Thisglossary of names for the British include nicknames and terms, including affectionate ones, neutral ones, and derogatory ones to describeBritish people,Irish People and more specificallyEnglish,Welsh,Scottish andNorthern Irish people. Many of these terms may vary between offensive, derogatory, neutral and affectionate depending on a complex combination of tone, facial expression, context, usage, speaker and shared past history.
Brit is a commonly used term in theUnited States, theRepublic of Ireland and elsewhere, shortened from "Briton" or "Britisher".[1]
"Limey" (fromlime /lemon) is a predominantly North Americanslang nickname for aBritish person. The word has been around since the mid-19th century. Intended as apejorative, the word is not commonly used today, though it retains that connotation.[2][3]
The term is thought to have originated in the 1850s aslime-juicer,[4] later shortened to "limey",[5] and was originally used as a derogatory word for sailors in theRoyal Navy. It derives from the Royal Navy's practice, since the beginning of the 19th century, of adding lemon juice or lime juice to the sailors' daily ration of watered-down rum (known asgrog), in order to preventscurvy.[6][7] Initially, lemon juice (from lemons imported from Europe) was used as the additive to grog on the Royal Navy ships, but that was later switched to limes, which were grown in British colonies. It was not understood that limes contain only one quarter as much vitamin C as lemons. Moreover, processing and storing the juice further reduced the amount of vitamin C present, and as a result, lime juice-based grog was not able to prevent scurvy.[8]
In time, the term lost its naval connotation and was used to refer to British people in general and, in the 1880s, British immigrants in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.[9] Although the term may have been used earlier in theUS Navy as slang for a British sailor or a British warship, such a usage was not documented until 1918.[9] By 1925, the usage oflimey inAmerican English had been extended to mean any British person, and the term was so commonly known that it was featured in American newspaper headlines.[9]
The termspommy,pommie, andpom used in Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand usually denote a British person. Newspapers in Australia were using the term by 1912, with it appearing first in Western Australia, and was said to be short for pomegranate, with the terms "jimmy" and "jimmigrant" also in use.[10][11][12] The termTen-pound Pom refers to British (subsidized) migrants to Australia and New Zealand after World War II.
Disputes about whether the termPom is derogatory or offensive have occurred since 1925.[13] TheOxford Dictionary defines its use as "often derogatory",[14] but after complaints to the AustralianAdvertising Standards Board about five advertisements using the term "poms", the board ruled in 2006 that these words are inoffensive, in part because they are "largely used in playful or affectionate terms".[15] The New ZealandBroadcasting Standards Authority made a similar ruling in 2010.[16] TheBBC, the British national broadcaster, has used the phrase on occasion.[17]
There are severalfolk etymologies for "pommy" or "pom". The best-documented of these is that "pommy" originated as a contraction of "pomegranate".[18][13][19][unreliable source?] According to this explanation, "pomegranate" was Australianrhyming slang for "immigrant" (like "Jimmy Grant").[20] Usage of "pomegranate" for English people may have been strengthened by a belief in Australia that sunburn occurs more frequently amongst English immigrants, turning those with fair skin the colour of pomegranates.[21]
Another explanation – now generally considered to be afalse etymology – was that "pom" or "pommy" were derived from an acronym such as POM ("prisoner of Millbank"), POME ("prisoner of Mother England") or POHMS ("prisoner of Her Majesty's Service").[22] However, there is no evidence that such terms, or their acronyms, were used in Australia when "pom" and "pommy" entered use there. Other theories are that they come from the use of"pom-pom" guns by the British in theFirst andSecond Boer Wars, from a corruption of "Tommy Atkins", or from "Pompey", a nickname forPortsmouth.[23]
A pejorative used colloquially in Ireland, referring to theBlack and Tan forces supplied byDavid Lloyd George toIreland during theIrish War of Independence in order to assist theRoyal Irish Constabulary (RIC) in combating theIrish Republican Army (IRA). The force was composed mainly ofFirst World WarBritish Army veterans, who wore distinctiveKhaki British Army uniforms with dark RIC overcoats. The term's use is often used inIrish republican contexts. By extension,Great Britain is sometimes referred to as "Tanland".[citation needed]
The nameTommy for any soldier in theBritish Army is particularly associated withWorld War I. TheGerman,[24] theFrench and theBritish Commonwealth armies used the name "Tommy" for British soldiers. "Tommy" is derived from the name "Tommy Atkins" which had been used as a generic name for a soldier for many years (and had been used as an example name onBritish Army registration forms). The precise origin is the subject of some debate, but it is known to have been used as early as 1743.Rudyard Kipling published the poem "Tommy" (part of theBarrack Room Ballads) in 1892 and in 1893 themusic hall song "Private Tommy Atkins" was published with words by Henry Hamilton and music by S. Potter. In 1898William McGonagall wrote "Lines in Praise of Tommy Atkins". The term is still used today in the British Army in the abridged version "Tom", especially in the Infantry Regiments, to specifically refer to a junior enlisted soldier.[25]
In Finnish the abbreviation of iso-britannialainen (literally "Great/Large Briton")Britti is colloquially most commonly used for a British person, often also referring interchangeably to a person from England.
In Poland, a regular formal term to describe an English man isAnglik, in plural Anglicy, derived from the Polish word for England,Anglia, with the wordBrytyjczyk meaning a British from the Polish name for Britain. Polish people often use termsAnglik andAnglia to talk about the whole UK, including Scotland, Wales etc. Derogatory or disdainful (or sometimes just funny or ironic) terms coined in recent years areAngol andBrytol however, due to negative connotations they are not used in formal writing or by the media or are used in social media and various alternative sources with varied connotations.
In the Czech Republic the termAnglán is often used, which has the same roots as the PolishAnglik – the Czechs call EnglandAnglie. This word carried no derogatory connotations. However, unlike the formalAngličan, it is not used by the press because of its informality.
In Hungary the English are calledangol or in pluralangolok. England is calledAnglia. British people in general are calledbrit or in pluralbritek but the term is less widespread and very uncommon. Great Britain is calledNagy-Britannia but the United Kingdom is calledEgyesült Királyság.
Inselaffe ("island ape") is a pejorative German term[26][27][28] allegedly dating back to English scientistsDarwin andWallace's publications on evolution.[citation needed]
The original explanation of the French termrosbif is that it referred to the English tradition of cookingroast beef, and especially to the song "The Roast Beef of Old England".[29]
In Portugal, the termbife (literally meaning 'steak', but sounding like "beef") is used as a slang term to refer to the English.[30] There is a feminine form,bifa, mainly used to refer to English female tourists in Portugal.[citation needed]
Les goddams (sometimesles goddems[31] orles goddons[32]) is an obsolete ethnic slur historically used by the French to refer to the English, based on their frequent expletives.[33] The name originated during theHundred Years' War (1337–1453) between England and France, when English soldiers achieved notoriety among the French for their frequent use of profanity and in particular the interjection "God damn".[34][35][36]
In one of theVindolanda tablets fromHadrian's Wall the pejorativeLatin wordBrittunculi (wretched little brits).
Afrikaans speakers may use the termrooinek (literally 'red neck', another reference to sunburning) in reference to the British, or toWhite South Africans ofBritish descent.[37] During theSecond Boer War, the British became known askhakis, in reference to the colour of their uniforms – which, by then, was no longer thered coats as those were unsuitable for the South African climate.[38][39]
Another now largely archaic term used byAfrikaners to describe South Africans of British descent issoutie orsoutpiel, meaning 'salty' or 'salty penis' respectively. The meaning behind this is that they have one foot in Britain and one foot in South Africa, leaving their penis to hang in the salty sea water.[40]
In the East AfricanBantu languagesmzungu has come to mean any white European but more often than not especially the British or English, due to their prior presence in the region.[citation needed]
InSomalia andSomaliland, the English are commonly referred to asGaal Cad (literally, white infidel). During the 19th and 20th century British colonial campaign of Somaliland, members of theDervishes coined this term as a descriptive term towards the British who they considered to be their enemy. There are many lines of poetry recited by renowned Somali poets from that era in which they use that term to refer to the British. It is often still used today to describe any non-MuslimEuropean in general.[citation needed]
Argentinians use the Spanish termpirata (pirate) to pejoratively refer to the British, in reference to the longstandingFalklands dispute.[41][42][43]
During the British Mandate in Palestine, British troops of the6th Airborne Division were often referred to asכלניות orKalaniot, beingHebrew forAnemones, reflecting their red berets.
InIraq, British occupying forces post WWI were known as “Abu Naji”[44]
InHindi,Hindustani andUrdu the termAngrez is used to refer to the British. This word has its origin inPortugueseInglês, meaning 'Englishman'.[45][46] A derivative is the termAngrezan orAngrezni, meaning an Englishwoman.[46] Among the Europeans, thePortuguese were the first to arrive in India. The influx of the Portuguese led to language contact between their tongue and the local languages. As a consequence of this, a Portuguese pidgin developed that served as the lingua franca.[47]
The termFarangi (Franks) has been used inPersian language since the 13th century to refer to all Europeans, Western Europeans in particular.Hindustani/Hindi has adopted this word from Persian and it is used to refer to the Europeans in general (including the British).[48]
The adjectiveGora (Gori for females) is also commonly used amongst Britons with subcontinental roots to refer to white Britons, although the term literally translates to 'fair-skinned one', and thus could and is applied to individuals of any ethnicity with a fair complexion, including British Asians themselves. The adjective has also been used as a noun to describe white people – hence its potential usage as a racial slur.[49]
In Nepal, the British are often referred to asKuires/Khaires, which means 'people of white or pale colour'. It is also used in general for anyEuropean person with white skin.
Ingraj is used inMaharashtra (Marathi) andWest Bengal (Bengali) in India to refer to British people. The word Vilyati is also used for describing British people.It comes fromVilayat for foreign land.[50] The English variation of Vilayat isBlighty.
Malayalis ofKerala use the termSayyippu orVellakkaran to refer to a male westerner.
In Assam (which became part ofBritish India in 1828), the British are calledBoga Bongal (literally meaning 'white foreigners' or 'white intruders').
In Tamil Nadu the Tamil wordVellaikaaran means 'white man' and usually refers to members of the British colonial government in the 18th to 19th century. It is used in the present day to refer anyone who is White with European origin; many rural Tamil villagers still believe that all Europeans are either British or of British descent.
InMalaysia, one commonMalay equivalent isMat Salleh. The term may have originated from the general depiction ofRoyal Navy sailors who were often drunk (Mad Sailors); due to the locals' unfamiliarity with English, it became corrupted asmat salleh (Mat and Salleh are both typical Malay names). Another possible origin of the phrase is theMat Salleh Rebellion, led byNorth Borneo chief Mat Salleh, against theBritish North Borneo Company during the late 19th century. Another alternative tomat salleh isorang putih (literally 'white people' in Malay) or its shortened rural form,omputih. In ancient Malaccan times, the termorang deringgi was also used.Balanda fromHollander is another word from Malay used byMakassarese and innorthern Australia.[51]
In Thai, the wordanggrit (อังกฤษ) is used to describe both the English in particular, and the British in general. In everyday speech the wordFarang (ฝรั่ง) is usually used to describe British people as well as other light-skinned Europeans. Some foreigners regard this word asracist. In journalism, the expressionpuu dee (ผู้ดี) meaning 'nobleman' is sometimes used to denote 'English'.[citation needed]
Southeast AsianHokkien andTeochew speakers also call the Britishang mo (紅毛), which literally means 'red-haired'. The term was originally used to describe Dutch traders, but is now used for allwhite people.[52]
The following terms are used to mean 'Britain' or 'British' and use etymologies mostly unrelated to "Britain":
These terms are also used to refer to England in unofficial contexts. More formal names also exist, such as the Chinese聯合王國Liánhéwángguó and Japanese連合王国Rengōōkoku literally meaning 'United Kingdom'. Separate words exist in all of these languages for each of the constituent parts of the UK, including England, although, as elsewhere, there is little awareness of correct usage. The ChineseDàbùlièdiān (Hanzi:大不列颠) is used for historical purposes to mean 'Great Britain'. The first character means 'Great' and the other three have unrelated meanings, having been selected for the sound instead of meaning. In Chinese, yīngjílì (Simplified characters: 英吉利), a transliteration ofEnglish, is also used to refer Britain in general.
The ChineseYīngguó, the JapaneseEikoku, and the Korean "Yeongguk" are all derived from the traditional Chinese characters 英国/國, where the first character 英 has no meaning in this context, although in Chinese, 英 is phonetically similar to "Eng", as in "England", and the second character 国 means 'country', 'nation', or 'kingdom'. While Korean is now written in the phonetic Hangul alphabet, when writing or using Chinese characters Koreans will use the traditional character for "kingdom," 國, rather than its simplified counterpart 国, which is in everyday use in China and Japan.
In Hong Kong,gweilo (pronounced [kʷɐ̌i lǒu]) is a slang word to generally refer to white westerners. It has a history of racial degradation, however it can be used non-racially and more generally in modern Hong Kong. "Gwei" means ghost and "lo" means guy, referring to their pale skin.[53]
In Japanese, the termIgirisu (Katakana:イギリス) is used interchangeably withEikoku, but is considered slightly more foreign because it comes from the Portuguese wordInglês (English) – despite this origin,Igirisu refers to the United Kingdom as a whole, and not specifically toEngland, which isIngurando (Katakana:イングランド) and soIgirisu is more commonly used.[54]
As with the South East Asian termFarangi and the Northern Australian termBalanda (see above), theMāori termPākehā and generalPolynesian termPalagi have been used generically for Europeans for many years; given that the predominant early European settlers in Australia, New Zealand and many Pacific islands spoke English, these terms are occasionally used specifically for English or British people. The Māori term for the English language, for instance, isReo Pākehā.
In most cases regional names are associated with those who speak with a specific regional accent, distinct to the area.