Lippmann process photography is an earlycolor photography method and type ofalternative process photography. It was invented by French scientistGabriel Lippmann in 1891 and consists of first focusing an image onto alight-sensitive plate, placing theemulsion in contact with a mirror (originally liquidmercury) during theexposure to introduceinterference,chemicallydeveloping the plate, inverting the plate and painting the glass black, and finally affixing aprism to the emulsion surface. The image is then viewed by illuminating the plate with light. This type of photography became known asinterferential photography orinterferometric colour photography and the results it produces are sometimes calleddirect photochromes,interference photochromes, orLippmann photochromes (distinguished from the earlier so-called "photochromes" which were merely black-and-white photographs painted with color by hand).[1][2] In French, the method is known asphotographie interférentielle and the resulting images were originally exhibited asdes vues lippmaniennes. Lippmann won theNobel Prize in Physics in 1908 "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference".[3]
Images made with this method are created on aLippmann plate: a clear glass plate (having noanti-halation backing), coated with an almost transparent (very low silver halide content)emulsion of extremely fine grains, typically 0.01 to 0.04 micrometres in diameter.[4]Consequently, Lippmann plates have an extremely high resolving power[5] exceeding 400 lines/mm.
In Lippmann's method, a glass plate is coated with an ultra fine grain[6] light-sensitive film (originally using thealbumen process containingpotassium bromide; later and primarily usingsilver halide gelatin),[7] then dried, sensitized in the silver bath, washed, irrigated with cyanine solution, and dried again. The back of the film is then brought into optical contact with a reflective surface. This originally was done by mounting the plate in a specialized holder with puremercury behind the film. When it is exposed in the camera through the glass side of the plate, the light rays which strike the transparent light-sensitive film are reflected back on themselves and, by interference, createstanding waves.[1] The standing waves cause exposure of the emulsion in diffraction patterns. The developed and fixated diffraction patterns constitute aBragg condition in which diffuse, white light is scattered in a specular fashion and undergoes constructive interference in accordance to Bragg's law.[8] The result is an image having very similar colours as the original using a black and white photographic process.
For this method Lippmann won theNobel Prize in Physics in 1908.[9]
The colour image can only be viewed in the reflection of a diffuse light source from the plate, making thefield of view limited, and therefore not easily copied with conventional techniques. The method was very insensitive with the emulsions of the time and it never came into general use. Another reason Lippmann's process of colour photography did not succeed can be found in the invention of theautochrome plates by theLumière brothers.[1] A technique derived from the Lippmann technique has been proposed as a method of producing images which can easily be viewed, but not copied, for security purposes.[10]
![An 1899 interferential photograph of a stuffed parrot made by Richard Neuhauss [de]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aParrot_photo_made_by_Gabriel_Lippmann_in_1891.jpg)
![A 1906 interferential photograph by Auguste Ponsot [fr], Lippmann's student and colleague](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBouquet_de_Fleurs-laboratoire_de_physique_de_la_facult%25C3%25A9_des_sciences_de_Lille_par_Auguste_Ponsot_vers_1905.png)
Because the photographs are so durable, researchers have reworked Lippmann plates for use inarchival data storage to replacehard drives.[13] Work began on the project after they were made aware data storage on theInternational Space Station requires daily maintenance because it can be damaged bycosmic rays and they recalled that silver halide would not be significantly affected by astroparticles (or evenelectromagnetic pulses from nuclear explosions). 150 standing-wave storage samples placed on the ISS during 2019 showed no signs of data degradation after exposure to cosmic rays for nine months.[13]
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