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List of African-American inventors and scientists

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This article is part of a series on the
Science and technology of the
United States of America
Apollo 11Lunar ModuleEagle above theMoon in July 1969
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Thislist of African-American inventors and scientists documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine.

History

[edit]

African-Americans have been the victims of oppression, discrimination and persecution throughout American history, with an impact on African-American innovation according to a 2014 study by economistLisa D. Cook, which linked violence towards African-Americans and lack of legal protections over the period from 1870 to 1940 with lowered innovation.[1] Despite this, many black innovators have been responsible for a large number of major inventions.

Among the earliest wasGeorge Washington Carver, whose reputation was based on hisresearch into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts.[2] He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including theSpingarn Medal of theNAACP.

A later renowned scientist wasPercy Lavon Julian, a research chemist and a pioneer in thechemical synthesis of medicinaldrugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural productphysostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones,steroids,progesterone, andtestosterone, fromplant sterols such asstigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production ofcortisone, othercorticosteroids, andbirth control pills.[3]

A contemporary example of a modern-day inventor isLonnie George Johnson, an engineer. Johnson invented theSuper Soaker water gun, which was the top-selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992. In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun toLarami Corporation. Two years later, the Super Soaker generated over $200 million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in North America. Larami Corporation was eventually purchased byHasbro, the second largest toy manufacturer in the world. Over the years, Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars. Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies – "It's who I am, it's what I do."[4] As of 2019, Johnson holds over 120 patents, with more pending, and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems.[5][6][7]

List

[edit]
NameYearsOccupationsInventions / accomplishmentsReferences
Adkins, Rodney1958–Electrical engineerFirst African-American to serve as a senior vice president at IBM, helped develop IBM ThinkPad
Alcorn, George Edward Jr.1940–2024Physicist, inventorInvented a method of fabricating an imagingX-ray spectrometer[8][9]
Alexander, Archie1888–1958Civil engineerResponsible for the construction of many roads and bridges, including theWhitehurst Freeway, theTidal Basin Bridge, and an extension to theBaltimore-Washington Parkway.
Ammons, VirgieDecember 29, 1908 – July 12, 2000InventorFiled the fireplace throat damper patent on August 6, 1974.[10]
Amos, Harold1918–2003MicrobiologistFirst African-American department chair atHarvard Medical School[11]
Andrews, James J.1930–1998MathematicianPut forth theAndrews–Curtis conjecture ingroup theory withMorton L. Curtis, still unsolved[12]
Bailey, Leonard C.1825–1918Inventor
Collapsible, folding bed
  • (For the cabinet folding bed, forerunner to the "Murphy bed", patented bySarah E. Goode in 1885, see her entry atGoode, this page.)
[13][14]
Ball, Alice Augusta1892–1916ChemistDeveloped a technique to makechaulmoogra oil injectable and absorbable, for the first effective treatment ofHansen's disease (leprosy)[15]
Banneker, Benjamin1731–1806Almanac author;surveyor; farmerConstructed wooden clock;astronomer; assisted in the survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia; authored a series ofalmanacs andephemerides;naturalist: recorded observations on emergences ofperiodical cicadas and on the behavior ofhoney bees.[16]
Banyaga, Augustin1947–MathematicianWork ondiffeomorphisms andsymplectomorphisms[17]
Bashen, Janet1957–Inventor, entrepreneur, professional consultantFirst African-American woman to receive a patent for a web-based software invention, LinkLine, anEqual Employment Opportunity case management and tracking software[18]
Bath, Patricia1942–2019OphthalmologistFirst African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention; inventions relate tocataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatment[19][20][21]
Beard, Andrew1849–1921Farmer,carpenter,blacksmith,railroad worker, businessman, inventorJanney coupler improvements; invented the car device #594,059 dated November 23, 1897; rotary engine patent #478,271 dated July 5, 1892[22]
Bell, Earl S.1977–Inventor, entrepreneur, architect, industrial designerInvented chair with sliding skin (2004) and the quantitative display apparatus (2005)[23][24]

[25]

Benjamin, Miriam1861–1947Inventor, educatorInvented "Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels"; second African-American woman to receive a patent[26]
Berry, Leonidas1902–1995GastroenterologistGastroscope pioneer[27]
Bharucha-Reid, Albert T.1927–1985Mathematician, statisticianProbability theory andMarkov chain theorist[28]
Black, Keith1957–NeurosurgeonBrain tumor surgery and research[29][30]
Blackwell, David1919–2010Mathematician, statisticianFirst proposed theBlackwell channel model used incoding theory andinformation theory; one of theeponyms of theRao–Blackwell theorem, which is a process that significantly improves crude statisticalestimators[31]
Blair, Henry1807–1860InventorSecond black inventor to issue a patent; invented seed planter and cotton planter.[32][33]
Boahen, Kwabena1964–BioengineerSilicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina[34][35]
Boone, Sarah1832–1905InventorIroning board allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily[36][37][38]
Bouchet, Edward1852–1918PhysicistFirst African-American to receive a PhD in any subject; received physics doctorate fromYale University in 1876
Bowman, James1923–2011PhysicianPathologist and geneticist; Professor EmeritusPritzker School of Medicine; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences[39][40]
Boykin, Otis1920–1982Inventor, engineerArtificial heart pacemaker control unit[41][42][43]
Brady, St. Elmo1884–1966ChemistPublished three scholarly abstracts inScience; collaborated on a paper published in theJournal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry[44]
Brannon, Horace Signor1884–1970PhysicianWorld War I veteran, military physician who served in the93rd Infantry Division[45][46]
Branson, Herman1914–1995Physicist, educatorProtein structure research[47][48]
Brooks, Charles1865– ?InventorStreet sweeper truck and a type of paper punch[49][50][51]
Brown, Henry1832– ?InventorInventedfire safe[52]
Brown, Oscar E.18xx– ?InventorReceived a patent for an improvedhorseshoe[53]
Brown, Marie Van Brittan1922–1999InventorInvented the home security system[54]
Burr, John Albert18xx– ?InventorRotary-blade lawn mower patent[55]
Cannon, Thomas C.1943–InventorLed a group of engineers who developed the Tactical Optical Fiber Connector (TOFC), the first fiber optic connector deployed under battlefield conditions, and the ST Connector that helped make fiber optic communications affordable.
Cardozo, William Warrick1905–1962PediatricianSickle cell anemia studies; in October 1937 he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in theArchives of Internal Medicine; many of the findings are still valid today
Carson, Ben1951–PediatricneurosurgeonPediatricneurosurgery atJohns Hopkins University; first surgeon to successfully separatecraniopagus twins[56]
Carruthers, George(1931–2020)AstrophysicistInvented ultraviolet camera/spectrograph, which was used by NASA when it launched Apollo 16 in 1972[54]
Carver, George Washington1865–1943Botanical researcherDiscovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits, principally thepeanut[57][58][59][60]
Chandler, Edward Marion Augustus1887–1973Chemist2nd African-American to obtain a PhD in chemistry in US and part of the founding faculty of Roosevelt College (nowRoosevelt University)[61]
Chappelle, Charles W.1872–1941Electrician, construction, international businessman, and aviation pioneerDesigned long-distance flight airplane; the only African-American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City; president of the African Union Company, Inc.[62][63][64]
Chappelle, Emmett1925–2019Scientist and researcherValuable contributions to several fields: medicine,biology,food science, andastrochemistry
Chin, KarenPaleontologistConsidered one of the world's leading experts incoprolites
Clark, Kenneth B.1917–1983PsychologistFirst Black president of the American Psychological Association[65]
Clark, Mamie Phipps1914–2005PsychologistConducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race
Collins, Margaret S.1922–1996Entomologist andzoologistFirst African-American female entomologist and the third African-American female zoologist. Collins discovered a new species of termite called Neotermes luykxi, or the Florida damp wood termite, in 1989[66]
Cooke, Lloyd Miller1916–2001Researcher, industrial chemistSpecialized in cellulose and carbohydrate chemistry; awarded theWilliam Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement (1971)[67][68]
Croak, Marian1955-EngineerEngineer known for herVoice over IP (VoIP) related inventions. In 2022, she was inducted into theNational Inventors Hall of Fame for her work with VoIP.[69]
Crosthwait, David Jr.1892–1976Research engineerHeating,ventilation, andair conditioning; received some 40 US patents relating toHVAC systems
Curtis, James H. "Nick"1935–Researcher, chemist (electronics/specialty chemicals)Organic ionogen for aluminum electrolytic capacitors, cationic dialdehyde polysaccharides for wet strength paper and others, US Patent Office US Pat #3609467 US Pat #3547423 and others
Dabiri, John1980–BiophysicistExpert onjellyfishhydrodynamics and designer of a vertical-axiswind farm adapted fromschooling fish
Daly, Marie Maynard1921–2003BiochemistFirst black American woman with a PhD in chemistry
Davis, Chuck? -2017Inventor and electrical engineerInventor of the pROSHIneurofeedback device.[70][71]
Dean, Mark1957–Computer scientistLed the team that developed theISA bus, and led the design team responsible for creating the first one-gigahertzcomputer processor chip[72][73][74]
Drew, Charles1904–1950Medical researcherDeveloped improved techniques for blood storage
Easley, Annie1933–2011[75]Computer scientistWork at theLewis Research Center of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration and its predecessor, theNational Advisory Committee for Aeronautics[75][76]
Ellis, Clarence "Skip"1943–2014Computer scientistFirst African-American with a PhD incomputer science; software inventor including OfficeTalk atXerox PARC[77][78]
Ezerioha, Bisi1972–Automotive engineerDrag racing engineer and driver
Ferguson, Lloyd Noel1918–2011Chemist, educatorChemistry doctorate, first received (1943,University of California, Berkeley)[79][80][81]
Fitzhugh, Courtneyhematologist-oncologist andscientistClinical researcher and head of the laboratory of earlysickle cell mortality prevention at theNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute[82]
Fox, Brian J.1959–Computer scientist, programmer, technologistOriginal author ofbash, and developer of the firstonline banking website in the US.[83]
Fryer, Roland G. Jr.1977–Economist,social scientist, statisticianInequality studies
Gates, Sylvester James1950–Theoretical physicistWork onsupersymmetry,supergravity, andsuperstring theory[84][85]
Gilbert, Juan E.1969–Computer scientistAwarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair atClemson University in honor of his accomplishments
Gipson, Mack1931–1995GeologistFirst Black man to receive a Ph.D. in Geology
Golden, Sherita Hillphysician-scientistHugh P. McCormick Family Professor ofEndocrinology andMetabolism atJohns Hopkins University and her research considers biological and systems influences ondiabetes and its outcomes[86]
Goode, Sarah E.1855–1905InventorFolding "cabinet-bed", forerunner of theMurphy bed; first African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States[87][88][89]
Grant, ChristineChemical engineer,professorAssociate Dean of Faculty Advancement atNorth Carolina State University. Her research considers surface and environmental science. Grant is the 2022 President of theAmerican Institute of Chemical Engineers.[90]
Grant, George F.1846–1910Dentist, professorThe first African-American professor atHarvard,Boston dentist, and inventor of a woodengolf tee.[91]
Graves, Joseph L.1955–Evolutionary biologist[92][93][94]
Green, LisaLinguistSpecializes in syntax and the study of African-American English
Greenaugh, Kevin1956–2023Nuclear engineer[95]
Griffin, Bessie Blount1914–2009Physical therapist, inventorAmputee self-feeding device[96][97]
Hall, Lloyd1894–1971Chemist
Harewood, Ken R.Molecular biologistGlaxoSmithKline Distinguished Professor and Director of theNorth Carolina Central University (NCCU) Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/BiotechnologyResearch institute and recognized for his work in the fields ofcancer biology andcancer drug discovery.[98][99]
Harper, Solomon1895–1980InventorInvented first electrically heated hair roller and 28 other inventions[100]
Harris, James A.1932–2000RadiochemistCo-discoveredRutherfordium (element 104) andDubnium (element 105) atLawrence Livermore Laboratory[101]
Hawkins, Walter Lincoln1911–1992ScientistInventor atBell Laboratories[102]
Hodge, John E.1914–1996Chemist
Holley, Kerrie1954–Computer scientistIBM's 1st black Distinguished Engineer and 2nd blackIBM Fellow. Inventor of several software engineering techniques including system and methods for locating mobile devices using location and presence information[103]
Jackson, John W. Jr.1953–2007Electrical engineer,inventor,activistCo-inventor of imaging x-ray spectrometer. NASA engineer. United States of America Army Civilian Engineer.
Joseph N. JacksonInnovator and inventor.Inventor of the programmable TV remote control[104][105]
Jackson, Mary1921–2005Mathematician, Aerospace engineerNASA's first black female engineer
Jackson, Shirley1946–PhysicistDistinguished and pioneering scientific career, achieving several "firsts" as a woman and as an African-American[106]
Jackson, William1936–Laser chemist/photochemist, cometary astrochemist at Howard University and UC DavisResearch to unravel the key photochemical sinks of important molecules in planetary atmospheres, in our and other solar systems, around stars, and the interstellar medium.[107]
Jarvis, Erich1965–NeurobiologistDuke Universityneuroscience bird songs studies[108][109][110]
Jefferson, Roland1923–2020BotanistFirst African-American botanist to work at theUnited States National Arboretum; played important role in the preservation of Washington, D.C.'s famous flowering cherry trees.[111]
Jennings, Thomas L.1791–1856InventorFirst African-American to be granted a patent (for a dry cleaning process called dry scouring)[112]
Johnson, Isaac18xx– ?InventorHeld patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage[113]
Johnson, Katherine1918–2020Physicist, mathematicianMade contributions to the United States' aeronautics and space programs with the early application of digital electronic computers at NASA.
Johnson, Lonnie1949–Mechanical engineer,nuclear engineer, inventorInventedSuper Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked withNASA; holder of over 80 patents[7][114][115][116]
Jones, Frederick McKinley1893–1961InventorInvented refrigerated truck systems[117]
Julian, Percy1899–1975ChemistFirst to synthesize the natural productphysostigmine; earned 130 chemical patents; lauded for humanitarian achievements[118][119][120][121]
Just, Ernest1883–1941Woods Hole Marine Biology InstitutebiologistProvided basic and initial descriptions of the structure–function–property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells[122][123][124]
Kenner, Mary1912-2006InventorDeveloped theadjustable sanitary belt and a bathroom tissue dispenser; awarded five patents[125]
Kittles, Rick1967–GeneticistWork in tracing the ancestry of African-Americans viaDNA testing[126][127]
Kountz, Samuel L.1930–1981Transplant surgeon, researcherOrgan transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery; author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications[128][129][130][131]
Land, AdrianMicrobiologistResearcher onStreptococcus pneumoniae andStaphylococcus aureus[132][133][134]
Latimer, Lewis1848–1928Inventor, draftsman, expert witnessWorked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison; invented the more durablefilament, which made the incandescent light bulb last long enough to be useful; became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits; said to have invented the water closet.[135][136][137][138]
Lawson, Jerry1940–2011Computer engineerDesigner ofFairchild Channel F, the first programmableROM cartridge-basedvideo game console[139][140]
Lee, Raphael Carl1949–Surgeon,biomedical engineerProfessor atPritzker School of Medicine; discovered ways to improve injury repair mechanisms of living cells; holds patents related to scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, and protective garments[141][142][143][144][145]
Lynk, Beebe Steven1872–1948ChemistTeacher at West Tennessee University
Mahoney, Mary1845–1926NurseFirst African-American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States[146]
Martin, Thomas J.1842–1872InventorAwarded a patent in 1872 for improvements to thefire extinguisher[147][148][149][150]
Samuel P. Massie1919-2005chemistOne of theAfrican American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project to develop atomic bombs in World War II Massie worked withuranium isotopes.[151]
Matthews, Jessica O.1988-Inventor andventure capitalistCo-founder of Uncharted, which made Soccket, a soccer ball that can be used as a portable power generator.[152]
McBay, Henry1914–1995ChemistHis discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds[153][154]
McCaskill-Stevens, Worta1949-2023Physician-scientist andoncologistSpecialized in cancer disparities research, management ofcomorbidities within clinical trials, and molecular research for cancer prevention interventions[155]
McCoy, Elijah1844–1929InventorInvented the automatic lubricator for steam engines, McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen.[156][157]
McKinney, Rosco Lewis1900-1978AnatomistIn 1930 first African American to earn aPh.D. inanatomy.[158][159]
McLurkin, James1972–Roboticist[160]
McNair, Ronald1950–1986Astronaut and PhysicistSpecialized in chemical and high-pressure laser physics
McWhorter, John1965–LinguistSpecializes in the study ofcreole language formation
Mensah, Thomas1950–2024Inventor
Miles, Alexander1838–1918InventorInvented electricelevator doors that automatically open and close[161]
Montgomery, Benjamin1819–1877InventorDesigned a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow water
Moore, Willie Hobbs1934–1994PhysicistFirst African-American woman to earn a PhD in physics (University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972) on vibrational analysis of secondary chlorides[162]
Morgan, Garrett1877–1963InventorInvented an early version of agas mask called asmoke hood, and created the first traffic light that included a third "warning" position which is standard today. Morgan also developed a chemical that was used in hair products for hair-straightening.[163][164]
Newman, Lyda D.1885-InventorPatented novel durablehairbrush withsynthetic bristles which is still used today.[165]
Nriagu, Jerome1944–GeochemistStudies toxic metals in the environment; supporter of thelead poisoning thesis of the decline of theRoman Empire
Owens, Ida Stephens1939–2020Physiology andBiochemistryResearched drug-detoxifying enzymes. One of the first two African Americans to receive a doctorate fromDuke University.[166]
Parker, Alice H.1895–1920InventorFurnace for Central Heating
Petters, Arlie1964–PhysicistWork on themathematical physics ofgravitational lensing
Poindexter, Hildrus1901–1987Bacteriologist,epidemiologistWork on theepidemiology oftropical diseases, includingmalaria
Quarterman, Lloyd Albert1918–1982Scientist, fluoride chemistManhattan Project, worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi
Reddick, Mary Logan1914–1966neuroembryologist, biologistPossibly the first African-American woman scientist to receive a fellowship to study abroad, and the first female biology instructor atMorehouse College.[167]
Reed, Judy W.c. 1826 – c. 1905UnknownConsidered the firstAfrican-American woman to receive a US patent.Patent No. 305,474 for a "Dough Kneader and Roller" was granted September 23, 1884. The patent was for an improved design of existing rollers with dough mixing more evenly while being kept covered and protected.[168]
Renfroe, Earl1907–2000Orthodontist[169][170]
Rillieux, Norbert1806–1894Engineer, inventorInventor of the multiple-effect evaporator[171]
Roberts, Louis W.1913-1995MicrowavephysicistAmong the highest ranking African-American space program staff atNASA while theApollo program was underway.[172]
Robinson, Larry1957–Environmental chemistInvestigated possible role ofarsenic in the death ofZachary Taylor; interim president ofFlorida A&M University
Ross, ArchiaTurn of 20th centuryInventorA runner forstoops (1896), bag closure device (1898), a wrinkle-preventing trouser stretcher (1899), a garment-hanger (1903), and a holder forbrooms and like articles.[173][174][175][176][177]
Russell, Jesse1948–Engineer, inventorWireless communications engineer
Ruth, William Chester1882–1971Inventor, machinistCombination baler feeder, self-lifting farm elevator[178]
Sammons, Walter1890–1973InventorPatent forhot comb[179]
Snyder, Window1976–Computer engineerSecurity engineer atMicrosoft,Mozilla, andApple
Sowell, Thomas1930–Economist,social scientistEconomist, social theorist and political philosopher[180][181][182][183]
Steele, Claude1946–Psychologist,social scientistStereotype threat studies
Stiff, Lee1941–MathematicianPresident of theNational Council of Teachers of Mathematics from 2000 to 2002[184]
Temple, Lewis1800–1854Inventor,blacksmith,abolitionistInventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head[185]
Thomas, Valerie1943–Data analyst andinventorInvented theillusion transmitter[186][187]
Thomas, Vivien1910–1985Surgical technicianBlue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s[188][189][190]
Turner, Charles Henry1867–1923ZoologistFirst person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch, that cockroaches can learn by trial and error, and that honeybees can see color; first African-American to receive a PhD from theUniversity of Chicago[191]
Tyree, G. Bernadette19xx–Biochemist[citation needed]Program Director, Division of Musculoskeletal Diseases, at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health[192]
Tyson, Neil deGrasse1958–AstronomerResearcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences[193][194][195]
Valerino, Powtawche1980–EngineerWorked forJPL andNASA atLangley Research Center
Vaughan, Dorothy1910–2008MathematicianWorked forNACA andNASA atLangley Research Center
Walker, Arthur B. C. Jr.1936–2001AstronomerDevelopednormal incidencemultilayer XUVtelescopes to photograph thesolar corona[196][197][198]
Walker, C. J.1867–1919InventorCreated black cosmetic products[199]
Ward, Dawn N.1973–Organic chemistryCreates compounds to treatHepatitis C[200]
Washington, Warren M.1936–Atmospheric scientistFormer chair of theNational Science Board[201][202][203][204]
West, James E.1931–Acoustician, inventorCo-developed thefoil electret microphone[205][206][207]
White, LisaPaleontologistGeologist and Director of Education and Outreach at the University of California Museum of Paleontology
Wilkins, J. Ernest Jr.1923–2011Mathematician, engineer,nuclear scientistEnteredUniversity of Chicago at age 13; PhD at 19; worked on theManhattan Project; wrote more than 100 scientific papers; helped recruit minorities into the sciences[208][209][210]
Williams, Daniel1856–1931SurgeonThe first black person on record to have successfully performed pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart) surgery to repair a wound.[211]
Williams, Marguerite Thomas1895–1991GeologistFirst black person to receive a Ph.D. in Geology
Williams, Scott W.1943–Mathematician[212]
Williams, Walter E.1936–2020Economist,social scientist[213][214][215]
Winkfield, Karen1970-radiation oncologist,physician-scientist, andimplementation scientistIngram Professor of Cancer Research atVanderbilt University School of Medicine and in 2021, appointed by U.S. presidentJoe Biden to a six-year term on the National Cancer Advisory Board.[216]
Woods, Granville1856–1910InventorInvented the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph[217]
Wright, Jane C.1919–2013Cancer research and surgeonNoted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drugmethotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer
Wright, Louis T.1891–1952SurgeonLed team that first usedAureomycin as a treatment on humans[218][219][220]
Yaeger, Ivan1967–InventorInventor of the Yaeger Prosthetic Arm
Young, Roger Arliner1899–1964ZoologistFirst African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology[221][222]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Cook, Lisa D. (June 1, 2014). "Violence and economic activity: evidence from African-American patents, 1870–1940".Journal of Economic Growth.19 (2):221–257.doi:10.1007/s10887-014-9102-z.ISSN 1573-7020.S2CID 153971489.
  2. ^Carver, George Washington. 1916."How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption" [https://tgjcvy//web.archive.org/web/20121213082146/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/fruit-nut/carver-peanut/ Archived] December 13, 2012, at tgjcvy(Error: unknown archive URL), Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31.
  3. ^"Percy Lavon Julian".Science History Institute. June 1, 2016. RetrievedAugust 3, 2020.
  4. ^"Interview with CNBC'sHow I Made my Millions".The Life Files. Archived fromthe original on September 24, 2010. RetrievedApril 2, 2018.
  5. ^"Lonnie George Johnson".www.nsbp.org. RetrievedAugust 3, 2020.
  6. ^Roche, Timothy.Soaking In Success,Time, December 4, 2000.
  7. ^abProducts Created by Independent InventorsArchived December 31, 2010, at theWayback Machine, April 2, 2009,Inventors Digest.
  8. ^"George Edward Alcorn, Jr".About.com. Archived fromthe original on January 16, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2008.
  9. ^"Alcorn excelled in missile research".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 20, 2002. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2008.George Edward Alcorn Jr. attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1962 and a master's in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later. He attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1962 and a master's in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later.
  10. ^"The Virgie Ammons Fireplace Tool Keeps Heat from Escaping the Chimney".
  11. ^"Dr. Harold Amos, 84; Mentor to Aspiring Minority Physicians".Los Angeles Times. March 8, 2003. RetrievedMarch 11, 2011.
  12. ^Andrews, J. J.; Curtis, M. L. (1965), "Free groups and handlebodies",Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society,16 (2):192–195,doi:10.2307/2033843,JSTOR 2033843,MR 0173241.
  13. ^US RE11830, Bailey, Leonard, "Folding Bed", issued June 12, 1900 
  14. ^Bailey, Leonard C. (June 2, 1900) [Original No. 629,286, dated July 18, 1899; Application for reissue filed March 5, 1900, Serial No. 7,418],Folding bed: Specification forming part of Reissued Letters Patent No. 11,830, dated June 12, 1900. Reissued June 2, 1900(PDF), Washington, District of Columbia: United States Patent Office, archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 20, 2022, retrievedMarch 20, 2022 – via Google patents
  15. ^Mendheim, Beverly (September 2007)."Lost and Found: Alice Augusta Ball, an Extraordinary Woman of Hawaiʻi Nei".Northwest Hawaii Times. Archived fromthe original on October 6, 2014. RetrievedMay 20, 2013.
  16. ^Bedini, Silvio A. (1999).The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society.ISBN 0-938420-59-3.LCCN 98022848.OCLC 894558859. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2019 – viaInternet Archive.
  17. ^Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of ScholarsArchived January 6, 2013, at theWayback Machine
  18. ^Janet Emerson Bashen, Retrieved from About.com website March 14, 2011.
  19. ^Henderson, Susan K. (March 1, 1998).African-American Inventors III. Capstone Press. p. 12.ISBN 978-1-56065-698-2.
  20. ^"Modern Black Inventors".Jet.101 (7): 55. February 4, 2002.ISSN 0021-5996. RetrievedFebruary 25, 2011.
  21. ^Lambert, Laura (September 1, 2007).Inventors and Inventions. Marshall Cavendish. p. 72.ISBN 978-0-7614-7763-1.
  22. ^Bellis, Mary (2008)."Andrew Beard (1849–1921)".About.com: Inventors. Archived fromthe original on July 13, 2012. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2008.
  23. ^Earl S. Bell, Retrieved from About.com website June 6, 2011.
  24. ^Earl S. Bell, Retrieved from uspto.gov website June 6, 2011.
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External links

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Lists of inventions or discoveries
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