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| Khan oftheChagatai Khanate | |
|---|---|
| Details | |
| Style | Khan |
| First monarch | Chagatai Khan |
| Last monarch | Maqsud Khan |
| Formation | 18th August 1227 |
| Abolition | 6th June 1930 |
| Appointer | Genghisid |
This is alist of Chagatai khans, who reigned as monarchs of theChagatai Khanate fromChagatai Khan's inheritance of the state in 1227 to their removal from power by theDzungars and their vassals in 1687. The power of the Chagatai Khans varied; from its beginning, the khanate was one of the weakest of the Mongol states and often its rulers were merely figureheads for ambitious conquerors (seeKaidu andTimur).
Note: The following list is incomplete. It excludes several collateral lines that ruled over minor territories and were relatively unimportant.
| Personal Name | Reign | Religion |
|---|---|---|
| Chagatai Khan چغتائی خان | 1226–1242 CE | Tengrism |
| Qara Hülëgü قارا ہلاکو | 1242–1246 CE1st Reign | Tengrism |
| Yesü Möngke یہسو مونکو | 1246–1252 CE | Tengrism |
| Qara Hülëgü قارا ہلاکو | 1252 CE2nd Reign | Tengrism |
| Mubarak Shah مبارک شاہ His motherOrqina Khatun was regent during this time | 1252–1260 CE1st Reign | Islam |
| Alghu bin Baidar الغو | 1260–1266 CE | Tengrism |
| Mubarak Shah مبارک شاہ | 1266 CE2nd Reign | Islam |
| Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq غیاث الدین باراق | 1266–1270 CE | Islam |
| Kaidu bin Kashin and his sonChapar bin Kaidu ruled as de facto Khans from 1270 until 1304. The Chagatai Khans during this period were appointed by them but still rebelled when they tried to exert their authority. | ||
| Negübei نہگوبائی UnderKaidu bin Kashin | 1270–1272 CE | Tengrism |
| Buqa Temür بغا تیمور بن قداقچی UnderKaidu bin Kashin | 127?–1282 CE | Tengrism |
| Duwa دووا UnderKaidu bin Kashin & Chapar bin Kaidu | 1282–1306 CE | Tengrism |
| Restoration ofChagatai Khanate independence. | ||
| Duwa دووا | 1306–1307 CE | Tengrism |
| Könchek کونچہک | 1307–1308 CE | Tengrism |
| Taliqu تالقو بن قداقچی | 1308–1309 CE | Islam |
| Kebek قبق بن دووا | 1309–1310 CE1st Reign | Tengrism |
| Esen Buqa I ایشان بغا | 1310–1318 CE | Tengrism |
| Kebek قبق بن دووا | 1318–1325 CE2nd Reign | Tengrism |
| Eljigidey ? | 1325–1329 CE | Tengrism |
| Duwa Temür دووا تیمور | 1329–1330 CE | Tengrism |
| Ala-ad-din Tarmashirin علاء الدین تارماشیریں | 1331–1334 CE | Islam |
| Buzan بوزان | 1334–1335 CE | Tengrism |
| Changshi چانگشی | 1335–1338 CE | Tengrism |
| Yesun Temur یسون تیمور | 1338–1342 CE | Tengrism |
| Ali Sultan علی سلطان | 1342 CE | Islam |
| Muhammad I ibn Pulad محمد ابن پلاد | 1342–1343 CE | Islam |
| Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur غازان خان | 1343–1346 CE | Islam |
| Qazan's death signified the end of the effective power of the Chagatai khans within theulus; subsequent khans were rulers in name only.Qazaghan took the title ofAmir and to legitimize himself conferred the title of khan on descendants ofGenghis Khan of his own choosing. | ||
| Danishmendji دانشمندجی UnderAmir Qazaghan | 1346–1348 CE | Islam |
| DuringAmir Qazaghan's reign theChagatai Khanate devolved into a loose confederation of tribes. This resulted in the Division of the Empire in 1347 CE into theWestern Chagatai Khanate and Eastern part known asMoghulistan underTughlugh Timur. | ||
| Western Chagatai Khanate | Moghulistan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayan Qulï بیان قلی UnderAmir Qazaghan &Abdullah bin Qazaghan 1348–1358 CE | Tughlugh Timur تغلق تیمور 1347–1360 CE | |||
| Shah Temur شاہ تیمور UnderAbdullah bin Qazaghan 1358 CE | ||||
| Tughlugh Timur تغلق تیمور (Tribes of Chagatai Khanate rebelled againstAbdullah bin Qazaghan who was of theQara'unas forcing him to retreat but the coalition ofSuldus underBuyan Suldus andBarlas underHajji Beg collapsed; anarchy reigned in Chagatai Khanate. This power vacuum allowedTughlugh Timur to move in without much resistance onlyHajji Beg who was defiant had to make his escape.Tughlugh Timur then appointedTimur Gurkani as Chief ofBarlas tribe and returned to his capital. However he was back in the region next year with the view of removing most Amirs and to consolidate his grip on his new conquered territory. He executed several amirs, includingAmir Bayazid andBuyan Suldus. The son ofAbdullah bin Qazaghan namedAmir Husayn was the new Chief of theQara'unas and resisted the powerful King of Moghulistan but was also defeated, however he would return after the king's death.Tughlugh Timur before leaving for his capital left his sonIlyas Khoja as viceroy of Chagatai Khanate region. The ruthlessness with which the Moghuls ruled the region caused many to oppose them, including Amir Husayn of theQara'unas andTimur of theBarlas. Together they faced an army of Moghuls and local tribes loyal toIlyas Khoja, and defeated them. Shortly afterwards,Tughlugh Timur died andIlyas Khoja left forMoghulistan to take power. The tribes nominated and placedAdil-Sultan as nominalKhan of Chagatai Khanate. 1361–1363 CE | ||||
| Adil-Sultan عادل سلطان Under Tribal Confederation of Amir Husayn and Amir Timur 1363 CE | Ilyas Khoja الیاس خوجہ 1363–1368 CE | |||
| Khabul Shah خابول شاہ Under Amir Husayn 1364–1370 CE | Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat قمر الدین خان دغلت Usurper 1368–1392 CE | |||
| Soyurghatmïsh Khan Under AmirTimur 1370–1388 CE | ||||
| Sultan Mahmud Khan سلطان محمود خان Under AmirTimur. Sultan Mahmud's death in 1402 marked the effective end of the line of Chagatai Khans in Transoxiana, who had long been mere figureheads and the rise ofTimurid dynasty. 1388–1403 CE | Khizr Khoja خضر خوجہ 1389–1399 | |||
| Titular Name(s) | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Khan خان | Tughlugh Timur تغلق تیمور | 1348–1363 CE | |
| Khan خان | Ilyas Khoja الیاس خوجہ | 1363–1368 CE | |
| Khan خان | Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat قمر الدین خان دغلت | 1368–1392 CE | |
| Khan خان | Khizr Khoja خضر خوجہ | 1389–1399 CE | |
| Khan خان | Shams-i-Jahan شمس جہان | 1399–1408 CE | |
| Khan خان | Muhammad Khan محمد خان | 1408–1415 CE | |
| Khan خان | Naqsh-i-Jahan نقش جہان | 1415–1418 CE | |
| Khan خان | Awais Khan اویس خان | 1418–1421 CE 1st reign | |
| Khan خان | Sher Muhammad شیر محمد | 1421–1425 CE | |
| Khan خان | Awais Khan اویس خان | 1425–1429 CE 2nd reign | |
| Khan خان | Satuq Khan ستوق خان | 1429–1434 CE | |
| Khan خان | Esen Buqa II ایشان بغا ثانی | 1429–1462 CE | |
| Division ofMoghulistan intoWestern Moghulistan (Yarkent) andEastern Moghulistan (Turpan) | |||
| Western Moghulistan (Yarkent Khanate) | Eastern Moghulistan (Turpan Khanate) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yunus Khan یونس خان 1462–1469 CE | Dost Muhammad Khan دوست محمد خان 1462–1468 CE | |||
| Kebek Sultan Oghlan قبق سلطان 1469 CE | ||||
| Yunus Khan یونس خان 1469–1487 CE | ||||
| Mahmud Khan محمود خان 1487–1508 CE | Ahmad Alaq احمد الاچ 1487–1503 CE | |||
| Mansur Khan منصور خان 1503–1508 CE | ||||
| Mansur Khan منصور خان 1508–1514 CE | ||||
| Sultan Sa'id Khan سلطان سعید خان 1514–1533 CE | Mansur Khan منصور خان 1514–1543 CE | |||
| Abdur-Rashid Khan عبد الرشید خان 1533–1560 CE | Shah Khan شاہ خان 1543–1570 CE | |||
| Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand) عبد الکریم خان 1560–1591 CE Muhammad Sultan (Yarkand) محمد سلطان 1592-1609 CE Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (Yarkand) شجاع الدین احمد خان 1609-1618 CE | Abul Muhammad Khan (Turpan) ابوالمحمد خان 1570 CE Sufi Khan (Turpan) خان صُوفِيّ 1570 CE | |||
| Sultan Sa'id Khan after defeatingMirza Abu Bakr Dughlat established theAltishaher or union of 6 cities, a much reduced western half of Moghulistan. By this time the western half was referred to asKashgaria and eastern half was referred to asUyghurstan. During the reign ofAbdur-Rashid Khan a certainNaqshbandi Sufi teacherAhmad Kasani (1462–1542), known asMakhdum-i-Azam (the Great Master) came toKashgar fromSamarkand. His descendants, known asMakhdum Zadas and bearing title "Khoja", would play an important role in the history of the region from the 16th to 19th centuries. Makhdum's eldest sonMuhammad Amin, known also asKhoja Kalon (d.1598) became the founder of Sufi order (tariqa)Ishkiyya ofNakshbandi Khojagan, his sonMuhammad Yūsuf (d.1653) settled himself inKashgar and was granted village of Bashkerim near Kashgar by Abdullah Khan in 1638. His sonKhojaHidayatullah better known asAfaq Khoja and his followers became known as theAq Taghliks, those of the "White Mountains", because of their close approximation toTangri Tagh (Tian Shan). Makhdum's second son,Muhammad Ishaq Wali (d.1599 in the age of 94), founder ofIshaqiya Sufi order ofNakshbandi Khojagan, with his followers established themselves inYarkand and became known as theQara Taghliks, those of the "Black Mountains", because of their close approximation to thePamir,Karakoram andKunlun. The Kashgaria region gradually devolved into small city states with the Khojas as rivals post 1570 CE | ||||
The remnants of the state fell to two different rival branches of Khojas- Ak Taghliks and Kara Taghliks.Aqtaghlyq branch of Khojas, a confederation under the influence of the Dzungars, took power inKashgar where Ahmad Khoja, son of Yahiya Khoja, was declared a Khan. InYarkand Kara Taghliks took power with Khoja Daniyal being declared a Khan, that caused civil war between Kashgar and Yarkand.
In 1713 remnant of Yarkant Khanate - Altishar ( union of 6 cities)-became dependency ofDzungar Khanate underTsewang Rabtan, paying annual tribute from all 6 cities in amount of one silver tanga from soul, for Yarkand it was established in amount of 100,000 silver tangas, for Kashgar-67,000 silver tangas, this time Kara Taghliks were established by Dzungars to be responsible for collecting tribute. In 1752 Altishar restored its independence after revolt against Dzungar Khanate under leadership of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Yusup, son of Khoja Daniyal. In 1755 sons of Ahmad Khoja and great grandsons ofAppak Khoja, Ak Taghliks Burhan ad-Din Khoja and Jahan Khoja were rescued by Qings troops inIli River Valley from Dzungar's captivity and sent to Altishar to claim mandate ofQing China for the country. In ensuing bloody war with Kara Taghliks brothers emerged victorious and established total control of Altishar in 1756 but refused to submit to Qings after that. In 1759 Altishar was conquered byQing China, that created province Nanlu (Southern Road) on its territory in 1760, while province Beilu (Northern Road) was created on the territory of formerDzungar Khanate, that was exterminated byQing China in 1756.
The following successors to Mansur Khan possessed the titles ofLittle Khans sitting inTurpan, contrary to theGreat Khans sitting inYarkand.
Annexed by the Dzungars. After exterminating ofDzungar Khanate by Qing China in 1756, remnants of Dynasty survived in semi-autonomousKumul Khanate till the 20th century, last ruler of whichMaqsud Shah died in 1930.
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