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Atira asteroid

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(Redirected fromList of Apohele asteroids)

Group of near-Earth asteroids

Common orbital subgroups ofNear-Earth Objects (NEOs)

Atira asteroids/əˈtɪrə/ orApohele asteroids, also known asinterior-Earth objects (IEOs), areNear-Earth objects whose orbits are entirely confined withinEarth's orbit;^[1] that is, their orbit has anaphelion (farthest point from the Sun) smaller than Earth'sperihelion (nearest point to the Sun), which is 0.983astronomical units (AU). Atira asteroids are by far the least numerous group ofnear-Earth objects, compared to the more populousAten,Apollo andAmor asteroids.^[2]

History

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Naming

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There is no official name for the class commonly referred as Atira asteroids. The term "Apohele asteroids" was proposed by the discoverers of1998 DK36,^[3] after theHawaiian word fororbit, fromapo[ˈɐpo] 'circle' andhele[ˈhɛlɛ] 'to go'.^[4] This was suggested partly because of its similarity to the wordsaphelion (apoapsis) andhelios.^[a] Other authors adopted the designation "Inner Earth Objects" (IEOs).^[5] Following the general practice to name a new class of asteroids for the first recognized member of that class, which in this case was163693 Atira, the designation of "Atira asteroids" was largely adopted by the scientific community, including byNASA.^[6]^[1]

Discovery and observation

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Their location inside the Earth's orbit makes Atiras very difficult to observe, as from Earth's perspective they are close to theSun and therefore 'drowned out' by the Sun's overpowering light.^[7] This means that Atiras can usually only be seen duringtwilight.^[7] The first documented twilight searches for asteroids inside Earth's orbit were performed by astronomerRobert Trumpler over the early 20th century, but he failed to find any.^[7]

The first confirmed Atira asteroid was 163693 Atira in 2003, discovered by the Lincoln Laboratory Near Earth Asteroid Research Team.^[8] As of January 2025^[update], there are 34 known Atiras, two of which are named, nine of which have received anumbered designation, and seven of which arepotentially hazardous objects.^[2]^[9]^[10]

Origins

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Most Atira asteroids originated in theasteroid belt and were driven to their current locations as a result ofgravitational perturbation, as well as other causes such as theYarkovsky effect.^[7] A number of known Atiras could be fragments or former moons of larger Atiras as they exhibit an unusually high level of orbital correlation.^[11]

Orbits

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Atiras do not cross Earth's orbit and are not immediateimpact event threats, but their orbits may beperturbed outward by a close approach to either Mercury or Venus and become Earth-crossing asteroids in the future. The dynamics of many Atira asteroids resemble the one induced by theKozai-Lidov mechanism,^[b] which contributes to enhanced long-term orbital stability, since there is nolibration of the perihelion.^[12]^[13]

Exploration

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A 2017 study published in the journalAdvances in Space Research proposed a low-costspace probe be sent to study Atira asteroids, citing the difficulty in observing the group from Earth as a reason to undertake the mission.^[14] The study proposed that the mission would be powered byspacecraft electric propulsion and would follow a path designed toflyby as many Atira asteroids as possible. The probe would also attempt to discover new NEO's that may pose a threat to Earth.^[14]

Related asteroid groups

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ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim asteroids

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ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim asteroids, which had been provisionally nicknamed "Vatira" asteroids before the first was discovered,^[c] are a subclass of Atiras that orbit entirely interior to the orbit ofVenus, aka 0.718 AU.^[16] Despite their orbits placing them at a significant distance from Earth, they are still classified as near-Earth objects.^[17] Observations suggest that ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim asteroids frequently have their orbits altered into Atira asteroids and vice versa.^[18]

First formally theorised to exist by William F. Bottke and Gianluca Masi in 2002 and 2003,^[19]^[20] the first and to date only such asteroid found is594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim,^[21]^[22] which was discovered on 4 January 2020 by theZwicky Transient Facility. As the archetype, it subsequently gave its name to the class.^[16] It has an aphelion of only 0.656 AU, the smallest of any known asteroid.^[9]^[12]

Vulcanoids

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Main article:Vulcanoid

No asteroids have yet been discovered to orbit entirely inside the orbit ofMercury (q = 0.307 AU). Such hypothetical asteroids would likely be termedvulcanoids, although the term often refers to asteroids which more specifically have remained in the intra-Mercurian region over the age of theSolar System.^[15]

Members

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The following table lists the known and suspected Atiras as of November 2025^[update]. 594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim, due to itsunique classification, has been highlighted in pink. Theinterior planets Mercury and Venus have been included for comparison as grey rows.

List of known and suspected Atiras as of October 2025 (Q < 0.983 AU)^[9]
Designation	Perihelion (AU)	Semi-major axis (AU)	Aphelion (AU)	Eccentricity	Inclination (°)	Period (days)	Observation arc (days)	(H)	Diameter^(A) (m)	Discoverer	Ref
Mercury (for comparison)	0.307	0.3871	0.467	0.2056	7.01	88	NA	−0.6	4,879,400	NA
Venus (for comparison)	0.718	0.7233	0.728	0.0068	3.39	225	NA	−4.5	12,103,600	NA
1998 DK36	0.404	0.6923	0.980	0.4160	2.02	210	1	25.0	35	David J. Tholen	MPC · JPL
163693 Atira	0.502	0.7410	0.980	0.3221	25.62	233	7766	16.4	4800±500^(B)	LINEAR	List MPC · JPL
(164294) 2004 XZ₁₃₀	0.337	0.6176	0.898	0.4545	2.95	177	3564	20.5	290	David J. Tholen	List MPC · JPL
(434326) 2004 JG6	0.298	0.6352	0.973	0.5311	18.94	185	6227	18.5	710	LONEOS	List MPC · JPL
(413563) 2005 TG₄₅	0.428	0.6813	0.935	0.3723	23.33	205	7031	17.6	1,100	Catalina Sky Survey	List MPC · JPL
2013 JX28 (aka2006 KZ39)	0.262	0.6008	0.940	0.5641	10.76	170	5110	20.1	340	Mount Lemmon Survey Pan-STARRS	MPC · JPL
(613676) 2006 WE₄	0.641	0.7848	0.928	0.1829	24.77	254	4995	18.9	590	Mount Lemmon Survey	List MPC · JPL
(418265) 2008 EA₃₂	0.428	0.6159	0.804	0.3050	28.26	177	5816	16.5	1,800	Catalina Sky Survey	List MPC · JPL
(481817) 2008 UL₉₀	0.431	0.6950	0.959	0.3799	24.31	212	5537	18.6	680	Mount Lemmon Survey	List MPC · JPL
2010 XB₁₁	0.288	0.6181	0.948	0.5338	29.88	178	5183	19.7	410	Mount Lemmon Survey	MPC · JPL
2012 VE₄₆	0.455	0.7131	0.971	0.3612	6.67	220	2225	20.2	320	Pan-STARRS	MPC · JPL
2013 JX₂₈	0.262	0.6008	0.940	0.5642	10.77	170	5110	20.1	340	Mount Lemmon Survey	MPC · JPL
2013 TQ₅	0.653	0.7737	0.894	0.1557	16.40	249	4031	19.9	380	Mount Lemmon Survey	MPC · JPL
2014 FO₄₇	0.548	0.7522	0.956	0.2711	19.20	238	3259	20.2	320	Mount Lemmon Survey	MPC · JPL
2015 DR215	0.352	0.6666	0.981	0.4715	4.06	199	2602	20.5	280	Pan-STARRS	MPC · JPL
2017 XA₁	0.646	0.8094	0.973	0.2016	17.18	266	1084	21.3	200	Pan-STARRS	MPC · JPL
(678861) 2017 YH (aka2016 XJ₂₄)	0.329	0.6346	0.941	0.4823	19.85	185	2980	18.1	840	Spacewatch ATLAS	MPC · JPL
2018 JB₃	0.485	0.6832	0.882	0.2904	40.39	206	3321	17.7	1,020	Catalina Sky Survey	MPC · JPL
2019 AQ3	0.404	0.5886	0.774	0.3143	47.22	165	2996	17.5	1,120	Zwicky Transient Facility	MPC · JPL
2019 LF6	0.317	0.5554	0.794	0.4293	29.50	151	1108	17.3	1,230	Zwicky Transient Facility	MPC · JPL
594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim	0.457	0.5553	0.654	0.1772	15.87	151	1827	16.2	1,700	Zwicky Transient Facility	MPC · JPL
2020 HA10	0.692	0.8197	0.947	0.1553	49.65	271	4043	19.0	560	Mount Lemmon Survey	MPC · JPL
2020 OV1	0.476	0.6376	0.800	0.2541	32.58	186	1179	18.7	640	Zwicky Transient Facility	MPC · JPL
2021 BS₁	0.396	0.5984	0.800	0.3376	31.73	169	1564	18.6	670	Zwicky Transient Facility	MPC · JPL
2021 LJ₄	0.418	0.6764	0.935	0.3820	9.82	203	2860	20.1	340	Scott S. Sheppard	MPC · JPL
2021 PB₂	0.610	0.7174	0.825	0.1500	24.83	222	4448	18.8	610	Zwicky Transient Facility	MPC · JPL
2021 PH27	0.133	0.4618	0.790	0.7115	31.94	115	2552	17.7	1,020	Scott S. Sheppard	MPC · JPL
2021 VR₃	0.313	0.5339	0.755	0.4139	18.07	143	1716	18.0	890	Zwicky Transient Facility	MPC · JPL
2022 BJ₈	0.590	0.7853	0.981	0.2487	15.83	254	816	19.4	470	Kitt Peak-Bok	MPC · JPL
2023 EL	0.581	0.7714	0.961	0.2462	13.88	247	2864	19.2	520	Scott S. Sheppard	MPC · JPL
2023 EY₂	0.398	0.6036	0.809	0.3398	35.47	171	325	19.8	400	Kitt Peak-Bok	MPC · JPL
2023 KQ₅	0.805	0.8722	0.939	0.0771	67.43	298	3318	18.8	630	Pan-STARRS	MPC · JPL
2023 EY₂	0.398	0.6033	0.809	0.3978	35.55	171	6	19.9	370	Kitt Peak-Bok	MPC · JPL
2023 WK3	0.322	0.6442	0.966	0.4998	24.47	189	3606	20.5	290	Moonbase South Observatory	MPC · JPL
2024 UM₉	0.803	0.8609	0.919	0.0672	21.17	292	1753	20.6	260	Mount Lemmon Survey	MPC · JPL
2024 WD₁₉	0.572	0.6795	0.787	0.1579	3.79	205	32	21.3	190	Subaru Telescope, Maunakea	MPC · JPL
2025 GN1	0.136	0.4620	0.788	0.7051	32.84	115	88	20.1	350	Cerro Tololo-DECam	MPC · JPL
2025 LP	0.623	0.7437	0.864	0.1624	33.34	234	110	19.6	430	Cerro Tololo-DECam	MPC · JPL
2025 SC79	0.273	0.4958	0.719	0.4499	16.77	128	10	18.8	620	Cerro Tololo-DECam	MPC · JPL

^(A) All diameter estimates are based on an assumedalbedo of 0.14 (except 163693 Atira, for which the size has been directly measured; and 594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim, for which an albedo of 0.22 is assumed based on its knownstony composition)

^(B) Binary asteroid

Notes

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^Cambridge Conference Correspondence, (2):WHAT'S IN A NAME: APOHELE = APOAPSIS & HELIOS –from Dave Tholen, Cambridge Conference Network (CCNet) DIGEST, 9 July 1998
Benny,
Duncan Steel has already brought up the subject of a class name for objects with orbits interior to the Earth's. To be sure, we've already given that subject some thought. I also wanted a word that begins with the letter "A", but there was some desire to work Hawaiian culture into it. I consulted with a friend of mine that has a master's degree in the Hawaiian language, and she recommended "Apohele", the Hawaiian word for "orbit". I found that an interesting suggestion, because of the similarity to fragments of "apoapsis" and "helios", and these objects would have their apoapsis closer to the Sun than the Earth's orbit. By the way, the pronunciation would be like "ah-poe-hey-lay". Rob Whiteley has suggested "Aliʻi", which refers to the Hawaiian elite, which provides a rich bank of names for discoveries in this class, such as Kuhio, Kalakaua, Kamehameha, Liliuokalani, and so on. Unfortunately, I think theokina (the reverse apostrophe) would be badly treated by most people.
I wasn't planning to bring it up at this stage, but because Duncan has already done so, here's what we've got on the table so far. I'd appreciate some feedback on the suggestions.
--Dave
^Namely, they have coupledoscillations in orbitaleccentricity andinclination
^The nickname "Vatira" combined "Venus" with "Atira".^[15]

References

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^^a ^bBaalke, Ron."Near-Earth Object Groups".Jet Propulsion Laboratory.NASA. Archived fromthe original on 2 February 2002. Retrieved11 November 2016.
^^a ^bChodas, Paul; Khudikyan, Shakeh; Chamberlin, Alan (14 May 2019)."Near-Earth Asteroid Discovery Statistics".Jet Propulsion Laboratory.NASA. Retrieved25 May 2019.
^Tholen, David J.; Whiteley, Robert J. (September 1998). "Results From NEO Searches At Small Solar Elongation".American Astronomical Society.30: 1041.Bibcode:1998DPS....30.1604T.
^(Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library)
^Michel, Patrick;Zappalà, Vincenzo; Cellino, Alberto; Tanga, Paolo (February 2000). "NOTE: Estimated Abundance of Atens and Asteroids Evolving on Orbits between Earth and Sun".Icarus.143 (2).Harcourt:421–424.Bibcode:2000Icar..143..421M.doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6282.
^Ribeiro, Anderson O.; et al. (1 June 2016)."Dynamical study of the Atira group of asteroids".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.458 (4):4471–4476.doi:10.1093/mnras/stw642.
^^a ^b ^c ^dYe, Quanzhi; et al. (2020)."A Twilight Search for Atiras, Vatiras, and Co-orbital Asteroids: Preliminary Results".The Astronomical Journal.159 (2).IOP Publishing: 70.arXiv:1912.06109.Bibcode:2020AJ....159...70Y.doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab629c.S2CID 209324310.
^"Minor Planet Circular 61768"(PDF). Minor Planet Center. Retrieved2024-08-22.
^^a ^b ^c"JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: Q < 0.983 (AU)".JPL Solar System Dynamics.NASA. Retrieved30 December 2017.
^"Small-Body Database Query".Solar System Dynamics – Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA – California Institute of Technology. Retrieved2025-01-17.
^de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (20 December 2023)."Baked before Breaking into Bits: Evidence for Atira-type Asteroid Splits".Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society.7 (12): 278 (3 pages).Bibcode:2023RNAAS...7..278D.doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ad16de.
^^a ^bde la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (11 June 2018)."Kozai--Lidov Resonant Behavior Among Atira-class Asteroids".Research Notes of the AAS.2 (2): 46.arXiv:1806.00442.Bibcode:2018RNAAS...2...46D.doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aac9ce.S2CID 119239031.
^de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (1 August 2019)."Understanding the evolution of Atira-class asteroid 2019 AQ₃, a major step towards the future discovery of the Vatira population".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.487 (2):2742–2752.arXiv:1905.08695.Bibcode:2019MNRAS.487.2742D.doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1437.S2CID 160009327.
^^a ^bDi Carlo, Marilena; Martin, Juan Manuel Romero; Gomez, Natalia Ortiz; Vasile, Massimiliano (1 April 2017)."Optimised low-thrust mission to the Atira asteroids".Advances in Space Research.59 (7).Elsevier:1724–1739.Bibcode:2017AdSpR..59.1724D.doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.009.S2CID 116216149. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023.
^^a ^bGreenstreet, Sarah; Ngo, Henry; Gladman, Brett (January 2012)."The orbital distribution of Near-Earth Objects inside Earth's orbit"(PDF).Icarus.217 (1).Elsevier:355–366.Bibcode:2012Icar..217..355G.doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.010.hdl:2429/37251.We have provisionally named objects with 0.307 < Q < 0.718 AU Vatiras, because they are Atiras which are decoupled from Venus. Provisional because it will be abandoned once the first discovered member of this class will be named.
^^a ^bBolin, Bryce T.; et al. (November 2022)."The discovery and characterization of (594913) 'Ayló'chaxnim, a kilometre sized asteroid inside the orbit of Venus"(PDF).Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters.517 (1):L49 –L54.doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac089. Retrieved1 October 2022.
^"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2020 AV2".Jet Propulsion Laboratory.NASA.Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved9 January 2020.
^Lai, H.T.; Ip, W.H. (4 December 2022)."The orbital evolution of Atira asteroids".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.517 (4):5921–5929.arXiv:2210.09652.doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2991. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023.
^Bottke, William F.; et al. (April 2002)."Debiased Orbital and Absolute Magnitude Distribution of the Near-Earth Objects".Icarus.156 (2):399–433.Bibcode:2002Icar..156..399B.doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6788.
^Masi, Gianluca (June 2003)."Searching for inner-Earth objects: a possible ground-based approach".Icarus.163 (2):389–397.Bibcode:2003Icar..163..389M.doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00082-4.
^Masi, Gianluca (9 January 2020)."2020 AV2, the first intervenusian asteroid ever discovered: an image – 08 Jan. 2020". Virtual Telescope Project. Retrieved9 January 2020.
^Popescu, Marcel M.; et al. (11 August 2020)."Physical characterization of 2020 AV₂, the first known asteroid orbiting inside Venus orbit".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.496 (3):3572–3581.arXiv:2006.08304.Bibcode:2020MNRAS.496.3572P.doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1728.S2CID 219687045. Retrieved8 July 2020.

External links

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List Of Aten Minor Planets, Minor Planet Center

Small Solar System bodies

Minor planets

Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names
Asteroid	Active Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near-Earth Spectral types
Distant minor planet	Centaur Neptune trojan Damocloid Trans-Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc