Before 1603, theKingdom of England and theKingdom of Scotland were independent states with different monarchs. However,James VI of Scotland inherited the monarchy of England (becoming James VI and I) from his cousinElizabeth I, meaning that the two independent countries shared a monarch known as theUnion of the Crowns. Between November 1606 and July 1607 unification between the two countries was discussed at Westminster. While the English Parliament agreed to certain concessions to the Scots, it refused union. In October 1604, James VI and I declared himself to be the 'King of Great Britain' rather than the simultaneous monarch of both.[1] Thestyle was used on coins, stamps, and elsewhere, however theParliament of England refused its official use or him legally becoming the King of a single unified country.[2][3]
Anne ascended the throne on 8 March 1702 upon the death of herbrother-in-lawWilliam III, becoming Queen of England and Queen of Scotland.[4][5] In November that year, Anne began negotiations with theParliament of Scotland about a possible union of the two countries, but by 1704 they had ended without a deal. In 1706, a new proposal was debated that involved shared unity rather than Scotland joining England under a new country called 'Great Britain', which was more preferable to Scotland. A final version of the proposal was presented to Anne in July that year. In January and March 1707, theTreaty of Union was passed by the Scottish and English parliaments respectively, with the union beginning from May.[5]
Despite having eighteen pregnancies, Anne did not produce an heir that survived her or to adulthood.[6] England had passed theAct of Settlement 1701 which definedSophia of Hanover and her heirs as the successor to Anne and disqualifiedCatholics from becoming monarch.[7] However, Scotland had passed its own law, theAct of Security 1704, which allowed its parliament to choose an heir upon Anne's death.[8] On Union, Great Britain adopted the English succession and the Act of Security was repealed. When Anne died in 1714, she was succeeded byGeorge I, Sophia of Hanover's eldest son.[7] However, those who believed Scotland should have chosen the exiled CatholicJames Francis Edward Stuart (known as 'The Old Pretender') instead rebelled in theJacobite rising of 1715, which was quashed by Great Britain.[8]
The thirteen monarchs consist of ten kings and three queens.[9] Only two monarchs were born outside of the United Kingdom, George I andGeorge II inHanover, Germany.[10][11] All but two monarchs died in the United Kingdom; George I died atSchloss Osnabrück [de] on a trip to Hanover whilst he was monarch;[12]Edward VIII (by then Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor) died inVilla Windsor, Paris, while living inexile in France.[13] The longest reigning monarch wasElizabeth II who reigned for 70 years and 214 days between 1952 and 2022;[14] the shortest reigning monarch was Edward VIII, who reigned for 326 days between January and December 1936.[15]
BetweenGeorge I andWilliam IV, all monarchs had the additional office ofElector of Hanover (laterKing of Hanover). Hanover was a separate Kingdom with its own government and army, which the British government were often forced to help defend;[16] during the 18th century, the French army invaded the territory whenever it declared war with Great Britain. In 1806,George III even declared war onPrussia after KingFrederick William III, under heavy pressure fromNapoleon, had annexed George III's German possessions.[17] WhenVictoria acceded to the throne in 1837, she could not become the Queen of Hanoversuo jure as it followedSalic law, meaning that it was no longer held inpersonal union with the British monarchy. Instead, her uncleErnest Augustus became King of Hanover.[18]
Old Style and New Style dates are used in line with the calendar of the time.George II acceded to the throne during Old Style dates and died during New Style dates, which is taken to account in the 'Reigned for' column.
^George V changed the name of the British royal house fromSaxe-Coburg and Gotha toWindsor on 17 July 1917.[36] This change was made in response toanti-German sentiment in the British Empire duringWorld War I. Descendants of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Elizabeth II belong to the House of Windsor by Royal Command (9 April 1952 Declaration by Queen Elizabeth II to her Privy Council) although under the usual rules of genealogy they are, by paternal descent, also members of theGlücksburg branch of theHouse of Oldenburg (the ruling House of Denmark and of the former Kingdom of Greece). Accordingly, King Charles III is the first monarch of the House of Windsor who is a patrilineal descendant of the Glücksburg dynasty, instead of descending from Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the male line as was the case with the previous monarchs of the House of Windsor.
^O’Mahony, Seamus (October 2021)."The death of King George V".Hektoen International Journal.13 (Special Issue – Fall 2021).Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved8 October 2022.
^abHeard, Andrew (1990)."Canadian Independence". Vancouver: Simon Fraser University.Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved6 May 2009.
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