Linda Nochlin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Linda Weinberg (1931-01-30)January 30, 1931 New York City, United States |
| Died | October 29, 2017(2017-10-29) (aged 86) |
| Occupation | Art historian |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Vassar College Columbia University New York University |
| Academic work | |
| Notable students | Susan Casteras |
Linda Nochlin (néeWeinberg; January 30, 1931 – October 29, 2017) was an American art historian, Lila Acheson Wallace Professor Emerita of Modern Art atNew York University Institute of Fine Arts,[1] and writer. As a prominent feminist art historian, she became well known for her pioneering 1971 article "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" published byARTnews.[2]
Linda Natalie Weinberg was born to asecularJewish family,[3] the daughter of Jules Weinberg and Elka Heller (Weinberg) inBrooklyn, New York[4] and raised in the borough'sCrown Heights neighborhood.[5] She attended Brooklyn Ethical Cultural School, a progressive grammar school.[6] She received herBachelor of Arts inPhilosophy fromVassar College in 1951, herMaster of Arts in English fromColumbia University in 1952, and herPh.D in thehistory of art from theInstitute of Fine Arts atNew York University in 1963.
After working in the art history departments atYale University, theGraduate Center of the City University of New York (withRosalind Krauss), andVassar College, Nochlin took a position at theInstitute of Fine Arts, where she taught until retiring in 2013.[7] In 2000,Self and History: A Tribute to Linda Nochlin was published, an anthology of essays developing themes that Nochlin worked on throughout her career.
Her critical attention was drawn to investigating the ways in which gender affects the creation and apprehension of art, as evidenced by her 1994 essay "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins".[8] Besides feminist art history, she was best known for her work onRealism, specifically onGustave Courbet.
Complementing her career as an academic, she served on the Art Advisory Council of theInternational Foundation for Art Research.[9]
Nochlin was the co-curator of a number of landmark exhibitions exploring the history and achievements of female artists.
In March 2007, Nochlin co-curated the feminist art exhibition "Global Feminisms" alongsideMaura Reilly at theElizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at theBrooklyn Museum, New York City, United States.[10] It was one of the first international exhibitions (see alsoWACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution) that was exclusively dedicated to feminist art, and it featured works from approximately eighty-eight women artists from around the world. The exhibit featured art in all forms of media, such as photography, video, performance, painting andsculpture. The goal of the exhibit was to move beyond the dominating brand of Westernfeminism, and instead showcase different understandings of feminism and feminist art from a global perspective.[11]
AlongsideGlobal Feminisms, Nochlin also co-curatedWomen Artists: 1550–1950, the first international art exhibition created solely by female artists on December 21, 1976. It debuted eighty-three artists from 12 countries, and contained roughly 150 European American paintings.[12] In the exhibition catalogue,Ann Sutherland Harris and Linda Nochlin stated "Our intention in assembling these works by European and American women artists active from 1550 to 1950 is to make more widely known the achievements of some fine artists whose neglect can in part be attributed to their sex and to learn more about why and how women artists first emerged as rare exceptions in the sixteenth century and gradually became more numerous until they were a largely accepted part of the cultural scene."[13] As a four-city exhibition, it was originally located at theLos Angeles County Museum of Art in Los Angeles, California, United States. It was then moved and displayed at theJack S. Blanton Museum of Art at theUniversity of Texas at Austin, Texas. It then continued its journey and was displayed at theCarnegie Museum of Art inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and completed the exhibition at theBrooklyn Museum in New York City, the same placeGlobal Feminisms was displayed.[14]
In 1971,ARTnews published Nochlin's essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?", in which she explored assumptions embedded in the title's question. She considered the very nature of art along with the reasons why the notion of artisticgenius has been reserved for male geniuses, such asMichelangelo. Nochlin argued that significant societal barriers have prevented women from pursuing art, including restrictions on educating women in art academies and "the entire romantic, elitist, individual-glorifying, and monograph-producing substructure upon which the profession of art history is based ".[2] The thirty-year anniversary of Nochlin's ground-breaking inquiry informed a conference atPrinceton University in 2001. The book associated with the conference,Women Artists at the Millennium,[15] includes Nochlin's essay "'Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?' Thirty Years After". In the conference and in the book, art historians addressed the innovative work of such figures asLouise Bourgeois,Eva Hesse,Francesca Woodman,Carrie Mae Weems, andMona Hatoum, in the light of the legacies of thirty years of feminist art history.
In her 1994 essay "Starting from Scratch: The Beginnings of Feminist Art History," Nochlin reflected on her awakening as a feminist and its impact on her scholarship and teaching: "In 1969, three major events occurred in my life: I had a baby, I became a feminist, and I organized the first class in Women and Art at Vassar College."[16]
Nochlin deconstructed art history by identifying and questioning methodological presuppositions.[17] She was an advocate for "art historians who investigate the work before their eyes while focusing on its subject matter, informed by a sensitivity to its feminist spirit."[18]
FollowingEdward Said's influential 1978 book,Orientalism, Nochlin was one of the first art historians to apply theories ofOrientalism to the study of art history, specifically in her 1983 paper, "The Imaginary Orient."[19][20] Her key assertion was that Orientalism must be seen from the point-of-view of 'the particular power structure in which these works came into being,"[21] in this case, 19th century Frenchcolonialism. Nochlin focused primarily on the 19th century French artistsJean-Leon Gérôme andEugène Delacroix, who both depicted 'orientalist' themes in their work, including, respectively,The Snake Charmer andThe Death of Sardanapalus. In Gérôme's "The Snake Charmer," from the late 1860s, Nochlin described how Gérôme created a sense of verisimilitude not only in his rendering of the scene with such realistic precision one almost forgets a painter painted it, but in capturing the most minute details, such as meticulously painted tiles.[22] As a result, the painting appears to be documentary evidence of life in the Ottoman court while, according to Nochlin, it is in fact a Westerner's vision of a mysterious world. In Delacroix's "The Death of Sardanapalus" from 1827, Nochlin argued that the artist used Orientalism to explore overt erotic and violent themes that may not necessarily reflect France's cultural hegemony but rather the chauvinism and misogyny of early 19th century French society.[23]
In "Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian," which is the introduction to Nochlin's book of essaysRepresenting Women, Nochlin examines the representation of women innineteenth-century art and the ways in which the ad hocmethodology is at play, as she writes, "What I am questioning is the possibility of a single methodology—empirical,theoretical, or both, or neither—which is guaranteed to work in every case, a kind of methodological Vaseline which lubricates an entry into the problem and ensures a smooth, perfect outcome every time" and "[Although] the 'methodology' of these pieces might be described as ad hoc in the extreme, the political nature of this project is far from ad hoc because there is a pre-existing ethical issue at stake which lies at the heart of the undertaking: the issue of women and their representation in art".[24] Here Nochlin is looking at theintersection of the self and history between the middle of the 18th century and the early decades of the 20th, as she analyzes the different ways artists portray women and how these portrayals are representatives of their gender.[25]
In March 1978, Nochlin looked at the sexual asymmetry of the word "fallen" and how it is used in regards of gender. For men, it depicts an act of heroism, but for women the term is applied much more negatively and is understood in terms of any sexual activity that is performed out of wedlock. The same differentiation appears in art as well, as fallen in a masculine sense inspired sculptural monuments, versus fallen in a feminine sense struck fascination of nineteenth-century artists.[26] This fascination with the theme of fallen women can be said to have inspired some of the works byDante Gabriel Rossetti, where he devoted a number of poems and pictorial works to the subject, which resulted in his most notable work: the paintingFound.[27]
Nochlin's essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" not only altered the way we viewfeminist art, but it also affected how we view women's recognition in other fields. Nochlin's work inspired the essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs?", by Charlotte Druckman, in which the author analyzes the termscook andchef, and how each one is attributed to an individual based on his or her gender. Acook is often associated with a woman whereas achef is associated with a man. Druckman argues that "In theory, we've come a long way from the notion that a woman's place is in the domestic kitchen, and that the only kitchen appropriate for a man is the professional one. But in practice, things can be pared down to the following equation:woman : man as cook : chef."[28] By using Nochlin's argument in "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?", Druckman follows in her footsteps by arguing, "It becomes clear that we need to ask not why these semantic nuances exist but where they come from, and whether we might be complicit in perpetuating them."[28]
Nochlin married twice. First, in 1953 she married Philip H. Nochlin, an assistant professor of philosophy at Vassar, who died seven years later. She then married Richard Pommer, an architectural historian, in 1968.[6] Nochlin had two daughters: Jessica, with Philip Nochlin,[29] and Daisy, with Richard Pommer, who was depicted with Nochlin by the artistAlice Neel in 1973.[30]
Linda Nochlin died at age 86 on October 29, 2017.[31]
Nochlin's published writings encompass 156 works in 280 publications in 12 languages and 20,393 library holdings.[34]
