| Lindera | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lindera melissifolia | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | Lindera Thunb. |
| Species | |
See text | |
| Synonyms | |
Lindera is a genus of about 80–100[1] species offlowering plants in the familyLauraceae, mostly native to easternAsia but with three species in easternNorth America.[1][2] The species areshrubs and smalltrees;[2] common names includespicewood,spicebush, andBenjamin bush.
The Latin nameLindera commemorates the Swedish doctorJohan Linder (1676–1724).[3]
Lindera areevergreen ordeciduous trees or shrubs.[2] The leaves are alternate, entire or three-lobed, and strongly spicy-aromatic.Lindera aredioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees. The inflorescences are composed of 3 to 15 small flowers existing as pseudo-umbels. They are sessile or on short shoots. The flowers are from greenish to white, greenish-yellow, or yellowish, with six tepals arranged in a star shape.[2] The male flowers have 9 to 15 fertile stamens; the innermost circle of stamens can be found at the base of the stamen glands. Usually the stamens are longer than the anthers, which in turn consist of two chambers and are directed inwards or sideways. The vestigial ovary is negligible or absent. The base of the flower is small and flat. The female flowers have a varying number of staminodes.Pollination is done bybees and otherinsects.Lindera fruit have ahypocarpium at the base of the fruit, which in some cases forms a cup that encloses the bottom part of the fruit.[2] The fruit is a small red, purple or blackdrupe containing a singleseed, dispersed mostly by birds. Many species reproduce vegetatively bystolons.
The genus appears to be able to occupy widely different habitats as long as its requirements for water are met.[citation needed]Habitat fragmentation severely affects dioecious[citation needed] species likeLindera melissifolia (pondberry), because populations with plants of a single sex can only vegetatively reproduce. With significant habitat loss, plants become ever more isolated, lessening the likelihood that pollinators will travel from male to female plants.
Most are found on the bottoms and edges of shallow seasonal ponds in old dune fields, but in drier areas they occur in low riverine habitat.[citation needed]MostLindera colonies occur in light shade beneath a forest canopy, but a few grow in almost full sunlight.[citation needed]In warmer areas they occur in bottomland hardwood forests.[citation needed]
The North American species ofLindera are relicts that originally were more common when the climate of North America was more humid, and they are not so widespread geographically as in the past.
Thehermit thrush has been identified as a dispersal agent of seeds ofL. melissifolia.[4]
Lindera species are used as food plants by thelarvae of someLepidoptera species, includingthe engrailed and thespicebush swallowtail.
The bark, twigs, and leaves of some species can be used to make tea. The berries have also sometimes been used. The young bark can be chewed to parch thirst.[5]
Lindera umbellata containslinderatin,methyllinderatin andlinderachalcone which are structurally related tocannabidiol.[6][verification needed]