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This is a select list ofCornish dialect words in English—while some of these terms are obsolete others remain in use.[1][2] Many Cornish dialect words have their origins in theCornish language and others belong to the West Saxon group of dialects which includesWest Country English: consequently words listed may not be exclusive to Cornwall.[3]
Allycumpooster - all right (Camborne, in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languageoll yn komposter,meaning 'all in order')[4]
Ancient - to describe someone who is a real character, "he's an ancient man".
Anker - a small barrel (mining term, ultimately fromMedieval Latinanceria ["a small vat"] perhaps influenced byCornish languagekeryn,meaning 'open barrel' or 'tub'. Compare Danishanker ["beer barrel, wine cask, anker"])[7]
Ansome - lovely (from "handsome"); Me ansome ("my handsome") (familiar way to address a man)
Anvon - a hard stone on which large stones are broken (mining term, fromCornish languageanwen,meaning 'anvil'))[7]
Areah, Arear, Aree faa - an exclamation of surprise (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagerevedh,meaning 'strange', 'astounding', or 'a wonder')[4]
Arish (also written [and alternatively pronounced] arrish, ersh, aish, airish, errish, hayrish and herrish) - arable field (from Middle English*ersch, from Old Englishersc [“a park, preserve; stubble-field”], perhaps influenced byCornish languagearys)[4]
Arish mow – a stack of sheaves (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagearys)[4]
Are 'em – aren't they
Awn – a cove / haven
Aye? – I beg your pardon?; Yes? What was that?
Ayes (pronounced, 'ace') – yes (see also: "Ess", below). Perhaps from Old Norseei ("forever") + Old Englishsī(e) ("may it be"), like "yes" (which is from Middle Englishyes,yis, which is from Old Englishġēse,ġīse,ġȳse,*ġīese [“yes, of course, so be it”], equivalent toġēa [“yes", "so”] +sī[e] [“may it be”]). Alternatively, a modification of "aye" based on "yes". Further, possibly a conflation of any (or all) of the previous, and "ess", which may represent a dialectal form of "yes".
Browjans – small fragments (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebrewsyon,orbrewjyon,meaning 'crumbs', 'fragments')[4]
Browse – undergrowth
Browse – pulped bait (Mount's Bay, in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebrows,meaning 'crumbled material', orbros, 'thick broth')[4]
Broze – a blaze, a great heat (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebros,meaning 'extremely hot')[4]
Brummal Mow – an arish mow of domed form (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebern mool,meaning 'bald stack')[4]
Bruyans, Brewions – crumbs, fragments (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebrewyon)[4]
Bucca – an imp, hobgoblin, scarecrow[14] (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebocka)[4]
Buddy – a cluster, a clump (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebodas,meaning 'bunched', orboden, meaning 'a bunch', or 'a grouping', related to theBretonbodad andboden)[4]
Buffon – a bruise (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebothen,meaning 'a swelling')[4]
Buldering – threatening, thundery, sultry (of weather or the sky)[15]
Bulorn – a snail (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagebulhorn,meaning 'snail'), related toBretonbigorn,a sea snail, or toIrishballan, a shell)[4]
Bully – large pebble (fromCornish languagebili,meaning 'pebbles')
Bunny (also written as "bunney" and "bonie") - a bunch of ore, an unusual concentration of ore (From Middle Englishbony,boni [“swelling, tumor”], from Old Frenchbugne,buigne [“swelling, lump”], from Old Frankish*bungjo [“swelling, bump”], from Proto-Germanic*bungô,*bunkô [“lump, clump, heap, crowd”]. Usage perhaps influenced byCornish languagebenygys,meaning 'blessed')[4]
Burn – a load, as much turf, furze, etc., as one can carry; ofhake orpollack, twenty-one fish. (in use after the year 1800, either fromCornish languagebern,meaning 'a stack', 'a heap', or a variation ofbourn ("limit"))[4]
Burrow – heap of (usually) mining related waste, but sometimes used simply to mean "pile"
Buster – someone full of fun and mischief. (Originally a variant of "burster", but later influenced (and reanalysed) separately by/as "bust" + -er. The combining form of the term has appeared from the early 20th century but been especially prolific since the 1940s, owing to its appearance as military slang).
Buzgut – a great eater or drinker ("buz" being derived from theCornish languageboos,meaning 'food')[16]
Buzza, Bussa – large salting pot or bread-bin,[17] (still in use, fromCornish languageboos seth,meaning 'food jar', or related toBretonboñs,ahogshead barrel)[4] also found in phrase "dafter than a buzza" very daft
Cabester, Cobesta – the part of a fishing tackle connecting the hook with the lead (Mousehole, in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekabester, meaning 'a halter', 'noose' or 'loop')[4]
Caboolen, Cabooly-stone – a holed stone, tied to a rope, and used to drive pilchards or mackerel back from the opening of a seine (Mount's Bay, in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekabolen,meaning 'a stirrer', 'a mixer')[4]
Cack – filth (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekawgh, meaning 'excrement')[4]
Caggle, Gaggle – to cover in filth (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekagla,meaning 'void excrement', 'spatter with filth)[4]
Cakey – soft, feeble minded (from 'put in with the cakes and taken out with the buns' - half baked)
Callan – a hard layer on the face of a rock (St Just, in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekales, meaning 'hard', orkall, 'tungstate of iron')[4]
Canker – a harbour crab (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekanker, meaning 'a crab')[4]
Cannikeeper – a spider crab (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekanker)[4]
Canter – a frame for a fishing-line, originally a peg was used (Newlyn, Mousehole, Sennen, in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagekenter, meaning 'a nail')[4]
Captain – the manager of a mine or similar enterprise
Chea chaunter, Cheechonter – stop your chatter! (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languageti tewelder, meaning 'swear silence')[4]
Cheel – child especially girl "a boy or a cheel"
Cheldern – children
Chewidden Thursday – a miners' festival (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagedy'Yow gwynn, with Late Cornishgwydn, meaning 'white Thursday')[4]
Chirks – remnants of fire, embers; "chirk" burrows where used coal was found near mines (fromCornish languagetowargh, via Late Cornishchowark, meaning 'peat or turf for burning')
Chopper - someone from Redruth, usually how a Camborne native would describe someone from Redruth
Chuggypig – woodlouse
Churchtown – the settlement where the parish church is located
Clacky – sticky and chewy food
Clidgy – sticky, muddy
Clim (up) – climb (everywhere except west of Camborne and Helston)[25]
A coffen stile at Tremedda Farm
Clip – sharp in speaking, curt, having taken offence
Coffen stile – a coffen (or coffin) stile is a type of stile consisting of rectangular bars of granite laid side by side with gaps between (usually to stop livestock from straying)[27]
Coose – to hunt or chase game out of woodland/covert, from the Cornish word for woodland 'koes'. I.e. a command given to encourage a hunting dog "coose him out then dog!".
Cornish diamonds – quartz
Corrosy – an old grudge handed down from father to son; an annoyance[30]
Cousin Jack – a Cornish emigrant miner; "Cousin Jacks" is a nickname for the overseas Cornish, thought to derive from the practice of Cornishmen asking if job vacancies could be filled by their cousin named Jack in Cornwall.[31][32]
Fossick – to search for something by rummaging, to prospect for minerals (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagefeusik, meaning 'lucky' or 'fortunate')[4]
Furze, furzy – gorse,[47] covered with gorse, as in the local saying atStratton "Stratton was a market town when Bude was just a furzy down", meaning Stratton was long established when Bude was just gorse-covered downland. (A similar saying is current at Saltash about Plymouth.)
Gossan – (in mining) a term for the loose mixture of quartz, iron oxide and other minerals often found on the "back" of a lode;[50] decomposed rock[51]
Grisly, Grizzly – a grating used to catch and throw out large stones from the sluices (still in use in mining industry worldwide, fromCornish languagegrysla,meaning 'to grin', 'to show one's teeth')
Grushans, Groushans – dregs,[17] especially in bottom of tea cup
Guag, Gwag – emptiness, hollow space in a mine (in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagegwag,meaning 'empty')[4]
Gug – a coastal feature/cave, esp. North Cornwall; e.g St Illickswell Gug[53]
Gunnis – an underground excavation left where a lode has been worked out[54]
Holing – working, mining (fromCornish languagehwel,meaning 'a mine working') used in phrase "holing in guag", meaning mining somewhere that has already been mined.
Huer – a lookout on land assisting fishermen by shouted directions
Meader – unknown; used in the 'Poldark' novels apparently of a weakling orrunt of a litter[citation needed]
Merrymaid – mermaid
Mert - originated as a term of respect for a skilled person or someone in authority; typically just used as a friendly way to address someone, usually male
Scat – to hit or break "scat abroad = smashed up" (e.g. "mind and not scat abroad the cloam");[94] musical beat ('e's two scats behind); "bal scat" is a disused mine (fromCornish languageskattra). Also financial ruin "he went scat/his business went scat".
Scrowl – to grill over the fire on an iron plate (e.g. scrowled pilchards)[99]
Shag - friend, mate
Shalligonaked – flimsy, light or scanty (of clothing)[100]
Shippen – farm building for livestock. From Middle English schipne, Middle English schepne, schüpene, from Old English scypen (“cow-shed, stall, shippen”), from Proto-Germanic *skupīnō (“stall”), diminutive of *skup- (“shed, barn”). Related to shop.
Teal – to till, cultivate (e.g. 'tealing teddies'; according to folkloreGood Friday is the best day in the year to do this)
Teasy – bad-tempered as in 'teasy as a fitcher' or a childhood tantrum may be explained as the child being 'tired and teasy' (fromCornish languagetesek)
To – at; e.g. ""over to Cury" (at [the parish] ofCury)[107] Also "Where is it?" could be phrased as "Where's he/her/it to?" and "Where's that" as "Where's that to" (compare usage in theBristolian dialect).[108]
Town Crow – a term used by Port Isaacers to describe Padstonians, (see also the counter-term Yarnigoat).
Towser – a piece of material worn by agricultural workers and tied around the waist to protect the front of trousers, often made from a hessian potato sack
Ummin – dirty, filthy. As in 'the bleddy floor is ummin'.
Un – him/her (used in place of "it" accusative)
Upcountry – a generalised geographical term meaning anywhere which is in England, except for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. (Also, "up the line" or "upward")
Urts – whortleberries, bilberries
Us two / We two – As in 'there are just we two'; "Us two" is used only in north east Cornwall and "we two" in the rest of Cornwall.[110]
Wab – the tongue; usually in "hold your wab!"[113]
Want – a mole (rhymes with pant). Want hill – a mole hill
Wasson – what's going on?
We be – as in 'Oh yes, we be!'; used in most of mid and east Cornwall, whereas "we are" is used in the far west.[114]
Weem - a collective term usually meaning ‘us’ or a shortened version of ‘we are’ (Weem going pub dreckly)
Wheal – often incorrectly attributed to meaning a mine, but actually means a place of work; the names of most Cornish mines are prefixed with Wheal, such asWheal Jane and Wheal Butson.
Withy-garden – area of coppiced willows cultivated by fishermen for pot making
Wisht – hard-done-by, weak, faint, pale, sad;[118] e.g. "You're looking wisht today" see Winnard above for the saying "as wisht as a winnard"
Wo / ho – stop (when calling horses) ("ho" between a line from Crantock to St Austell and a line from Hayle to the Helford River; "way" in the northeast)[119]
Yarnigoat – term used by Padstonians to describe Port Isaacers. Due to the exposure of Port Isaac to the weather, the fishermen often could not put to sea and would instead congregate on the Platt to converse / tell yarns (See also, Town Crow)[citation needed]
You /yo – as an emphatic end to a sentence, e.g. "Who's that, you?"; "Drag in the cheeld, you! and don't 'ee lev un go foorth till 'ee 's gone"[120]
Zawn – a fissure in a cliff (used as a word and also as a place-name element, in use after the year 1800, fromCornish languagesawen, orsaven, meaning a cleft or gully)[4] These fissures are known to geologists as littoral chasms.
^Little attempt has been made to record the districts where most of these words have been used except in a few cases of East, Mid, or West Cornwall, e.g. crib; crowst.
^Jupp, James (2001),The Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 229,ISBN978-0-521-80789-0
^Crystal, David (2015).The Disappearing Dictionary. London: Macmillan; p. 48
^Iona Opie,Peter Opie (1959)The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Oxford: Clarendon Press; map on p. 149
^TheOxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.) has "Food, provisions, light meal, etc." (dialectal) as one of the meanings of "crib" giving several examples including quotations fromM. A. Courtney'sGlossary (1880) andRowse'sCornish Childhood (1942).
^InAn Gerlyver Meur 'croust' is given as meaning 'picnic lunch, meal taken to work, snack', and says it is attested inOrigo Mundi, line 1901 (written in the 14th century). It also says it comes from Middle English 'crouste', which in turn came from Old French 'crouste'. So it appears that the word was indeed a loan from Middle English but it was in use as part of the Cornish language long before the language died out, and seems to have entered the Anglo-Cornish dialect from the Cornish language.
^Crystal, David (2015).The Disappearing Dictionary. London: Macmillan; p. 122
^Crystal, David (2015).The Disappearing Dictionary. London: Macmillan; p. 123
^abMarren, Peter & Birkhead, Mike (1996)Postcards from the Country: living memories of the British countryside, London: BBC BooksISBN978-05-63371-57-1; p. 55
^Borlase, William (1758)Natural History of Cornwall ... Oxford: printed for the author; by W. Jackson: sold by W. Sandby, at the Ship in Fleet-Street London; and the booksellers of Oxford; reissued by E & W Books, London, 1970; p. 89
^Greenoak, Francesca (1979). "Redwing".All the Birds of the Air - The Names Lore and Literature of British Birds. London: Andre Deutsch. pp. 253–254.ISBN0233970371.
Dyer, Peter (2005)Tintagel: a portrait of a parish. [Cambridge]: Cambridge BooksISBN0-9550097-0-7 (includes transcriptions of interviews with local dialect speakers)
Nance, R. MortonA Guide to Cornish Place-names; with a list of words contained in them; 3rd ed. [Truro]: Federation of Old Cornwall Societies, [1961]
North, David J. & Sharpe, AdamA Word-geography of Cornwall. Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies, 1980 (includes word-maps of Cornish words)
Pool, P. A. S. (1969)An Introduction to Cornish Place Names. Penzance: the author
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