Epyc

General information
Launched	June 20, 2017; 8 years ago (2017-06-20)
Marketed by	AMD
Designed by	AMD
Common manufacturers	GlobalFoundries (14 nm and12 nm) TSMC (7 nm and beyond)
Performance
Max.CPUclock rate	2.7 GHz to 5.7 GHz
Architecture and classification
Technology node	14 nm to3 nm
Microarchitecture	Zen microarchitecture: Zen Zen 2 Zen 3 Zen 4 Zen 4c Zen 5 Zen 5c
Instruction set	AMD64 (x86-64)
Extensions	MMX(+),SSE1,SSE2,SSE3,SSSE3,SSE4a,SSE4.1,SSE4.2,AVX,AVX2,AVX-512 (with Zen 4 and later),FMA3,CVT16/F16C,ABM,BMI1,BMI2,AES,CLMUL,RDRAND,SHA,SME,AMD-V,AMD-Vi
Physical specifications
Cores	up to 192 cores/384 threads per socket
Memory (RAM)	up to 12 memory channels at 6400 MT/s
Socket	AM5 SP3 SP5 SP6
Products, models, variants
Core names	Naples Rome Milan Genoa Bergamo Siena Raphael Turin
History
Predecessor	Opteron

Epyc (stylized as EPYC) is a brand ofmulti-corex86-64microprocessors designed and sold byAMD, based on the company'sZen microarchitecture. Introduced in June 2017, they are specifically targeted for theserver andembedded system markets.^[1]

Epyc processors share the same microarchitecture as their regular desktop-grade counterparts, but have enterprise-grade features such as higher core counts, morePCI Express lanes, support for larger amounts of RAM, support forECC memory, and largerCPU cache. They also support multi-chip and dual-socket system configurations by using theInfinity Fabric interconnect.

• In March 2017, AMD announced plans to re-enter the server market with a platform based on theZen microarchitecture, codenamed Naples, and officially revealed it under the brand name Epyc in May.^[2] That June AMD officially launched Epyc 7001 series processors, offering up to 32 cores per socket, and enabling performance that allowed Epyc to be competitive with the competingIntel Xeon Scalable product line.^[3] In August 2019, the Epyc 7002 "Rome" series processors, based on theZen 2 microarchitecture, launched, doubling the core count per socket to 64, and increasing per-core performance dramatically over the last generation architecture.

• In March 2021, AMD launched the Epyc 7003 "Milan" series, based on theZen 3 microarchitecture.^[4] Epyc Milan brought the same 64 cores as Epyc Rome, but with much higher per-core performance, with the Epyc 7763 beating the Epyc 7702 by up to 22 percent despite having the same number of cores and threads.^[5] A refresh of the Epyc 7003 "Milan" series with 3D V-Cache, named Milan-X, launched on March 21, 2022, using the same cores as Milan, but with an additional 512 MB of cache stacked onto the compute dies, bringing the total amount of cache per CPU to 768 MB.^[6]

• In September 2021,Oak Ridge National Laboratory partnered with AMD andHPE Cray to buildFrontier, a supercomputer with 9,472 Epyc 7453 CPUs and 37,888Instinct MI250X GPUs, becoming operational by May 2022. As of November 2023, it is the most powerful supercomputer in the world according to theTOP500, with a peak performance of over 1.6exaFLOPS.

• In November 2021, AMD detailed the upcoming generations of Epyc, and unveiled the new LGA-6096SP5 socket that would support the new generations of Epyc chips. Codenamed Genoa, these CPUs are based on theZen 4 microarchitecture and built onTSMC'sN5 node, supporting up to 96 cores and 192 threads per socket, alongside 12 channels ofDDR5^[7] and 128PCIe 5.0 lanes. Genoa also became the first x86 server CPU to supportCompute Express Link 1.1,^[8] or CXL, allowing for further expansion of memory and other devices with a high bandwidth interface built on PCIe 5.0. AMD also shared information regarding the sister chip of Genoa, codenamed Bergamo. Bergamo is based on a modified version of Zen 4 named Zen 4c, designed to allow for much higher core counts and efficiency at the cost of lower single-core performance, targetingcloud providers and workloads, compared to traditionalhigh performance computing workloads.^[9] It is compatible with Socket SP5, and supports up to 128 cores and 256 threads per socket.^[10]

• In November 2022, AMD launched their 4th generation Epyc "Genoa" series of CPUs. Some tech reviewers and customers had already received hardware for testing and benchmarking, and third party benchmarks of Genoa parts were immediately available. The flagship part, the 96 core Epyc 9654, set records for multi-core performance, and showed up to 4× performance compared to Intel's flagship part, the Xeon Platinum 8380. High memory bandwidth and extensive PCIe connectivity removed many bottlenecks, allowing all 96 cores to be utilized in workloads where previous generation Milan chips would have been I/O-bound.

• In June 2023, AMD began shipping the 3D V-Cache enabled Genoa-X lineup, a variant of Genoa that uses the same 3D die stacking technology as Milan-X to enable up to 1152 MB of L3 cache, a 50% increase over Milan-X, which had a maximum of 768 MB of L3 cache.^[11] On the same day, AMD also announced the release of their cloud optimized Zen 4c SKUs, codenamed Bergamo, offering up to 128 cores per socket, utilizing a modified version of the Zen 4 core that was optimized for power efficiency and to reduce die space. Zen 4c cores do not have any instructions removed compared to standard Zen 4 cores; instead, the amount of L3 cache per CCX is reduced from 32 MB to 16 MB, and the frequency of the cores is reduced.^[12] Bergamo is socket compatible with Genoa, using the same SP5 socket and supporting the same CXL, PCIe, and DDR5 capacity as Genoa.^[13]

• In September 2023, AMD launched their low power and embedded 8004 series of CPUs, codenamed Siena. Siena utilizes a new socket, called SP6, which has a smaller footprint and pin count than the SP5 socket of its contemporary Genoa processors. Siena utilizes the same Zen 4c core architecture as Bergamo cloud native processors, allowing up to 64 cores per processor, and the same 6 nm I/O die as Bergamo and Genoa, although certain features have been cut down, such as reducing the memory support from 12 channels of DDR5 to only 6, and removing dual socket support.^[14]

• In May 2024, AMD launched the new 4004 series of CPUs, codenamedRaphael. Sharing the same AM5 socket as desktop Ryzen CPUs. In contrast to desktop parts ECC memories are supported. AM5 motherboard manufacturers do not support the 4004 so available options are very limited to devices which are not suitable for desktop use.

• On October 10, 2024, AMD launched the new 9005 series of CPUs, codenamedTurin. Sharing the same SP5 socket as Genoa and Bergamo, Turin came with numerous platform advancements, including the support for up to 6400 MT/s DDR5 memory.^[15] Turin also increased the core count and frequency offerings, with Turin offering 128 Zen 5 cores per socket, and Turin Dense offering 192 Zen 5c cores per socket. And with the highest frequency SKU (The EPYC 9575F) having a operating frequency of up to 5 GHz.^[16]

AMD Epyc CPU codenames follow the naming scheme ofItalian cities, includingMilan,Rome,Naples,Genoa,Bergamo,Siena,Turin andVenice.

Epyc CPUs use amulti-chip module design to enable higher yields for a CPU than traditional monolithic dies. First generation Epyc CPUs are composed of four 14 nm compute dies, each with up to 8 cores.^[22][23] Cores are symmetrically disabled on dies to create lower binned products with fewer cores but the same I/O andmemory footprint. Second and Third gen Epyc CPUs are composed of eight compute dies built on a 7 nm process node, and a largeinput/output (I/O) die built on a 14 nm process node.^[24] Third gen Milan-X CPUs use advancedthrough-silicon-vias to stack an additional die on top of each of the 8 compute dies, adding 64 MB of L3 cache per die.^[25]

Epyc CPUs supports both single socket and dual socket operation. In a dual socket configuration, 64PCIe lanes from each CPU are allocated to AMD's proprietaryInfinity Fabric interconnect to allow for full bandwidth between both CPUs.^[26] Thus, a dual socket configuration has the same number of usable PCIe lanes as a single socket configuration. First generation Epyc CPUs had 128 PCIe 3.0 lanes, while second and third generation had 128 PCIe 4.0 lanes. All current Epyc CPUs are equipped with up to eight channels of DDR4 at varying speeds, though next gen Genoa CPUs are confirmed by AMD to support up to twelve channels of DDR5.^[7][27]

Unlike Opteron, Intel equivalents and AMD's desktop processors (excludingSocket AM1), Epyc processors are chipset-free - also known assystem on a chip. That means most features required to make servers fully functional (such as memory, PCI Express, SATA controllers, etc.) are fully integrated into the processor, eliminating the need for a chipset to be placed on the mainboard. Some features may require the use of additional controller chips to utilize.

Initial reception to Epyc was generally positive.^[27] Epyc was generally found to outperform Intel CPUs in cases where the cores could work independently, such as inhigh-performance computing andbig-data applications. First generation Epyc fell behind in database tasks compared toIntel'sXeon parts due to higher cache latency.^[27] In 2021Meta Platforms selected Epyc chips for itsmetaverse data centers.^[28]

Epyc Genoa was well received, as it offered improved performance and efficiency compared to previous offerings, though received some criticism for not having 2DIMMs per channel configurations validating, with some reviewers calling it an "incomplete platform".^[29]

The first generation was composed of only the 7001 series SKUs, all using the same MCM topology with fourZeppelin dies interconnected on the MCM. Each SOC die contributes its two DDR4 memory channels, 32 external PCIe 3.0 lanes, two 4-core core complexes and associated I/O interfaces like 4 SATA ports or several USB ports.

Common features:

• SP3 socket
• Zen microarchitecture
• GloFo14 nm process
• MCM with fourSystem-on-a-chip (SOC) dies, two core complexes (CCX) per SOC die^[30]
• Eight-channel DDR4-2666 (the 7251 model is limited to DDR4-2400)
• 128 PCIe 3.0 lanes per socket, 64 of which are used forInfinity Fabric inter-processor links in 2P platforms
• 7001P series models are limited to uniprocessor operation (1P)

In November 2018, AMD announced Epyc 2 at their Next Horizon event, the second generation of Epyc processors codenamed "Rome" and based on the Zen 2microarchitecture.^[40] The processors feature up to eight7 nm-based "chiplet" processors with a 14 nm-basedIO chip providing 128PCIe 4.0 lanes in the center interconnected viaInfinity Fabric. The processors support up to 8 channels ofDDR4 RAM up to 4TB, and introduce support for PCIe 4.0. These processors have up to 64 cores with 128SMT threads per socket.^[41] The 7 nm "Rome" is manufactured byTSMC.^[24] It was released on August 7, 2019.^[42] It has 39.5 billion transistors.^[43]

In April 2020, AMD launched three new SKUs using Epyc's 7nm Rome platform. The three processors introduced were the eight-core Epyc 7F32, the 16-core 7F52 and the 24-core 7F72, featuring base clocks up to 3.7 GHz (up to 3.9 GHz with boost) within a TDP range of 180 to 240 watts. The launch was supported byDell EMC,Hewlett Packard Enterprise,Lenovo,Supermicro, andNutanix.^[44]

Common features:

• SP3 socket
• Zen 2 microarchitecture
• TSMC7 nm process for the compute dies,GloFo14 nm process for the I/O die
• MCM with oneI/O Die (IOD) and multipleCore Complex Dies (CCD) for compute, two core complexes (CCX) per CCD chiplet
• Eight-channel DDR4-3200
• 128 PCIe 4.0 lanes per socket, 64 of which are used forInfinity Fabric inter-processor links in 2P platforms
• 7002P series models are limited to uniprocessor operation (1P)

At the HPC-AI Advisory Council in the United Kingdom in October 2019, AMD stated specifications for Milan, Epyc chips based on theZen 3 microarchitecture.^[46] Milan chips will useSocket SP3, with up to 64 cores on package, and support eight-channelDDR4RAM and 128PCIe 4.0 lanes.^[46] It also announced plans for the subsequent generation of chips, codenamed Genoa, that will be based on the Zen 4 microarchitecture and useSocket SP5.^[46]

Milan CPUs were launched by AMD on March 15, 2021.^[47]

Milan-X CPUs were launched March 21, 2022.^[6] They use 3D V-Cache technology to increase the maximum L3 cache per socket capacity from 256 MB to 768 MB.^[48][49][50]

Common features:

• SP3 socket
• Zen 3 microarchitecture
• TSMC7 nm process for the compute and cache dies,GloFo14 nm process for the I/O die
• MCM with oneI/O Die (IOD) and multipleCore Complex Dies (CCD) for compute, one core complex (CCX) per CCD chiplet
• Eight-channel DDR4-3200
• 128 PCIe 4.0 lanes per socket, 64 of which are used forInfinity Fabric inter-processor links in 2P platforms
• 7003X series models include 64 MiB L3 cache diesstacked on top of the compute dies (3D V-Cache)
• 7003P series models are limited to uniprocessor operation (1P)

On November 10, 2022, AMD launched the fourth generation of Epyc server and data center processors based on the Zen 4 microarchitecture, codenamed Genoa.^[52] At their launch event, AMD announced thatMicrosoft andGoogle would be some of Genoa's customers.^[53] Genoa features between 16 and 96 cores with support forPCIe 5.0 andDDR5. There was also an emphasis by AMD on Genoa's energy efficiency, which according to AMD CEOLisa Su, means "lower total cost of ownership" for enterprise and cloud datacenter clients.^[54] Genoa uses AMD's newSP5 (LGA 6096) socket.^[55]

On June 13, 2023, AMD introduced Genoa-X with 3D V-Cache technology for technical computing performance and Bergamo (9734, 9754 and 9754S) for cloud native computing.^[56]

On September 18, 2023, AMD introduced the low power Siena lineup of processors, based on the Zen 4c microarchitecture. Siena supports up to 64 cores on the new SP6 socket, which is currently only used by Siena processors. Siena uses the same I/O die as Bergamo, however certain features, such as dual socket support, are removed, and other features are reduced, such as the change from 12 channel memory support to 6 channel memory support.^[57]

In May 2024, AMD launched the Raphael lineup of processors, based on the Zen4 microarchitecture. Raphael support up to 16 cores on the AM5 socket.

The fifth generation of Epyc processors were showcased by AMD at Computex 2024 on June 3. Named the Epyc 9005 series, it will come in two variants:^[58]

• Zen 5 based, up to 128 cores and 256 threads, built onTSMCN4X process
• Zen 5c based, up to 192 cores and 384 threads, built onTSMCN3E process

Both variants are officially referred to under theTurin codename by AMD, although the nickname of "Turin Dense" has also been used to refer to the Zen 5c based CPUs.^[59]

Turin Dense support the x2AVIC CPU feature

Both of these processor series will be socket-compatible with the SP5 socket used by Genoa and Bergamo. Epyc 9005 series were launched on October 10, 2024, at AMD's Advancing AI event 2024.^[60]

In May 2025, AMD announced the Epyc 4005 series of processors, codenamed Grado. They are based on the Zen 5 microarchitecture and support up to 16 cores.^[61] Unlike the 9005 series, these processors areSocket AM5 compatible.

In February 2018, AMD also announced the Epyc 3000 series of embedded Zen CPUs.^[62]

Common features of EPYC Embedded 3000 series CPUs:

• Socket:SP4 (31xx and 32xx models use SP4r2 package).
• All the CPUs supportECCDDR4-2666 indual-channel mode (3201 supports only DDR4-2133), while 33xx and 34xx models support quad-channel mode.
• L1cache: 96 KB (32 KB data + 64 KB instruction) per core.
• L2 cache: 512 KB per core.
• All the CPUs support 32PCIe 3.0 lanes per CCD (max 64 lanes).
• Fabrication process:GlobalFoundries14 nm.

A variant created for the Chinese server market byHygon Information Technology is theHygon Dhyanasystem on a chip.^[65][66] It is noted to be a variant of the AMD Epyc, and is so similar that "there is little to no differentiation between the chips".^[65] It has been noted that there is "less than 200 lines of new kernel code" forLinux kernel support, and that the Dhyana is "mostly a re-branded Zen CPU for the Chinese server market".^[66] Later benchmarks showed that certain floating point instructions are performing worse, probably to comply with USexport restrictions.^[67] AES and other westerncryptography algorithms are replaced by Chinese variants throughout the design.^[67]

• AMD x86 microprocessors
• Computer-related introductions in 2017
• 64-bit microprocessors

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