India has a number ofintelligence agencies, of which the best known are theResearch and Analysis Wing (RAW), India's external intelligence agency, and theIntelligence Bureau (IB), the domestic intelligence agency, responsible for counter-intelligence, counter-terrorism and overall internal security.
TheNational Technical Research Organisation (NTRO)[1] is atechnical intelligence agency under theNational Security Advisor in thePrime Minister's Office,India.[2] It was set up in 2004.[3] It also includes theNational Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) and theNational Institute of Cryptology Research and Development (NICRD) forcryptologic education and research, which is first of its kind inAsia.[4]
Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) is the primaryforeign intelligence agency of India. The agency's primary function is gathering foreignintelligence,counter-terrorism,counterproliferation, advising Indian policymakers, and advancing India's foreign strategic interests. It is also involved in the security ofIndia's nuclear programme.
TheAviation Research Centre (ARC) is a part of theResearch and Analysis Wing (R&AW) of the Cabinet Secretariat (Special Requirements)India. The first head of the ARC wasR. N. Kao, the founding chief of R&AW. Over the years the ARC has grown into a large operation and flies a large and varied fleet.Aerial surveillance,SIGINT operations,photo reconnaissance flights (PHOTINT),[5] monitoring of borders,imagery intelligence (IMINT)[6] are the main functions of the Aviation Research Centre (ARC). The aircraft are fitted with state-of-the-art electronic surveillance equipment and long range cameras capable of taking pictures of targets from very high altitudes. ARC also takes the responsibility along with theIAF to transportSpecial Frontier Force (SFF)commandos from their trans-location at Sarsawa, 250 km north ofNew Delhi, though the SFF's own base is inChakrata inUttarakhand state.
TheRadio Research Centre (RRC) is a part of theResearch and Analysis Wing (R&AW) of the Cabinet Secretariat (Special Requirements)India. The RRC is a premier communication and signal intelligence agency of India. RRC's tasks include – communication with the embassies abroad, send cyphered code to agents stationed abroad, interception fixed line and wireless communication and the department closely works with theJoint Cypher Bureau. The RRC has offices all across the country and the perform the intercepts communication and sends code.[7]
TheElectronics and Technical Services (ETS) is theElectronic Intelligence (ELINT) arm of India's external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). Established in the mid-1980s under the leadership of then R&AW's chief N. F. Suntook, the organisation, it is housed in the CGO complex in New Delhi. ETS is believed to be involved in ELINT roles, not restricted but also includes jamming and spoofing -Electronic Warfare (EW). ETS also involved inElectronic Surveillance Measures (ESMs),Telemetry (TELINT), Tracking and monitoring data links, interception and monitoring of navigation signals and other ELINT and EW methods.[8]
TheIntelligence Bureau (IB) is India's internalintelligence agency.[9] The Intelligence Bureau (IB) (Hindi: आसूचना ब्यूरो; IAST: āsūcanā byūro) is India's domestic internal security and counter-intelligence agency underMinistry of Home Affairs. It was founded in 1887 as Serval Intelligence Branch, and is reputed to be the oldest suchorganization in the world.
TheNational Investigation Agency (NIA) is alaw enforcement agency in India, with specific focus oncounter-terrorism. It is under theMinistry of Home Affairs.[10] The primary mandate of the agency is to investigate and prosecute offences that have national and cross-border implications, specifically focusing on terrorism, insurgency, and other related matters. It is empowered to investigate cases that involve threats to the sovereignty, security, and integrity of India.
It has the authority to conduct searches, make seizures and arrests, as well as to collect evidence and maintain a database ofterrorist organisations and their members.[11][12]
The agency came into existence with the enactment of theNational Investigation Agency Act 2008 by theParliament of India on 31 December 2008, which was passed after the deadly26/11 terror attack inMumbai. Such an attack revealed the failure of intelligence and ability to track such activities by existing agencies in India, hence theGovernment of India realised the need for a specific body to deal with terror related activities inIndia, thereby establishing the NIA.[11][13][14][15] Headquartered inNew Delhi, the NIA has branches inHyderabad,Guwahati,Kochi,Lucknow,Mumbai,Kolkata,Raipur,Jammu,Chandigarh,Ranchi,Chennai andImphal.[16] It maintains theNIA Most Wanted list. Its functioning and effectiveness have also been subject to scrutiny, with debates regarding its jurisdiction, accountability, and coordination with other agencies.
TheNational Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) is an operationalcybersecurity and e-surveillance agency in India. It is intended to screen communicationmetadata and co-ordinate theintelligence gathering activities of other agencies.[17]
TheDirectorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) is an Indian intelligence agency. It is India's apex anti-smuggling intelligence, investigations and operations agency. The DRI is run by officers from theCentral Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) who are posted in its various Zonal Units as well as in Indian embassies abroad as part of the Customs Overseas Intelligence Network. It is headed by a Director General of the rank of Special Secretary to the Government of India. The Agency works to secure India's national and economic security by preventing the outright smuggling ofcontraband such as firearms, gold,narcotics,counterfeitIndian currency notes, antiques, wildlife and environmental products. Moreover, it also works to prevent the proliferation ofblack money, trade basedmoney laundering and commercialfrauds.
The JCB works closely with the IB and R&AW. It is responsible for cryptanalysis and encryption of sensitive data.[18] The inter-services JCB has primary responsibility for cryptology andSIGINT, providing coordination and direction to the other military service organizations with similar mission. Most current equipment providing tactical intelligence is of Russian origin, including specialized direction finding and monitoring equipment. The JCB also analysis and participates in investigations of any personnel of theDefence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) if incriminating material is discovered during inspections by the DRDO's security.[19]
The JCB is also responsible for issues relating to public and private key management.[20] Cryptographic products are export-controlled licensed items, and licenses to India are not generally available for products of key length of more than 56 bits. The domestic Indian computer industry primarily produces PCs, and PC-compatible cryptographic products have been developed and are being used commercially. More robust cryptologic systems are not commercially produced in India, and progress in this field has been slow due to the general unavailability of technology and know-how. Customised cryptographic products have been designed and produced by organizations in the defence sector are engaged in the implementation of cryptographic techniques, protocols and the products.All India Radio Monitoring Service (AIRMS) is the central monitoring service that monitors broadcasts in India as well as from all foreign broadcasts of Interest to India.[21] AIRMS is located inShimla.[22] It works in liaison withR&AW andMilitary intelligence.
TheDefence Intelligence Agency (DIA) was established on 5 March 2002 with the appointment of Lt. GeneralKamal Davar as the firstDirector General (DG). The DG reports to theChief of Defence Staff (CDS). It is supposed to be the nodal agency for all defence-related intelligence, thus distinguishing it from theR&AW. Much of the agency's budget and operations are classified.
DIA has control of MoD's prized technical intelligence assets – the Directorate of Signals Intelligence and theDefence Image Processing and Analysis Centre (DIPAC). While the Signals Directorate is responsible for acquiring and decrypting enemy communications, the DIPAC controls India's satellite-based image acquisition capabilities. The DIA also controls theDefence Information Warfare Agency (DIWA) which handles all elements of the information warfare repertoire, including psychological operations, cyber-war, electronic intercepts and the monitoring of sound waves. Before the creation of the Defence Intelligence Agency, the military intelligence capability of India's armed forces was limited toField Intelligence Units (FIU) and separate intelligence arms of the services.[23] These distinct services were not able to effectively coordinate intelligence operations and sharing of information.[24] The armed forces also heavily relied on civilian intelligence agencies such as theResearch and Analysis Wing and theIntelligence Bureau.[23] With wide-ranging resources and functions, the DIA will be superior to and coordinate theDirectorate of Military Intelligence,Directorate of Air Intelligence and theDirectorate of Naval Intelligence.[24]
TheSignals Intelligence Directorate is a joint service organisation, composed of personnel from the Army, Navy and Air Force. It has a large number ofWireless Experimental Units (WEUs) that carry out the task of monitoring military links of other countries.
TheCentral Monitoring Organisation (CMO) is directly under theMinistry of Defence. It has several monitoring companies, located at different locations around the country. Task is to monitor the use of radio spectrum by all users, such as Defence,Police, AIR,Railways,PSUs, etc.
TheTelecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring (TERM), formerly known asVigilance Telecom Monitoring (VTM), is the vigilance and monitoring wing of the IndianDepartment of Telecommunications (DoT).[25] TERM is made up of 34cells in India's 22 telecom circles and 10 large telecom districts. The main functions of TERM Cells are vigilance, monitoring and security of the network.[26] Apart from this, TERM Cells also operate theCentral Monitoring System (CMS), a clandestine mass electronic surveillance program, and carry out other functions.[27]
TheNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analyzing,crime data as defined by theIndian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL). NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of theMinistry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India.
NCRB was set-up in 1986 to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.[28]
There are state intelligence agencies under respective state/union territory police force of India which is known Special Branch-CID, State Special Branch, State Intelligence Department, etc.
These wings are popularly known as Special Branch and headed byAdditional Director General/Director General Ranked officers.
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