ordinance.[75]
Camille Mitchell became the first open lesbian to be awarded custody of her children in a divorce case, although the judge restricted the arrangement by precluding Mitchell's lover from moving in with her and the children.[76]
Madeline Davis became the first openly lesbian delegate elected to a major political convention when she was elected to theDemocratic National Convention inMiami, Florida. She addressed the convention in support of the inclusion of a gay rights plank in theDemocraticParty platform. In 1972 she also, along with Margaret Small, taught the first course on lesbianism in the United States (Lesbianism 101 at theUniversity at Buffalo.) That year she also wrote and recordedStonewall Nation, the firstgay pride anthem, which was produced on 45RPM record by theMattachine Society of the Niagara Frontier.
Australian soap operaNumber 96 featured the first openly gay and regular character (played byJoe Hasham) on television anywhere in the world. Hasham's character, Don Finlayson, continued until the show was cancelled in 1978. Both the character and the actor were wildly popular.[79]
Hawaii became the first state to decriminalize consensual homosexual sex acts between adults, while Delaware became the sixth state in the nation to repeal itssodomy law.
New York City MayorJohn Lindsay issued an anti-bias order protecting city employees from discrimination based on homosexuality. Meanwhile, in San Francisco, theBoard of Supervisors banned discrimination based on gender andsexual orientation for both the city and those doing business with the city.
National Coalition of Gay Organizations called for the repeal of all legislative provisions that restrict the sex of persons entering into a marriage unit and extension of legal benefits of marriage to all persons who cohabit regardless of sex.[80]
In October, theU.S. Supreme Court declines to hear the appeal ofBaker v. Nelson "for want of a substantial federal question" in a state court case where two men challenged Minnesota's refusal to approve their application for a marriage license. It was the first legal challenge for same-sex marriage.[81]
In October, Maryland became the first U.S. state to pass a statute banning marriage between homosexual couples[82]
In November,That Certain Summer aired onABC, the first television screenplay to sensitively explore homosexuality through the story of an American housewife (Hope Lange) losing her husband (Hal Holbrook) to a young artist (Martin Sheen).
TheAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) voted 13–0 to remove homosexuality from itsDSM-II (the official list of psychiatric disorders). The APA also passed a resolution urging an end to all private and public discrimination against homosexuals.
AQuaker group, the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality, issued the "Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality" supporting bisexuals.[84] The Statement, which may have been "the first public declaration of the bisexual movement" and "was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly," appeared in the QuakerFriends Journal andThe Advocate in 1972.[85][86][87] Today Quakers have varying opinions on LGBTQ people and rights, with some Quaker groups more accepting than others.[88]
Twin Peaks Tavern became the first gay bar to have clear windows in San Francisco. Prior to this, its windows were blacked out.
1973
Sally Miller Gearhart became the first open lesbian to obtain a tenure-track faculty position when she was hired by San Francisco State University, where she helped establish one of the first women and gender study programs in the country.[89]
Lavender Country, an Americancountry music band, released a self-titled album. It was the first known gay-themed album in country music history.[90]
Jim Morris became the first openly gay bodybuilder to winAAU Mr. America overall, most muscular, best arms, and best chest titles.[91]
Kathy Kozachenko became the first openly gay or lesbian candidate to win public office in the United States (she won a seat on the Ann Arbor, Michigan, city council). She was elected from the Human Rights Party and replaced Nancy Wechsler, who did not run for re-election.
Elaine Noble became the first openly gay or lesbian candidate ever elected to a state-level office in America when she was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives.[93] She had come out as a lesbian during her campaign.[93]
In December,Allan Spear, a member of the Minnesota Senate, came out. He served almost thirty years, including nearly a decade as President of the Senate.
Angela Morley became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for anAcademy Award, when she was nominated for one in the category of Best Music, Original Song Score/Adaptation for The Little Prince (1974), a nomination shared withAlan Jay Lerner,Frederick Loewe, andDouglas Gamley.
In December, thelambda was officially declared the international symbol for gay and lesbian rights by theInternational Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The world's first gay softball league was formed in San Francisco in 1974 as the Community Softball League, which eventually included both women's and men's teams. The teams, usually sponsored by gay bars, competed against each other and the San Francisco Police softball team.[94]
Australian TV seriesThe Box, set in a fictional TV station, introduced two regular gay characters: gay director Lee Whiteman (played byPaul Karo) and lesbian journalist Vicki Stafford (Judy Nunn).
1975
Minneapolis became the first city in the United States to pass trans-inclusive civil rights protection legislation.[95]
Clela Rorex clerk in Boulder County, Colorado, issued the first same-sex marriage licenses in the United States, issuing the very first of them to Dave McCord and Dave Zamora, on March 26, 1975.[96] Six same-sex marriages were performed as a result of her giving out licenses, but all of the marriages were overturned later that year.[96]
A group of twelve women became the first group of women in Japan to publicly identify as lesbians, publishing one issue of a magazine calledSubarashi Onna (Wonderful Women).[97]
In September, theSouth Australian government was the first government in Australia to decriminalise male homosexuality.
1976
In 1976 the first case in the United States which found that post-operative transsexuals could marry in their post-operative sex was decided. It was the New Jersey caseM.T. v. J.T., 140 N.J. Super. 77, 355 A.2d 204, cert. denied 71 N.J. 345 (1976). Here the court expressly considered the EnglishCorbett v. Corbett decision, but rejected its reasoning.
Tom Gallagher became the first United States Foreign Service officer to come out as gay; he quit the Foreign Service after that, as he would have been unable to obtain a security clearance.[98][99][100]
The Bob Newhart Show's S5E3,Some Of My Best Friends Are... (1976) was the first TV show with a gay character, played byHoward Hessman, a new member of[Dr. Hartley's group therapy.
Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was the second state or territory in Australia to decriminalise male homosexuality. The bill had been drafted before South Australia in 1975, but as the ACT did not have self-governance at the time, Canberra relied on the federal government to pass the law.
1977
On March 26,Frank Kameny and a dozen other members of the gay and lesbian community, under the leadership of the then-National Gay Task Force, briefed then-Public LiaisonMidge Costanza on much-needed changes in federal laws and policies. This was the first time that gay rights were officially discussed at the White House.[101][102]
Anne Holmes became the first openly lesbian minister ordained by the United Church of Christ.[103]
The TV showSoap features an openly gay character, Jodie Dallas (played byBilly Crystal.)
San Francisco hosted the world's first gay film festival in 1977.[111]
Peter Adair, Nancy Adair and other members of the Mariposa Film Group premiered the groundbreaking documentary on coming out,Word Is Out: Stories of Some of Our Lives, at theCastro Theatre in 1977. The film was the first feature-length documentary on gay identity by gay and lesbian filmmakers.[112][113]
Gaysweek was founded as the first mainstream gay publication published by an African-American (Alan Bell).[114][115][116][117]
1978
Harvey Milk in 1978. Milk was the first openly gay elected politician in California.
Harvey Milk became the first openly gay or lesbian candidate elected to political office in California, and the seventh openly gay/lesbian elected official nationally (the third man to be openly gay at time of his election)
Allen Bennett became the first openly gay rabbi in the United States in 1978.[118]
Samois, the first lesbianS&M group in the United States, was founded.[119]
Robin Tyler became the first out lesbian on U.S. national television, appearing on a Showtime comedy special hosted byPhyllis Diller. The same year she released her comedy album,Always a Bridesmaid, Never a Groom, the first comedy album by an out lesbian.[120]
Gilbert Baker raised the first Rainbow Flag at San Francisco Pride on June 25, 1978.
Elizabeth Ettorre completed the first Ph.D. on lesbians (The Sociology of lesbianism: female "deviance" and female sexuality) in the UK at the London School of Economics.
TheSan Francisco Lesbian/Gay Freedom Band was founded by Jon Reed Sims in 1978 as the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Marching Band and Twirling Corp. Upon its founding in 1978, it became the first openly gay musical group in the world.
San Francisco became the first city in America to have a recruitment drive for gay police officers, bringing in over 350 applications.[121]
1979
Stephen Lachs became the first openly gay judge appointed in the United States[122][123] and as such is thought to be the first openly gay judge appointed anywhere in the world.[123][124]
TheSisters of Perpetual Indulgence begins in San Francisco on the Saturday before Easter Sunday with three men in nuns' habits cadged from an Iowa City convent, becoming the first house of Sisters in a movement that now features over 50 houses in 12 countries, over 40 in North America.
TheRadical Faeries began with the first gathering on the grounds of a Hindu ashram in the Arizona desert.
Esta Noche, a gay bar located at 3079 16th & Mission Street in San Francisco, was the first gay Latino bar in San Francisco, and first opened in 1979.
Grady Quinn and Randy Rohl became the first known gay couple to attend a high school prom when they attended the Lincoln High School prom in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, on May 23, 1979.[125]
When Megan Went Away (1979), apicture book written byJane Severance and illustrated by Tea Schook, is regarded as the first picture book to include LGBT characters, and specifically the first to feature lesbian characters, although that distinction is sometimes erroneously bestowed uponLesléa Newman'sHeather Has Two Mommies (1989).
1970s (year unknown)
Angela Douglas founded TAO (Transsexual/Transvestite Action Organization), which published theMoonshadow andMirage newsletters. TAO moved to Miami in 1972, where it came to include several Puerto Rican and Cuban members, and soon grew into the first international transgender community organization.
1980s
1980
Lionel Blue became the first British rabbi to come out as gay.[126]
The Australian state ofVictoria decriminalised male homosexuality on 23 December.
1981
Mary C. Morgan became the first openly gay or lesbian judge when she was appointed by California Governor Jerry Brown to the San Francisco Municipal Court.[129]
Tennis playerBillie Jean King became the first prominent professional athlete to come out as a lesbian, when her relationship with her secretary Marilyn Barnett became public in a May 1981 "palimony" lawsuit filed by Barnett.[130] Due to this she lost all of her endorsements.[131]
Randy Shilts was hired as a national correspondent by theSan Francisco Chronicle, becoming "the first openly gay reporter with a gay 'beat' in the American mainstream press."[132]
A Sergeant of theNew York City Police Department (Charles H. Cochrane) came out as gay during a city council hearing. This made him the first New York City Police Department member to publicly announce his homosexuality.[133]
The first bisexual group in the United Kingdom, London Bisexual Group, was founded.[134]
New York City police sergeantCharles H. Cochrane and former Fairview,New Jersey sergeant Sam Ciccone formed the first group targeted at the needs of gay members of law enforcement, the Gay Officers Action League (GOAL).[136]
The Australian state ofNew South Wales passes anti-discrimination laws for homosexuality. While one could not lose their job, they could still be jailed.
Sally Ride first went into space this year. In 2012, she died, and her obituary revealed that Ride'spartner of 27 years was a woman,Tam O'Shaughnessy, a professor emerita of school psychology atSan Diego State University and childhood friend, who met Ride when both were aspiring tennis players.[137][138][139][140] Ride had also previously been married to a man. Ride was thus the first and only known LGBT astronaut (until 2019).[141]
BiPOL, the first and oldest bisexual political organization, was founded in San Francisco by bisexual activists Autumn Courtney,Lani Kaʻahumanu, Arlene Krantz, David Lourea, Bill Mack,Alan Rockway, and Maggi Rubenstein.
GovernorJerry Brown appointedHerb Donaldson as the first openly gay male municipal court judge in the State of California in 1983.[143][144]
Kitty Tsui became the first known Chinese American lesbian to publish a book (Words of a Woman who Breathes Fire).[145]
Northern Territory became the third Australian jurisdiction to decriminalise male homosexuality as well as the only jurisdiction to do so without a grassroots campaign.
Anita Cornwell wrote the first published collection of essays by an African-American lesbian,Black Lesbian in White America.[146]
1984
Chris Smith became the first openly gay MP in the United Kingdom.[147]
On Our Backs, the first women-run erotica magazine and the first magazine to featurelesbian erotica for a lesbian audience in the United States, was first published in 1984 by Debi Sundahl and Myrna Elana, with the contributions ofSusie Bright, Nan Kinney, Honey Lee Cottrell, Dawn Lewis, Happy Hyder,Tee Corinne,Jewelle Gomez, Judith Stein,Joan Nestle, andPatrick Califia.[149]
BiPOL sponsored the first bisexual rights rally, outside theDemocratic National Convention in San Francisco. The rally featured nine speakers from civil rights groups allied with the bisexual movement.
New South Wales became the fourth Australian jurisdiction to decriminalise male homosexuality (even though Sydney had the largest gay community and held theSydney Mardi Gras).
1985
Liverpool-based soap opera,Brookside, featured the first openly gay character on a British TV series.[150]
Dmitri Belser and Thomas White became the first openly gay couple to adopt an infant (adoption finalized in 1987).[152]
1986
Becky Smith and Annie Afleck became the first openly lesbian couple in America granted legaljoint adoption of a child.[153]
Elsa, I Come with My Songs: The Autobiography ofElsa Gidlow was the first lesbian autobiography published where the author does not employ a pseudonym.
Hill Street Blues featured the first lesbian recurring character on a major network; the character was a police officer called Kate McBride, played byLindsay Crouse.[154]
1987
Barney Frank became the first U.S. congressman to come out as gay of his own volition.
A group of 75 bisexuals marched in the 1987March On Washington For Gay and Lesbian Rights, which was the first nationwide bisexual gathering. The article"The Bisexual Movement: Are We Visible Yet?", byLani Kaʻahumanu, appeared in the official Civil Disobedience Handbook for the March.[155] It was the first article about bisexuals and the emerging bisexual movement to be published in a national lesbian or gay publication.[citation needed]
Stacy Offner became the first openly lesbian rabbi hired by a mainstream Jewish congregation, Shir Tikvah Congregation of Minneapolis (a Reform Jewish congregation).[156][157]
Wallace Swan, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, became the first openly gay member of the United States Electoral College.[158]
Robert Dover became the first openly gay Olympic athlete when he came out in 1988.[159]
Ien Dales became the first openly lesbian government minister in the Netherlands.
After 4 failed attempts,Western Australia removed consenting homosexuality from the criminal code. A law enforcing this passed in 1990.[161]
1990s
1990
Marcella Di Folco became the world's first openly transgender person to be elected for an administrative role, as municipal Councillor inBologna, Italy.[162]
The oldest national bisexuality organization in the United States,BiNet USA, was founded in 1990. It was originally called the North American Multicultural Bisexual Network (NAMBN), and had its first meeting at the first National Bisexual Conference in America.[163][164] This first conference was held in San Francisco in 1990, and sponsored by BiPOL. Over 450 people attended from 20 states and 5 countries, and the mayor of San Francisco sent a proclamation "commending the bisexual rights community for its leadership in the cause of social justice," and declaring June 23, 1990Bisexual Pride Day.
1991
Dale McCormick became the first open lesbian elected to a US state Senate (she was elected to the Maine Senate).[165]
Sherry Harris was elected to the City Council in Seattle, Washington, making her the first openly lesbian African-American elected official.[166]
The first lesbian kiss on US television occurred; it was onL.A. Law between the fictional characters of C.J. Lamb (played byAmanda Donohoe) and Abby (Michele Greene).[167]
TheChicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame was created in June 1991.[172] The hall of fame is the first "municipal institution of its kind in the United States, and possibly in the world."[172]
Connie Norman became the first gay rights activist to host a daily talk show about gay issues on a commercial Los Angeles-area station.[173]
After a change of government law,Queensland decriminalised male homosexuality.[174]
Althea Garrison was elected as the first transgender state legislator in America, and served one term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives; however, it was not publicly known she was transgender when she was elected.[177]
The firstDyke March (a march for lesbians and their straight female allies, planned by theLesbian Avengers) was held in Washington, D.C., with 20,000 women marching.[178][179]
The Triangle Ball was held; it was the first inaugural ball in America to ever be held in honor of gays and lesbians.
Rand Hoch became Florida's first openly LGBT judge.[180]
Deb Price's debut column inThe Detroit News in 1992 was the first syndicated national column in American mainstream media that spoke about gay life.[181][182]
1993
Roberta Achtenberg became the first openly gay or lesbian person to be nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate when she was appointed to the position of Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity by President Bill Clinton.
Liverpool-based soap opera,Brookside, broadcast the UK's first pre-watershed lesbian kiss (the first on UK television was in 1974, inGirl).[184][92]
The Gay Asian Pacific Alliance and Asian Pacific Sister joined the Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco, which was the first time that queer Asian American communities had attended in a publicly ethnic activity.[185]
Steve Gunderson was outed as gay on the House floor by representativeBob Dornan (R-CA) during a debate over federal funding for gay-friendly curricula,[186] making him one of the first openly gay members of the U.S. Congress and the first openly gay U.S. Republican representative.[187]
The broadcast ofPedro Zamora andSean Sasser'scommitment ceremony in 1994, in which they exchanged vows, was the first such same-sex ceremony in television history and is considered a landmark in the history of the medium.[188][189]
Ian Roberts became the first high-profile Australian sports person and firstrugby footballer in the world to come out to the public as gay.[190]
Maria Zoe Dunning became the first and only openly gay person allowed to remain on active duty in the U.S. military prior to the end of theDon't Ask, Don't Tell policy.
The International Bear Brotherhood Flag was designed in 1995 by Craig Byrnes. "Bear" is an affectionate gay slang term for those in the bear communities, a subculture in the gay male community with its own events, codes, and culture-specific identity.
Kings Cross Steelers, the world's first gay rugby club, was founded.[191]
RabbiMargaret Wenig's essay "Truly Welcoming Lesbian and Gay Jews" was published inThe Jewish Condition: Essays on Contemporary Judaism Honoring RabbiAlexander M. Schindler; it was the first published argument to the Jewish community on behalf of civil marriage for gay couples.[192]
Ed Flanagan served as Vermont'sState Auditor from 1993 through 2001, becoming the first openly gay, statewide-elected official in the United States when he came out in 1995, before his 1996 re-election.[193]
1996
Michael Kirby became the first openly gay judge of theHigh Court of Australia (He was appointed February 1996, and named his male partner in his 1999 entry in"Who's Who in Australia")
Joseph H. Gale became the first openly gay United States Federal judge (the United States Tax Court; he was appointed in February)
South Africa became the first country to explicitly prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in its constitution.
The first lesbian wedding on television occurred, held for fictional characters Carol (played byJane Sibbett) and Susan (played byJessica Hecht) on the TV showFriends.[194]
ReverendErin Swenson – the first openly transgender mainstream (Presbyterian, USA) minister to have her ordination upheld after a gender transition from male to female.
Ellen DeGeneres was the star of the situation comedyEllen. In 1997, she came out as a lesbian onThe Oprah Winfrey Show. Shortly afterwards, still in 1997, her TV series character Ellen Morgan also came out as gay in the fourth-season episode "The Puppy Episode", thus making DeGeneres the first openly lesbian actress to play an openly lesbian character on television.[197][198]
TheGay and Lesbian Medical Association launched theJournal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, the world's first peer-reviewed, multi-disciplinary journal dedicated to LGBT health.
Tasmania became the final jurisdiction of Australia to decriminalise male homosexuality. Gay activists had taken the matter to the High Court, and Tasmania's Upper House passed the law reform by one vote.
1998
Jackie Biskupski became the first openly gay elected official in Utah after she won a seat in the Utah House of Representatives.
Dana International became the first openly transgender person to win the Eurovision Song Contest.
Glen Murray became the first out gay man to be elected mayor of a major city:Winnipeg (population ca. 600,000 in 2001), the capital ofManitoba, in Canada.
Gender identity was added to the mission ofParents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) after a vote at their annual meeting in San Francisco.[205] PFLAG became the first national LGBT organization to officially adopt a transgender-inclusion policy for its work.[206]
Tammy Baldwin became the first openly gay or lesbian non-incumbent ever elected to United States Congress, and the first open lesbian ever elected to Congress, winning Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district seat over Josephine Musser.[207][208]
Stephen Brady and his partner Peter Stephens became the world's first openly gay ambassadorial couple; accompanied by Stephens, Brady presented his credentials asAustralian Ambassador toDenmark, to Queen Margrethe II on 15 February 1999
Water Rats shows two female lovers in bed together. This happened approximately four years before anything similar was shown on U.S. television.[212]
James Hormel became the first openly gay United States ambassador (sworn in June 1999)
Will Hayes became the first openly gay Hong Kong ambassador (sworn in June 1999)
Civil unions were legalized in Vermont, the first U.S. state to do so. Carolyn Conrad and Kathleen Peterson became the first couple in the United States to enter a civil union.[214]
Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) established its Transgender Network, also known as TNET, as its first official "Special Affiliate", recognized with the same privileges and responsibilities as its regular chapters.[228]
In 2002 atHebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York the Reform rabbiMargaret Wenig organized the first school-wide seminar at any rabbinical school which addressed the psychological, legal, and religious issues affecting people who are intersex or transgender.[229]
2003
Ang Ladlad was founded in September as the first solely LGBT political party
Gene Robinson became the first openly gay person to be ordained bishop in a major Christian denomination
On 1 November 2003,Taiwan Pride, the first gay pride parade in theChinese-speaking world, was held inTaipei, with over 1,000 people attending.[230] It has taken place annually since then, but still, many participants wear masks to hide their identity because homosexuality remains a socialtaboo in Taiwan. However, the 2010 parade attracted 30,000 attendees and increasing media and political attention, highlighting the growing rate of acceptance in Taiwan. Since 2010, there has also been a pride parade inKaohsiung, which attracted over 2,000 people.[231]
In 2003 the Reform rabbiMargaret Wenig organized the first school-wide seminar at theReconstructionist Rabbinical College which addressed the psychological, legal, and religious issues affecting people who are intersex or transgender.[229]
Jennifer Finney Boylan's autobiography,She's Not There: A Life in Two Genders, was the first book by an openly transgender American to become a bestseller.[235]
Buffy the Vampire Slayer showed girlfriends Willow Rosenberg and Tara Maclay in bed together, considered the first scene of its kind for a broadcast network series.[154] The first lesbian sex scene in broadcast TV history also occurred on the show.[237]
2004
The L Word featured television's first ensemble cast of lesbian characters.[154]
Oras Tynkkynen became the first openly gay member of parliament in Finland. Initially appointed as a replacement for an MP who stepped down, was elected to his seat in 2007.
The first all-transgender performance ofThe Vagina Monologues was held. The monologues were read by eighteen notable transgender women, and a new monologue revolving around the experiences and struggles of transgender women was included.[239]
Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon became the first same-sex couple to be legally married in the United States,[240] when San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom allowed city hall to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[241] However, all same-sex marriages done in 2004 in California were annulled.[242] After the California Supreme Court decision in 2008 that granted same-sex couples in California the right to marry, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon remarried, and were again the first same-sex couple in the state to marry.[243][244] Later in 2008 Prop 8 illegalized same-sex marriage in California,[245] but the marriages that occurred between the California Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage and the approval of Prop 8 illegalizing it are still considered valid, including the marriage of Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon.[246] However, Del Martin died in 2008.[247]
Same-sex marriage was legalized in the state of Massachusetts. Marcia Hams and Sue Shepard became the first same-sex couple to marry in the state.[248][249]
Same-sex marriage was legalized in part of Oregon, as after researching the issue and getting two legal opinions, the commissioners decided Oregon's Constitution would not allow them to discriminate against same-sex couples. The Chairwoman of the Board of Commissioners ordered the clerk to begin issuing marriage licenses.[250] Mary Li and her partner Becky Kennedy became the first same-sex couple to marry in the state.[251] Later that year, Oregon voters passed a constitutional amendment defining marriage as involving one man and one woman.[252] The same-sex marriages from 2004 were ruled void by the Oregon Supreme Court.[253]
James McGreevey, then governor of New Jersey, came out as gay, thus becoming the first openly gay state governor in the United States.[254] He resigned soon after.[254]
Bonnie Bleskachek became the first openly lesbian fire chief of a major metropolitan area in the United States (Minneapolis).
Liverpool Register Office became the UK's first to include a gay couple on the front cover of civil ceremony promotional material[258][259]
Transgender activistPauline Park became the first openly transgender person chosen to be grand marshal of the New York City Pride March, the oldest and largest LGBT pride event in the United States.
Vladimir Luxuria became the first transgender person elected as Deputy to the Italian Parliament.
In 2006Kim Coco Iwamoto became the first transgender official to win statewide office in Hawaii.
Chaya Gusfield andLori Klein, both ordained in America, became the first openly lesbian rabbis ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement.
Since 2006, in the United Kingdom a pink version of theUnion Jack is sometimes used by the British LGBT community.
In 2006,Kim Coco Iwamoto was elected as a member of theHawaii Board of Education, making her at that time the highest-ranking openly transgender elected official in the United States, as well as the first openly transgender official to win statewide office.[265]
Arizona became the first state to reject a ban on same-sex marriage (it would have banned domestic partnerships and civil unions as well) although it did accept one in 2008.[267]
Patricia Todd became Alabama's first openly gay public official when she was elected in 2006.[268]
Bernárd J. Lynch became the first Catholic priest in the world to undertake a civil partnership in 2006 in Ireland (he had previously had his relationship blessed in a ceremony in 1998 by an American Cistercian monk[269]). He was subsequently expelled from his religious order in 2011 (since Catholic priests are required to retain celibacy), and went on to legally wed his husband in 2016.[270]
Jenny Bailey became the first openly transgender mayor in the United Kingdom.[272]
Theresa Sparks became the first openly transgender police commissioner (San Francisco).[273] In 2003 Theresa Sparks had been the first openly transgender woman ever named "Woman of the Year" by the California State Assembly.[274]
Jalda Rebling, a German woman born in the Netherlands, became the first openly lesbian cantor ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement.[275]
From 2007 to 2008 actressCandis Cayne played Carmelita Rainer, a transgender woman having an affair with married New York Attorney General Patrick Darling (played byWilliam Baldwin), on theABC prime time dramaDirty Sexy Money.[276][277][278] The role made Cayne the first openly transgender actress to play a recurring transgender character in prime time.[276][277][278]
On 29 November, the first foreign gay wedding was held inHanoi,Vietnam, between a Japanese and an Irish national. The wedding raised much attention in the gay and lesbian community in Vietnam.[281]
Ventura Place inStudio City was renamed Dr.Betty Berzon Place in her honor, making it the first street ever officially dedicated to a known lesbian in California.[283]
Angie Zapata, a transgender woman, was murdered inGreeley, Colorado. Allen Andrade was convicted offirst-degree murder and committing abias-motivated crime, because he killed her after he learned that she was transgender. This case was the first in the nation to get a conviction for ahate crime involving a transgender victim.[297] Angie Zapata's story and murder were featured onUnivision'sAquí y Ahora television show on November 1, 2009.
At the request of a lesbian couple (Kitzen and Jeni Branting), theCoquille Indian Tribe on the southern Oregon coast adopted a law recognizing same-sex marriage. Tribal law specialists said the Coquille may be the first tribe to sanction such marriages.[299]
Same-sex marriage was legalized in Connecticut.Beth Bye and her girlfriend Tracey Wilson became the first same-sex couple to marry in the state.[300][301]
Alejandro Freyre and José María di Bello was the first same-sex marriage inLatin America.[306]
Gareth Thomas became the first active professional rugby player to come out as gay.[307]
Annise Parker was elected as the first openly LGBT mayor of Houston, Texas and the first LGBT mayor of a U.S. city with a population over 1,000,000.[308]
Diego Sanchez became the first openly transgender person to work onCapitol Hill; he was hired as a legislative assistant forBarney Frank.[309] Sanchez was also the first transgender person on the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) Platform Committee in 2008.[310][311]
Kitzen and Jeni Branting married in the Coquille Indian tribe's Coos Bay plankhouse, a three-year-old meeting hall built in traditional Coquille style with cedar plank walls. They were the first same-sex couple to have their marriage recognized by the tribe, of which Kitzen was a member.[313][314]
Same-sex marriage was legalized in Iowa, and Shelley Wolfe and Melisa Keeton became the first lesbian couple (and the second same-sex couple) to marry in Iowa.[315][316]
Same-sex marriage was legalized in Vermont,[317] and Claire Williams and Cori Giroux became one of the first same-sex couples to marry in Vermont (others including them married the moment same-sex marriage was legalized).
Guido Westerwelle became the first openly gay foreign minister and vice chancellor of Germany.
In October 2009, LGBT activist Amy Andre[322] was appointed as executive director of the San Francisco Pride Celebration Committee, making her San Francisco Pride's first openly bisexual woman of color executive director.[323][324]
Dylan Orr became the first openly transgender presidential appointee in America, when he was appointed as special assistant in the Department of Labor's Office of Disability Employment Policy.[325]
In 2009,Ron Yosef became the first Israeli Orthodox Rabbi to come out, which he did when appearing inUvda ("Fact"),Israel's leading investigative television program, in an episode regardingconversion therapies in Israel.[326] Yosef remains in his position as a pulpit Rabbi.[327]
Siddur Sha'ar Zahav, the first complete prayer book to address the lives and needs of LGBT as well as straight Jews, was published.[328] Sha'ar Zahav is a progressive Reform synagogue in San Francisco.
Homosexual relations were legalised in India for the first time on July 2, 2009, through the decision ofDelhi High Court (which was later overturned bySupreme Court of India in 2013, and later homosexual relations were legalised in 2018 overturning the previous decision).[329][330]
On 2 January 2020, UKMPLayla Moran revealed in an interview withPinkNews that she ispansexual; she is believed to be the first UK parliamentarian to identify as such.[331][332]
Nyla Rose won the AEW Women's World Championship onDynamite, becoming the first openly transgender woman to win a world championship in a major United States wrestling promotion.[333]
Rachel Slawson became the first openly bisexual contestant to compete for theMiss USA title.[334]
Pete Buttigieg became the first openly gay candidate to win an American presidential primary or caucus.[338]
Curdin Orlik became the first athlete in the sport ofSchwingen to come out as gay, and also the first openly gay male active in Swiss professional sports.[339][340][341]
Diana Zurco became Argentina's first openly transgender newscaster.[342]
Sebastian Vega came out as gay, making him the first openly gay professional basketball player in Argentina.[343]
Camila Prins became the first openly transgender woman to lead the drum section of a top samba school in the Carnival parade in Sao Paulo.[344]
The Philadelphia Police Academy graduated its first openly transgender officer, Benson Churgai.[345]
The Pfister Hotel named Nykoli Koslow as its first openly transgender Artist in Residence.[346]
Chris Mosier became the first openly transgender male athlete to ever compete in an Olympic trial alongside other men; however, he was unable to finish the race due to injury.[347]
Megan Youngren became the first openly transgender athlete to compete at the Olympic marathon trials in U.S. history.[348]
Out was released; it was Disney's and Pixar's first short to feature a gay main character and storyline.[349]
On 1 October 2020,Petra De Sutter was sworn in as one of seven deputy prime ministers in thegovernment ofPrime MinisterAlexander De Croo, becoming Europe's first transgender deputy prime minister, and the most senior trans politician in Europe.[356]
Following the landslide2020 New Zealand Election, New Zealand gains the most LGBT parliamentary representatives worldwide. A majority of the new LGBT MPs come from theGreen Party.[357]
Camille Balanche became the first out lesbian to win the UCI Downhill Mountain Biking World Championship.[358]
In Taiwan, military same-sex couples are married for the first time.[359]
Mondaire Jones andRitchie Torres became the first openly gay black men elected to Congress.[363] This also made Torres the first openly gay Afro Latino elected to Congress.[364]
Taylor Small became the first transgender person elected to be a state legislator in Vermont.[365][366]
Stephanie Byers became the first Native American transgender person elected to office in America, when she was elected to the Kansas state House of Representatives; she is a member of the Chickasaw Nation. This election also made her the first transgender person elected to the Kansas state legislature.[367][368]
Joe Biden became the first president-elect to mention the transgender community in a victory speech.[369]
Mauree Turner became the first non-binary state legislator elected in the United States.[370]
Rachel Levine was confirmed March 24 as U.S. assistant secretary for health, making her the first openly trans person confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a U.S. federal government position.[411]
Kamala Harris became the first sitting American Vice President to participate in an LGBT ride march (the Capital Pride Walk in Washington, D.C.)[422][423]
The character of Bia was introduced as the first openly transgender Amazon in DC Comics'Wonder Woman series.[424]
In 2021, at the2020 Tokyo Olympics,Quinn became the first openly transgender, non-binary athlete to compete at the Olympics,[430] the first to medal, and the first to earn a gold medal.[431]
L Morgan Lee became the first openly transgender person nominated for aTony Award in an acting category; she was nominated for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for playing Thought 1 inA Strange Loop.[448]
Kristin Crowley became the first openly gay (and the first female) chief of the Los Angeles Fire Department.[449]
Ryan Resch came out while working for the Phoenix Suns, making him the first openly gay person in league history to work basketball operations in an NBA front office.[450]
Kamala Harris became the first sitting American vice president to speak at an LGBT pride festival (D.C.'s Capital Pride Festival).[422] The first LGBT pride month reception hosted by a sitting American vice president at their residence was also hosted by Harris.[422]
Lucas Krzikalla came out as gay, making him the first openly gay player inHandball-Bundesliga, and the first active male player in a professional team sport in Germany to come out as gay.[468]
With the song "Unholy",Kim Petras became the first openly transgender woman to reach number one on theBillboard Hot 100, andSam Smith became the first openly non-binary person to reach number one on the chart.[473]
Walt Disney Animation Studios' introduced its first openly LGBT main character, by having an openly gay main character in the filmStrange World.[481]
James Roesener became the first openly transgender man to win election to any state legislature in the United States upon being elected to New Hampshire's 22nd state House District, Ward 8.[482]
Alicia Kozlowski became the first openly non-binary person elected to the Minnesota legislature.[483]
SJ Howell became the first openly non-binary person elected to the Montana legislature.[484]
Dani Oliva, a transgender man, became the first openly transgender executive at a major music company, as Venice Music's Vice President of Legal and Business Affairs.[486]
Davante Lewis became the first openly LGBTQ person elected to state office in Louisiana.[490][491]
Corey Jackson became the first openly gay black person elected to California's state legislature.[492][493]
Therese Stewart was confirmed as the first openly lesbian presiding justice on any California appellate court; specifically, she was confirmed as presiding justice of the 1st District Court of Appeal's Division Two.[494]
Maura Healey was elected as Massachusetts' first openly gay governor, and America's first openly lesbian governor.[496]
Eric Sorensen became the first openly gay man to be elected to Congress from Illinois.[497]
Erick Russell was elected Connecticut state treasurer, and thus became the first openly gay African American elected to a statewide office in the United States.[498][499]
Jolanda Jones became the first openly gay black person elected to the Texas state legislature.[500]
Seth Marnin became the first openly transgender judge in New York and the first openly transgender male judge in the United States.[511][512]
Danica Roem was elected to the Virginia Senate, becoming the first openly transgender person to be elected to a state senate in theSouthern United States.[513]
Ezra Miller became the first openly nonbinary person to play the lead role in a major superhero franchise film, doing so inThe Flash, which was released in 2023.[514]
The character Lake of the 2023 filmElemental wasPixar's first non-binary character.[515]
The Seoul High Court decided that the state's health insurer – the National Health Insurance Service – should provide spousal coverage to a same-sex couple.[516][517] This marked the first time any court recognized the rights of a same-sex couple in South Korea.[432]
TheOlivera Fuentes vs. Peru case was the first reported case of discrimination based on sexual orientation in the Peruvian justice system that reached theInter-American Court of Human Rights,[520] and its ruling, issued in 2023, was also the first in the entire inter-American system in favor of a complainant for being discriminated against for their sexual orientation by a consumer company.[521]
Thenonbinary division of theBoston Marathon was first included in 2023; it was won by Kae Ravichandran with a time of 2:38:57.[522]
Kevin Maxen, an assistant strength and conditioning coach for theJaguars, came out as gay, making him the first openly gay male coach in major American men's professional sports.[527]
Hallmark's first lesbian holiday romance, calledFriends and Family Christmas, premiered.[531]
Lío Mehiel became the first openly trans actor to win the Sundance Dramatic Special Jury Award for Best Acting, for his performance inMutt.[532]
Laphonza Butler became the first black out lesbian in Congress,[533] the first openly LGBT member of the U.S. Senate from California and its first out black LGBT member, when she was sworn in on October 3, 2023.[534][535]
Marina Machete became the first Portuguese openly transgender woman to participate in the Miss Universe contest; she represented Portugal at the Miss Universe 2023 pageant in El Salvador and finished as a top 20 semifinalist, becoming the first openly trans woman to place.
Stefanos Kasselakis became the first openly gay leader of a major political party in Greece, upon being elected the leader of Syriza.[536][537]
Rue Landau became the first openly gay person elected to the Philadelphia City Council.[539]
On September 17, 2023, Jeff R. Johnson was elected as the first openly gay bishop of theSierra Pacific Synod.[540]
On October 1, 2023, theBlack Cat Tavern became California Historical Landmark #1063, with a marker designating it as such being unveiled, which made it the first marker for a California Historical Landmark associated with LGBTQ history.[541]
Stacie Gregory became the first openly LGBTQ+, and the first openly lesbian, police chief ofSausalito, California.[549]
Colman Domingo became the first American openly gay man to receive an Academy Award nomination for playing a gay character.[550][551]
Danica Roem became the first openly transgender person to be elected to and serve in both chambers of a state legislature (specifically, Virginia’s) in U.S. history.[552][553]
Monica Márquez became the first openly gay Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court.[562]
Andrew Mortensen, of Texas, became the first openly gay man to officially cycle around the world, which he did non-continuously from 2020 until 2024.[563]
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^Boldt, David R. (February 23, 1971). "Homosexual Files Delegate Papers: Number of Contestants Is Now Eight".The Washington Post. p. A17.ProQuest148185094.
^Jeffrey Escoffier, "Beefcake to Hardcore: Gay Pornography and the Sexual Revolution," inSex Scene. Media and the Sexual Revolution, ed. Eric Schaefer, Duke University Press, 2014,ISBN9780822356424, pp. 319–347, at p. 319.
^"LGBT Advocate White House Aide Costanza Dies". Advocate.com. March 24, 2010.Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. RetrievedJuly 9, 2014.Costanza met with gay activists including Frank Kameny, Troy Perry, Elaine Noble, and Task Force co–executive directors Bruce Voeller and Jean O'Leary.
^"FAQs".Integrity USA. Archived fromthe original on March 14, 2012. RetrievedJuly 8, 2023.
^Hein, David; Shattuck, Gardiner H. (2004).The Episcopalians. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 143.ISBN0313229589. Archived fromthe original on January 7, 2014. RetrievedJuly 9, 2023.
^Faderman, Lillian; Timmons, Stuart (3 August 2009).Gay L.A.: a history of sexual outlaws, power politics, and lipstick lesbians. University of California Press. p. 197.ISBN978-0-520-26061-0.
^Shales, Tom; Miller, James Andrew (2002),Live from New York: An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live, Back Bay, p. 316,ISBN0-316-73565-5
^Gavzer, Bernard, "What is a Family?", Parade Magazine, 1992
^Walton, Christopher L (2004)."Gay Rights Timeline".Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations. Archived fromthe original on March 18, 2010. RetrievedJuly 8, 2023.
^Summers, Claude J. (2009-10-20)."BiNet USA".glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived fromthe original on 2014-02-20.
^Torehammar, Henrik (2023-06-04). "Henrik Torehammar: Plötsligt börjar jag omotiverat att gråta" [Henrik Torehammar: Suddenly I start crying for no reason].Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish) – viaPressReader.
^Lavilla, Stacy (9 July 1998). "A Growing Show of Pride: Record Asian American presence at parade reflects a growing acceptance".Asianweek. p. 15.ProQuest367563813.
^Ladin, Joy (2012-03-15).Through the Door of Life: A Jewish Journey between Genders (Living Out: Gay and Lesbian Autobiog): Joy Ladin: 9780299287306: Amazon.com: Books. University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN978-0299287306.
Gallo, Marcia M.Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement. California: Seal Press, 2007.ISBN1580052525
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