For reasons of secrecy, translations were only allowed to begin after each book had been published in English, creating a lag of several months for readers of other languages. Impatient fans in many places simply bought the book in English instead.Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix became the first English language book to top France's best-seller list. In some cases, fans have created their own unofficial translations, either ahead of a licensed translation or when a licensed translation is unavailable.
Issues arising in the translation ofHarry Potter include cultural references, riddles, anticipating future plot points, and Rowling's creative names for characters and other elements in the magical world which often involveword play and phonology.
For an authorised translation, the publisher must first negotiate and sign a contract with Rowling's agents,The Blair Partnership.[1] The publishers select translators locally.[citation needed]
So as to prevent plots being leaked, translators were not granted access to the books before their official release date in English; hence, translation could start only after the English editions had been published, creating a lag of several months before the translations were made available. This necessary delay has boosted the sales of English language editions of the books to impatient fans, in countries where English is not the first language. Such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English edition became the first English-language book ever to top the bookseller list in France.[2] In Italy, impatient Potter fans organised "Operation Feather", deluging the publisher Salani with feathers (reminiscent of Hogwarts' messenger owls) to demand expedited publication for the Italian translation of the seventh and final book in the series.[3] This has also caused unauthorised translations and fake versions of the books to appear in many countries.[citation needed]
The high profile and demand for a high-quality local translation means that a great deal of care is often taken in the task. In some countries, such as Italy, the first book was revised by the publishers and issued in an updated edition in response to readers who complained about the quality of the first translation.[citation needed] In countries such as China and Portugal, the translation is conducted by a group of translators working together to save time.[citation needed] Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well known before their work on Harry Potter, such asViktor Golyshev, who oversaw theRussian translation of the series' fifth book. Golyshev was renowned for his translations ofWilliam Faulkner andGeorge Orwell,[4] and was known to snub the Harry Potter books in interviews and refer to them as inferior literature.[citation needed] TheTurkish translation of books two to five was undertaken bySevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator.[5]
Some translations, such as those to thedead Latin andAncient Greek languages, were done as academic exercises, to stimulate interest in the languages and to provide students of those languages with modern reading texts. The Ancient Greek version, according to the translator, is the longest text written in Ancient Greek since the novels ofHeliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD, and took about a year to complete.[14]
The originalBritish English versions of the book were published in the United Kingdom byBloomsbury. Note that in some countries, such as Spain and India, the series has been translated into several local languages; sometimes the book has been translated into two dialects of the same language in two countries (for example, separate Portuguese versions for Brazil and Portugal).
The impatience of the international Harry Potter fan community for translations of the books has led to the proliferation of unauthorised orpirate translations that are often hastily translated and posted on the internet chapter-by-chapter, or printed by small presses and sold illegally. The work may be done by multiple translators to speed the process. Such translations are often poorly written and riddled with errors.
One notable case involved a French 16-year-old who published serialised translations ofHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows online. He was arrested and his site was later shut down; however, the wife of the official translator noted that these works do not necessarily hurt the official translation.[224]
Another example occurred in Venezuela in 2003, when an illegal translation of the fifth book,Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, appeared soon after the release of the English version and five months before the scheduled release of the Spanish translation. The pirate translation was apparently so bad that the translator added messages, including "Here comes something that I'm unable to translate, sorry," and "I'm sorry, I didn't understand what that meant" in some sections. Two people were arrested in connection with the pirated version.[225]
Another case involved the Internetfan translation community,Harry auf Deutsch, formed to translate the Harry Potter books into German more rapidly.[226] The German publisher of the Harry Potter books,Carlsen Verlag, filed acease and desist against the fan translators; they complied, taking down the translations.[227]
In some countries, where there were no authorised translations into the local language, translations not sanctioned by J. K. Rowling were prepared and published. Such was the case, for example, inSri Lanka, where the books had been unofficially translated intoSinhala and possibly intoTamil.[228] Authorised translations into both Sinhala and Tamil have since been published.[195][201]
InIran, several unauthorised translations of the Harry Potter books exist side by side. According to one source, there may be as many as 16 Persian translations in existence concurrently.[229] Iran is not a member of theUniversal Copyright Convention, so publishers are not prosecuted for publishing foreign books without respecting copyright or paying royalties.[230]
A team consisting of sevenEsperantist volunteers completed the translation ofHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone intoEsperanto (under the titleHari Poter kaj la ŝtono de la saĝuloj) in 2004. Rowling's representatives did not respond to offers fromEsperanto-USA to make the translation available for publication. An online petition aimed at raising interest in the Esperanto translation has obtained support from approximately 800 individuals.[231]
Agents representing J. K. Rowling have stated in the past that they cannot and do not intend to prevent individuals from translating Rowling's books for their own personal enjoyment, as long as the results are not made available to the general public.[232]
Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are publishedpastiches orfanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to pass off as the translation of the real book by Rowling. There have been several such books, includingHarry Potter and Bao Zoulong which was written and published in China in 2002 before the release of the fifth book in Rowling's series,Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
Other fake Harry Potter books written in Chinese includeHarry Potter and the Porcelain Doll (哈利・波特与瓷娃娃 or Hālì Bōtè yǔ Cíwáwa),[233]Harry Potter and the Golden Turtle, andHarry Potter and the Crystal Vase.[234] In August 2007,The New York Times said that the publication of Rowling'sDeathly Hallows had inspired "a surge of peculiarly Chinese imitations," and included plot synopses and excerpts from a number of derivative works, among themHarry Potter and the Chinese Overseas Students at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry andHarry Potter and the Big Funnel.[235] In 2003, legal pressure from the licensors of Harry Potter led an Indian publisher to stop publication ofHarry Potter in Calcutta, a work in which Harry meets figures fromBengali literature.[236]
It is a common practice within the publishing industry to make minor changes in the text of books written in one region for publication in other regions.[citation needed] For example, there are a number of differences in British and American English spelling conventions; generally publishers change the spellings to conform to the expectations of their target market. Adaptation may also extend to vocabulary or grammatical choices that might impair legibility or impart some cognitive dissonance. Readers usually would not be aware of the adaptations, but the choice to change the title of the American edition of the firstHarry Potter book fromHarry Potter and thePhilosopher's Stone toHarry Potter and theSorcerer's Stone highlighted the practice and drew considerable attention.[citation needed]
The book's title was changed due to the American publisher's concern that children would be confused by a reference to philosophy. Other translations have also changed the first book's title, for instance, the French translation which changedHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone toHarry Potter at the School of Wizards for the same reason as the American translation, citing that the reference to the philosopher's stone legend was "too obscure for a book aimed at the youth."[237]
Other translations also have regional adaptations that have largely gone without much notice. The Spanish translation has been adapted to three regions: Europe, Latin America andSouthern Cone.[238] Others translations have adaptations that were published seemingly to enhance the identity of minority communities of speakers:Montenegrin (an adaptation ofSerbian) andValencian (an adaptation ofCatalan). It is worth noting that some translations were completed when adaptations possibly would have been sufficient; for example, any of theSerbian,Croatian orBosnian translations could have been adapted for each region.[citation needed]
A comprehensive list of differences between the American and British editions of the books is collected atthe Harry Potter Lexicon website.[239] The changes are mostly simple lexical switches to reflect thedifferent dialects and prevent American readers from stumbling over unfamiliarBriticisms. Although it is common to adaptany text from British to American editions,[240] in the case of theHarry Potter books, this standard practice has drawn criticism from readers who feel that the British English adds flavour to the series.[241] Rowling herself expressed regret over changing the first book's title, as thephilosopher's stone is a legendary alchemical substance.
In anAssociated Press interview, Rowling described how the alterations to the American editions came about:
Rowling pretended to bang her head against the sofa in mock frustration. "SO much has been made of that," she groans, noting that it was only done where words had been used that really meant something very different to Americans. Her American editor pointed out that the word jumper – British for pullover sweater – means a kind of dress in American. She had had no idea. "He asked, 'Can we change it to sweater,' which is just as British?" That was fine with Rowling.[242]
I wasn't trying to, quote, "Americanize" them... What I was trying to do is translate, which I think is different. I wanted to make sure that an American kid reading the book would have the same literary experience that a British kid would have.[243]
The same article, however, points out that some British dialect was retained in the books, and in some cases certain phrases were replaced with more recognizable British phrases, such as "spanking good" for "cracking."[243]
The Harry Potter series presents many challenges to translators, such as rhymes, acronyms, dialects, culture, riddles, jokes, invented words, and plot points that revolve around spellings or initials. These have been dealt with by various translators with different degrees of modification to the meaning of the original text.
The books carried a number of words that are consideredloaded names by linguists and translators, meaning that they carry asemantic load, and that theirmorphology (structure) andphonology (sound) need to be adapted when translating them to a foreign language, for example the house names (Ravenclaw =raven +claw), or Voldemort's name ("flight of death" or "theft of death" in French).[244] These words were translated in different countries using several translation strategies, such ascopying the names with no attempt to transmit the original English meaning,transliterating even if the name lost its original meaning,replacing the name with another given name from the target language, ortranslating the name using native words that conveyed the same meaning.[244][245] For example, in the Russian first book the transliterating strategy was used for some names because the "th" sound does not exist in Russian, so "Slytherin" was transliterated as "Slizerin". The translator of the second book chose the translating strategy instead, and she renamed the houses, "Hufflepuff" becoming "Puffendui" and "Ravenclaw" becoming "Kogtevran" (from the Russian word for claw, "kogot'"). In the Italian editions, the house names were changed to animal-colour pairings: Gryffindor is "Grifondoro" ("grifon d'oro" means "goldengriffin"), Slytherin is "Serpeverde" ("serpe verde" means "green snake"), Ravenclaw was, in the first edition of the first book, "Pecoranera" ("pecora nera", "black sheep"), but was then changed to "Corvonero" ("corvo nero", "black raven") and Hufflepuff is "Tassorosso" ("tasso rosso", "red badger") in the first translation and the films and "Tassofrasso" in the revisited translation.[246] In the French translation, the name "Hogwarts" is changed to "Poudlard", which means "bacon lice",[247] roughly maintaining the original idea of warts of a hog.
Marketers of Harry Potter-themed toys pressured translators not to change the names of people and things so that they could call the toys by the same name in different countries.[248]
Many of the nuances of British culture and language will be unfamiliar to international readers. Such things require careful and creative translating. For the Hebrew translation, some of the Christian references were changed, because Israelis have less familiarity with cultural Christianity than readers elsewhere: a scene in which Sirius Black sings a parody of "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen" replaced the song with a parody of "Mi Y'malel," a Chanukah song;[97] on the other hand, in the Yiddish translation, translator Arun Viswanath retained all the Christian references, feeling that his readership would be familiar enough with them.[12] In the French translation, explanations of certain features of British schools unfamiliar to French students were inserted in the dialogues (e.g., "Prefect" and "Head Boy"), but they were not distinguished from explanations in the original text of differences between ordinary British schools and wizarding schools. This could mislead readers into thinking that these features of the house and boarding systems did not exist in real-world British schools.[249]
Nonstandard English present in the book also had to be given careful consideration. The characterRubeus Hagrid'sWest Country dialect, for example, needed to be rendered in other languages to reflect the fact that he speaks with an accent and uses particular types of slang.[250] In the Japanese translation, he speaks in theTōhoku dialect, which to a Japanese reader conveys a similar provincial feel.[251][252] The same was done in Ukrainian translation where Hagrid speaks a mixture ofWestern Ukrainian dialects.[253] In the Yiddish translation, translator Arun Viswanath attempted to mirror Rowling's use of regional British dialects usingYiddish dialects.
"I tried to transpose the wizarding world onto a map of the Yiddish-speaking world" — pre World War II — "without making the characters Jewish. Filch speaks in a thick Lithuanian Yiddish accent and doesn’t pronounce the 'sh' sound, so he says sabes instead of shabes, and Hagrid, who despises him and speaks a very distinct rural English, speaks in a thick, almost exaggerated Polish Yiddish. I thought this was a good approach because it helps show the tension between them. As for Snape and McGonagall, well, they’re Litvaks. They just are."[12]
Some translations changed foods that appeared in the book into foods more common in the culture of their target audience in order to be more recognisable and relatable. The Hebrew translation of the scene where Dumbledore offers Professor McGonagall a lemon sherbet had him offer her aKrembo, a popular Israeli treat, instead. According to the Hebrew translator, "the point of the lemon sherbets is to tell us something about Dumbledore’s character in that this wise old wizard with a long white beard carries around a children’s treat in his pocket. The equivalent children’s dessert in Israel is the krembo. If I’d translated it as a lemon sucking candy, it wouldn’t have imparted the same image of Dumbledore."[97] The Arabic translation, which was written with a predominantly Muslim audience in mind, omitted references to food and drink forbidden by Islam. All references to pork and bacon were replaced with eggs and all references to alcoholic beverages were replaced with water, except in the case of the Death Eaters, who are villains.[254] However, the Hebrew translation left in place references to bacon despite reader complaints that such products violated the laws ofKashrut, with the translator justifying it on the basis that the characters were not Jewish.[97] The Chinese translation keeps the word "cornflakes" and has a footnote explaining what cornflakes are.[248]
As the Arabic translators were seeking to cater to religiously conservative readers, they also removed every reference to characters kissing, even on the cheek, and had them wave instead.[254]
Several other terms were translated to create cultural references for the target audience. For example, the "golden snitch" fromQuidditch is rendered as "goldene flaterl" (golden butterfly) in the Yiddish translation, butterflies being a common symbol in Yiddish folktales.[247] Similarly, the Snatchers, a group of people who capture Muggle-born wizards and other enemies of the Death Eater regime and hand them over for money following Voldemort's takeover of the Ministry of Magic, were referred to asSzmalcownicy in the Polish translation, in reference to Poles who sold out Jews to the Nazis for money during theHolocaust.[255]
The title of the seventh book,Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, proved particularly difficult to translate into different languages. Rowling solved the problem by providing translators with an alternate title:Harry Potter and the Relics of Death. This became the basis for most translations of the title.[256]
Languages with different word order than English presented challenges when a character begins speaking and is interrupted before finishing. For instance, inHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Ron Weasley asks his mother "Why in the name of Merlin's saggy left..." before his father cuts him off and scolds him for talking to her that way. In other languages, such as Hebrew, nouns come before modifier adjectives, but as it is never revealed what noun Ron intended to use, it proved difficult to translate without significant guesswork.[97]
The series involves many songs, poems, and rhymes, some of which proved difficult to translators.[257] One rhyme, a riddle told by asphinx inHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, posed a particular problem.[note 7] The riddle involves taking words from a poem and using them to form a longer word, "spider," in answer to the riddle. In the Taiwanese translation, the English words are simply put in parentheses.[258] In other translations, the riddle is changed to provide different words that can be put together to make up the translated version of "spider".
Some acronyms also proved difficult; the abbreviations "O.W.L.s" (Ordinary Wizarding Levels) and "N.E.W.T.s" (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) needed to be translated to reflect the fact that their abbreviations spelled out the names of animals associated with the wizarding world, which did not always work in other languages. "N.E.W.T.s" was translated into Swedish as "F.U.T.T." (Fruktansvärt Utmattande Trollkarls-Test, Terribly Exhausting Wizard's Test). "Futt" means "measly" in Swedish.[250]
Other challenging names in the series include the Mirror of Erised ("desire" backwards) andVoldemort's real name. In the latter's case, the name is ananagram based on the character's birth name, Tom Marvolo Riddle, which is rearranged to spell "I am Lord Voldemort". This has required translators to alter Riddle's name to make the anagram work. Sometimes translators manage to alter only one part of the name whereas others have replaced the entire name to preserve the anagram.[citation needed] Other translations, such as the Taiwanese Chinese and Japanese versions, sidestepped the issue altogether by displaying the main text of the anagram in English and added in the meaning in brackets beside it. The Vietnamese version displayed the original anagram in English and added a footnote.[259]
Rowling invented a great number of words and phrases for the books such as spells, incantations, magical words, items, and place names. Many of these words involveword play, rhyming, and historical references that are difficult to translate.[citation needed] A large number of spells are drawn from or inspired by Latin, and have a certain resonance with English speakers due to its relatively large proportion of Latinate-derived vocabulary. For example,priori incantatem (a spell which causes the last spells performed by a wand to be reproduced in reverse order) would be familiar to many English-speaking readers as the wordsprior (previous) andincantation (spell, charm). To create a similar effect in the Hindi version, theSanskrit, typical inmantras, has been used for the spells. Some translators have created new words themselves; others have resorted totransliteration.[citation needed] Names that involve word play, such asKnockturn Alley andPensieve are also difficult to translate.[citation needed]
InHarry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, when Professor McGonagall is about to introduce Harry to Oliver Wood, she asks another professor if she can "borrow Wood for a moment", momentarily confusing Harry. In order to retain this pun, the Yiddish translation renames Wood as "Oliver Holtz", "holtz" being the Yiddish for wood,[247] unlike the Italian one, which changed the surname to "Baston", from "bastone", "stick", but returned to the original "Wood" with the second translation.[citation needed]
Often, names in Harry Potter have historical or linguistic significance in English, which may create problems if the translator does not recognise it. Rowling commented on this phenomenon inConversations with J.K. Rowling, in which she complained that the Italian translation ofProfessor Dumbledore's last name was "Silente"; rather than recognising that "Dumbledore" was an oldDevon word for "bumblebee," the translator took the word "dumb" and translated it as "silent".[260] In contrast, the Czech translator used the Old Czech word for bumblebee –Brumbál (in modern Czechčmelák). The French translation renamed Severus Snape as 'Rogue'; in Italian he was renamed "Piton" (from the Italian "pitone", "python").[247] Hungarian also calls him "Piton". Instead, the same Italian translation changed the name of Professor Sybill Trelawney into "Sibilla Cooman", which resembles the Italian "Sibilla Cumana", theCumaean Sibyl, although, like many other names, it was brought back to the original in the revised translation.[citation needed]
In some cases, English-speaking fans have sought clues to the story's mysteries by examining the way certain parts of the books have been translated in foreign editions. A case in point is the identity of a character mentioned by initials only in the bookHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The English initials R.A.B. could have belonged to several minor characters from the books, but variations on the initials in other languages gave evidence to the true identity of the mystery character: in the Dutch edition of the book R.A.B. was translated into R.A.Z., 'zwart' being Dutch for 'black'; in the Norwegian edition, R.A.B. translates to 'R.A.S.',svart being Norwegian for 'black'; and in the Finnish edition the initials were R.A.M., 'musta' being Finnish for 'black'. Fans took this to mean that the character wasRegulus Black, the brother ofSirius Black; whenHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was published, this was revealed to be the case.[citation needed]
Similarly, the title forHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix did not make it obvious whether the word "Order" referred to a group of people or to a directive. The information that it was a group of people was then determined by viewing the title in other languages. The Vietnamese translation, which was originally published in instalments, originally interpreted "Order" as a directive and translated it as "Harry Potter và Mệnh lệnh Phượng hoàng"; when it became clear that "Order" referred to a group of people, the title was changed to "Harry Potter và Hội Phượng hoàng".[citation needed]
Rowling released an alternative title forHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows for use by translators finding difficulty translating its meaning. The alternative title (in English) isHarry Potter and the Relics of Death.[261] In Italy the title has been translated asHarry Potter e i doni della morte replacing "hallows" with "presents" because the word "relic" is often used in reference to the remains or personal effects of a saint. This variation was proposed and then approved by J.K. Rowling.[262]
A few characters in the series are identified with a title and last name, or with a gender-neutral name. In some languages—for example, those where adjectives are gendered—it was necessary for the translator to guess the character's gender. The Hebrew translation initially made Blaise Zabini a girl, though the character was revealed to be a boy in later books.[97] To avoid this problem, Isabel Nunes, the Portuguese translator, asked Rowling about the gender of some of the characters—Zabini, Professor Sinistra, and "R.A.B."—while working on her translations.[263]
^The name "Su Nong" is a blend of two translator's names: Cao Suling and Ma Ainong. Cao Suling began translating the book but pulled out of the project and Ma Ainong took over.[71]
^It appears more common that Harry Potter is translated as હેરી પોટર in Gujarati (different vowels) however the published book clearly uses 'chandra e' as written here
^Moonhak's website is inconsistent with the translator ofGoblet of Fire; some editions have just Kim, some have just Choi, some have both. Until it is clarified it seems most likely that it was a collaboration and some listings of the book only included one of the translators.
^Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stane. 23 November 2017.ASIN1785301543.
^abcRowling, J. K.; Keao NeSmith, R. (August 2018).Harry Potter a Me Ka Pōhaku Akeakamai: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in Hawaiian (Hawaiian ed.). Evertype.ISBN978-1782012061.
^Fromhttp://www.raincoast.com/faq: Raincoast Books was the joint publisher of Harry Potter series in Canada in conjunction with Bloomsbury Plc of London from 1999 until 2010. The Canadian editions of all the Harry Potter books have the original British text intact, the same title and feature the original cover artwork. New editions are only made if there are significant changes to the text or format. In new editions, J K Rowling has corrected some parts of the text.
^abRowling, J.K. (2020).Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone [Хари Потер и Каменот на мудроста] (in Macedonian). Translated by Stojanovski, Vladimir. Skopje: libi (part of Ars Lamina).ISBN978-608-259-628-0.
^abRowling, J.K. (2020).Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets [Хари Потер и одајата на тајните] (in Macedonian). Translated by Kotevski, Igor. Skopje: Ars Libris (part of Ars Lamina).ISBN978-608-259-756-0.
^abRowling, J.K. (2020).Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Хари Потер и и затвореникот од Азкабан] (in Macedonian). Translated by Stojanovski, Vladimir. Skopje: Ars Libris (part of Ars Lamina).ISBN978-608-259-757-7.
^There seems to be no evidence that the Deathly Hallows was ever published in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet; Narodna Knjiga's box-set, says Books 1-6; however, Order of the Phoenix was published in 2 volumes and sometimes, consequently, it is possible to find references to Half-Blood Prince as "book 7".
^Judith Inggs (May 2003). "From Harry to Garri: Strategies for the Transfer of Culture and Ideology in Russian Translations of Two English Fantasy Stories".Meta: Translators' Journal.48 (1–2 Traduction pour les enfants / Translation for children):285–297.doi:10.7202/006975ar.S2CID145173155.
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