Lima[a] is thecapital and largest city ofPeru. It is located in the valleys of theChillón,Rímac andLurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Due to its geostrategic importance, theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within theprovince of Lima and in a smaller portion, to the west, within theConstitutional Province of Callao, where the seaport and theJorge Chávez Airport are located. Both provinces have had regional autonomy since 2002.
The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it thesecond-most populous city in South America and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world in terms of city proper population.[5][6] TheLima Metropolitan Area, which forms a contiguous urban area with the seaside city ofCallao, has a population of 10,151,200 inhabitants.[5][b] When considering the additional 6 districts contained in theConstitutional Province of Callao, the total agglomeration reaches a population of 11,342,100 inhabitants, one of themost populated urban agglomerations in the world. The city is marked by severeurban segregation between the poorpueblos jóvenes, populated in large part by immigrants from the Andean highlands, and wealthy neighborhoods.
Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known bynative Peruvians asLimaq. It became the capital and most important city in theViceroyalty of Peru. Following thePeruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). Around one-third of the national population now lives in itsmetropolitan area.
According to early Spanish articles, the Lima area was once calledItchyma,[citation needed] after its original inhabitants. However, even before theInca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in theRímac Valley had come to be known by visitors asLimaq (Limaq, pronounced[ˈli.mɑq], which means "talker" or "speaker" in thecoastal Quechua that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival). This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area.[8]
Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory, as spoken Spanish consistently rejectsstop consonants at the ends of words.[citation needed]
The city was founded in 1535 under the name City ofKings (Spanish:Ciudad de los Reyes), because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of theEpiphany. This name quickly fell into disuse, andLima became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, bothLima andCiudad de los Reyes can be seen together. AfterJosé de San Martín reached Lima in 1821 during thePeruvian War of Independence, the city was granted the title ofHeroica y Esforzada Ciudad de los Libres ("Heroic and Courageous City of the Free") in September of the same year.[9]
The river that flows through Lima is calledRímac, and many people erroneously assume that this is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua, in which the word for "talker" was pronounced[ˈrimɑq]).[10] However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by theCuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology ofCuzco Quechua.
Later, as the original inhabitants died out and the localQuechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true.[8]
TheFlag of Lima is historically known as "Banner of the City of the Kings of Peru". It is formed by agolden-colored silk canvas and in the center is the embroidered coat of arms of the city.[11]
Thecoat of arms of Lima was granted by theSpanish Crown on 7 December 1537, through areal cédula signed inValladolid byCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother, QueenJoanna of Castile. It is formed by a main fieldazure, with threegold crowns of kings placed in a triangle and above them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and in theorle some gold letters that say:Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings). Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Joanna and her son Charles V. A star is placed above the letters and two crownedsabre-faced eagles embracing them, which hold the coat of arms.
The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the thenPresident of PeruAlan García, the mayor of the cityLuis Castañeda Lossio and various authorities such as city councilors Luis Enrique Tord (author of the lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the musical producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger).[12]
Pachacámac, built from 3rd century to 15th century, was one of the most important pre-Columbian centers of pilgrimage on the Peruvian Coast.[13] In the image the Temple of the Moon.
Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory formed by the valleys of theRímac,Chillón andLurín rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under theLordship of Ichma.[14] The Maranga culture and theLima culture were the ones that established and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (currentPuruchuco) andPachacámac (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built, it was built from 3rd century to 15th century by several civilizations, and which was used even until the time theSpanish conquistadors arrived.
These cultures were conquered by theWari Empire during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center ofCajamarquilla was built.[15][16] As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting theChancay culture. Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into theInca Empire.[17] From this time we can find a great variety ofhuacas throughout the city, some of which are under investigation.
The most important or well-known huacas are those ofHuallamarca,Pucllana, and Mateo Salado, all located in the middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation.
During the time of the Incas, the valley of Lima was highly populated and organized into an Inca province, or huamani (wamani), called Pachacamac. The colonial Spanish historianBernabé Cobo mentions that the huamani of Pachacamac was subdivided into three hunu of tributary men, rather than the conventional four hunu. It has also been argued that a fourth hunu may have existed but was not recorded.[18] The primary meaning of the word hunu in Quechua is 10,000, leading to the assumption that 30,000 families lived in the valley. This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to a very large group of men. The scholarJohn Rowe suggested that the valley had a population of about 150,000 during Inca times.[19]
Whatever the case, each recorded hunu of Pachacamac had a head town, corresponding to some of the most populated settlements in the valley: Caraguayllo (Carabayllo), Maranga, and Surco (or Sulco, also known as the archaeological site Armatambo).[18]
... this valley was divided, according to the government of the Inca kings, into three 'unos' or governorships of ten thousand families each; the town of Caraguayllo was the head of the first; that of Maranga, which is situated in the middle of the valley, of the second, and the third, that of Surco; this last town was the largest of all ...[20]
The inhabitants of the pre-Columbian town of Surco were relocated to the modern district of Santiago de Surco early in the colonial period. In addition to Aymara and Quechua, the inhabitants of the northern part of the valley, specifically in the hunu of Carabayllo, spoke an additional language believed to beQuingnam.[21]
Regarding the pre-Hispanic settlement of Lima, it is recorded that this part of the valley, near the Rimac river, was administered by a curaca, or local lord, named Taulichusco. He was a formeryana, or servant, of Mama Vilo, one of the wives of Emperor Huayna Capac. Lima was awarded to Taulichusco in recognition of his services to the Inca royalty. Some of Peru's most important buildings were erected on the sites of major constructions of the pre-Hispanic settlement. For example, the residential palace of Taulichusco was located where the modernPalacio de Gobierno of Peru stands today. A temple called Puma Inti once occupied the site where theMetropolitan Cathedral of Lima is now, and theMunicipal Theater of Lima is situated where a pre-Columbian structure, referred to as Huaca El Cabildo by the Spaniards, once stood. These buildings were centered around a plaza, which was later expanded to become thePlaza Mayor. The Huaca de Aliaga and Huaca Riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza. Other nearby constructions included the temple-oracle of Rímac, one of the main places of worship in the valley, also known as the so-called "huaca grande" that once stood inBarrios Altos.[22]
In 1532, the Spanish and their indigenous allies (from the ethnic groups subdued by the Incas) under the command ofFrancisco Pizarro took monarchAtahualpa prisoner in the city ofCajamarca. Although a ransom was paid, he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons. After some battles, the Spanishconquered their empire. TheSpanish Crown named Francisco Pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered. Pizarro decided to found the capital in the Rímac river valley,[23] after a failed attempt to establish it inJauja.
He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of aport but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks bypirates and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with a suitable cool climate. Thus, on 6 January 1535, Lima was founded with the name "City of the Kings", named in this way in honor of theepiphany,[24][25] on territories that had been of thekurakaTaulichusco. The explanation of this name is due to the fact that "around the same time in January, the Spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city, [...] not far from thePachacámac sanctuary, near theRímac river.
However, as had happened with the region, initially calledNew Castile and laterPeru, the City of the Kings soon lost its name in favor of "Lima". Pizarro, with the collaboration ofNicolás de Ribera, Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally traced thePlaza Mayor and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceroyalty Palace (today transformed into theGovernment Palace of Peru, which hence retains the traditional name ofCasa de Pizarro) and theCathedral, whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands.[26] In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of the Inca general Quizu Yupanqui under orders from the monarchManco Inca Yupanqui who was in Cusco, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. TheHuaylas (Wayllas) army's assistance was of special importance to the Spanish. The army arrived personally led by Contarhuancho[27] (Kuntur-Wanchu), a secondary wife of the deceased EmperorWayna Qhapaq and now a respected kuraka of half the province of Huaylas, the Hanan Huaylas or Upper Huaylas moiety. Contarhuancho came to Lima after receiving a plea for help in a quipu message from her daughter, the Huaylas-Inca princess DoñaInés Huaylas Yupanqui.
In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated the capital of theViceroyalty of Peru and the seat of aReal Audiencia in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications withSpain, a close bond with the port ofCallao was soon established.[28]
For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with theAmericas,Europe, andEast Asia. But the city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, leading to a great deal of construction activity. It is then whenaqueducts,starlings and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over theRímac is finished, thecathedral is built, and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that the city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence ofpirates andcorsairs in thePacific Ocean, which motivated the construction of theWalls of Lima between 1684 and 1687.[16]
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Lima was considered one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the entireSpanish Empire, boasting a splendor that some observers considered worthy of a world power, attracting merchants from all over Europe, Asia and the rest of the Americas. The city was well known for being the residence of several members of the Spanish nobility, who resided in sumptuous manors and palaces located within the walls of Lima; the large number of religious orders within the city was also recognized.
"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy[...]", painting of 1615 by theInca painterGuamán Poma.Royal Library, Denmark.[30]
View of Lima and theTapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 byd'Orbigny andBenoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain.[32]
Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli[33]
Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.University of Chicago Library.[34]
Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.University of Chicago Library.[34]
In the second half of the 18th century,Enlightenment ideas aboutpublic health and social control influenced the development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by theBourbon reforms as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region ofUpper Peru. This economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and theChurch, which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to the cause of independence.
The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of theViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is the Coliseo de Gallos, theAcho Bullring and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in one place, while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities.
A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean independence fighters led by General DonJosé de San Martín landed in southern Lima in 1820, but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, ViceroyJosé de la Serna was forced to evacuate the city in July 1821 to save theRoyalist army. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request.
Once GeneralSan Martín proclaimed theindependence of Peru,[36] Lima became the capital of the newrepublic. Thus, it was the seat of the government of the liberator and also the seat of the firstConstituent Congress that the country had.[37] The war lasted for two more years, during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides. By the time the war was decided, on 9 December 1824, at theBattle of Ayacucho, Lima had been considerably impoverished.
Gate of thecolonial wall of Lima, the "Arco del Puente"its partially wooden structures were consumed by a fire caused by street vendors in 1879.[38]The colonial wall of Lima had ten gates,[39][38]now demolished.
After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of theRepublic of Peru, but the country's socioeconomic paralysis paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export ofguano allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are the Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, thePenitentiary and the Hospital Dos de Mayo. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed from theDesamparados station and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, baptized as Puente Balta.
In 1872 thecolonial City Walls were demolished by the US engineerHenry Meiggs under contract with the Peruvian government,[40] in anticipation of further urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social unrest. The famous,Arco del Puente, the gate of thecolonial wall of Lima, was consumed by a fire caused by street vendors in 1879.[38]
During theWar of the Pacific (1879–1883), theChilean army occupied Lima after defeating Peruvian troops and reserves in the battles ofSan Juan andMiraflores. The city suffered from the invaders, who looted museums, public libraries and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian colony, looting their properties and businesses.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city began.[41] The avenuesPaseo de la República, Leguía (today called Avenida Arequipa), Avenida Brasil and the landscaping Salaverry that headed south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to the west joining the port ofCallao.[42]
Also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of inhabitants from the interior of the country, producing the exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion.[45] The new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area. The current districts ofLince,La Victoria to the south were populated;Breña andPueblo Libre to the west;El Agustino,Ate andSan Juan de Lurigancho to the east andSan Martín de Porres andComas to the north.
As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa El Salvador (current district ofVilla El Salvador) was created, located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into themetropolitan area.[46] In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean region, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980.[47] At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city'shistoric center,Callao andChorrillos; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south.[48] The new migrants, at first confined toslums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known aspueblos jóvenes.[49] In the 1980s, terrorist violence added to the disorderly growth of the city and the increase in the number of internally displaced people. Terrorist groups like theShining Path andTúpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement were centered in Lima during this time. The historic center of the city suffered increasing deterioration and many areas of the city constantly lacked basic services. The city improved and terrorism decreased moving into the 21st century.
The city began to recover from the violence from the1980s and 90s. The Municipality of Lima began to reorganize the city, remodeling parks, streets, and buildings. The early 2000s and 2010s saw a growth in high rise buildings, especially in the economic center of theSan Isidro District. The tallest building in Lima and all of Peru, theTorre Banco de la Nación, was completed in 2015. Construction of buildings grew 3.9% in 2024, following the countries economic growth.[50] In 2007, the city establishedEl Metropolitano, a rapid bus transport system operating from the north to the south of the city. TheLima and Callao Metro Line 1 was finally completed in 2010, after numerous halts in the 1970s and 90s. The second line of the metro began construction in the early 2020s.
The construction of the new terminal of theJorge Chávez International Airport began in 2019, but was delayed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic and continued in 2021. The terminal was inaugurated on 1 June 2025, allowing transit for an estimated 40 million passengers per year by 2030.[51]
After the2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt by then presidentPedro Castillo,protests emerged around the city and the country between 2022 and 2023 demanding for the release of Castillo and for the removing of presidentDina Boluarte. Thousands of protesters began on 12 January 2022, in what was known as theToma de Lima, in which the city announced a 4-month state of emergency. TheNational Police of Peru andArmed Forces were stationed, responsible for the death of 58 people, 1 being from Lima, during the protests between 2022 and 2023. Protests died down towards the end of 2023.
The urban area covers about 800 km2 (310 sq mi). It is located on mostly flat terrain in thePeruvian coastal plain, within the valleys of theChillón,Rímac andLurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) above sea level. Within the city are isolated hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills.San Cristobal hill in Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth.
Metropolitan Lima covers 2,672.28 km2 (1,031.77 sq mi), of which 825.88 km2 (318.87 sq mi) (31%) comprise the actual city and 1,846.40 km2 (712.90 sq mi) (69%) the city outskirts.[52] The urban area extends around 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and around 30 km (19 mi) from west to east. The city center is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts ofLima Province, corresponding to an urban area centered around the historicCercado de Lima district. The city is the core of theLima Metro Area, one of the tenlargest metro areas in the Americas. Lima is the world's third largest desert city, afterKarachi, Pakistan, andCairo, Egypt.
Lima has a mild climate, despite its location in the tropics and in adesert.[53] Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of the temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as adesert climate (Köppen:BWh) withsubtropical temperature ranges.[54] Temperatures rarely fall below 12 °C (54 °F) or rise above 30 °C (86 °F).[55] Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, December through April, and winter from June through September/October. May and October/November are generally transition months, with a more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition in later May or/and earlier June.[56] Situated onshore from the cold ocean waters, rainfall is extremely rare in Lima.
The summers, December through April, are sunny, hot, and muggy.[57] Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F) and highs of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Coastal fogs occur in some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings. Summer sunsets are colorful, known by locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since the sky commonly turns shades of orange, pink, and red around 7 pm.
During winter, June through October, the weather is dramatically different. Grey skies, breezy conditions, higher humidity, and cooler temperatures prevail. Long 10 to 15-day stretches of dark overcast skies are common. Persistent morning drizzle (garúa) frequently occurs from June through September, coating the streets with a thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures vary little between day and night. They range from lows of 14 to 16 °C (57 to 61 °F) and highs of 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) except in the easternmost districts.[58]
Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings.[59] High humidity produces brief morning fog in the early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally develops in late May and persists until mid-November or even early December). The predominantly onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 27.9 hours in August and 183 hours in April, which is exceptionally little for its latitude.[60] By comparison, London has an average of 1653 hours, and Moscow 1731. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek sunshine in Andean valleys above 500 meters (1,600 ft)above sea level.
While relative humidity is high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The low rainfall impacts the city's water supply, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from theAndes.[61] Inland districts receive anywhere between 10 and 60 mm (0.4 and 2.4 in) of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter. Coastal districts receive only 10 to 30 mm (0.4 to 1.2 in). As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs as persistent morning drizzle. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or 'camanchacas'. On the other hand, summer rain is infrequent and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the coldHumboldt Current and warm air aloft associated with the South Pacific anticyclone.
Lima's climate (like most of coastal Peru) gets severely disrupted inEl Niño events. Coastal waters usually average around 17–19 °C (63–66 °F), but can get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached 26 °C (79 °F)). Air temperatures rise accordingly.
Lima is the capital city of theRepublic of Peru andLima Province. As such, it is home to the three branches of theGovernment of Peru. In the same way, all Ministries have their main headquarters in the capital. Since mostly all of the country's political, industrial, and financial power is concentrated in Lima, this has led to a severecentralisation as evidenced by the disproportionate population and economic size of the capital city compared to other major cities in the country, such as Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Arequipa, and Cuzco.
Lima is seat of two of the 28-second highest orSuperior Courts of Justice. The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is theSuperior Court of Justice, belonging to theJudicial District and. Due to thejudicial organization of Peru, the highest concentration of courts is located in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district has jurisdiction over only 35 of the43 districts.[67] TheSuperior Court of the Cono Norte is the second Superior Court located in Lima and is part of theJudicial District of North Lima. This judicial district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts, all located in northern Lima.[68]
The city is roughly equivalent to theProvince of Lima, which is subdivided into43 districts. TheMetropolitan Municipality has authority over the entire city, while each district has its own local government. Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality, although aprovincial municipality, acts as and has functions similar to aregional government, as it does not belong to any of the25 regions of Peru. Each of the 43 districts has their own district municipality that is in charge of its own district and coordinate with the metropolitan municipality.
The Municipality of Lima is based in thePalacio Municipal de Lima, also known as the Lima City Hall. It is located in the Plaza de Armas and was originally built in 1549. However, it was rebuilt in 1939. The current mayor of Lima isRenzo Reggiardo.
Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality has functions of regional government and is not part of any administrative region, according to Article 65. 27867 of the Law of Regional Governments enacted on 16 November 2002, 87 The previous political organization remains in the sense that a Governor is the political authority for the department and the city. The functions of this authority are mostly police and military. The same city administration covers the local municipal authority.
Lima has been rocked by corruption scandals: former mayorsSusana Villaran (2011–2014) andLuis Castaneda (2003–2010 and 2014–2018) were remanded in custody as part of the bribery scandal involving the Brazilian construction companyOdebrecht.Jorge Munoz (mayor from 2019 to 2022), was removed from office for illegally holding several offices and the related allowances.
With a population of 10,151,200 for themetropolitan area and a population density of 3,746 inhabitants per square kilometer (9,700/sq mi) as of 2023,[69] Lima ranks as one of themost populous agglomeration in the world, and the second biggest city in South America in terms of population within city limits, afterSão Paulo.[70]
According to the2017 Peruvian census,Mestizos of mixedAmerindian andEuropean (mostly Spanish andItalians) ancestry are the largest ethnic group, making up 69.9% of the population in 2018.[69]Quechua are the second largest ethnic group, making up 16.8% of the population.White Peruvians are the third largest group, making up 7.4% of the population.[69] Many are ofSpanish,Italian orGerman descent; many others are ofFrench,British, orCroatian descent.[71][72] The minorities in Lima include theAfro-Peruvians, who make up 2.9% of the population, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region asslaves, and theAymara, who make up 0.7% of the population. Communities ofJews of European descent and Middle Easterners are also found in Lima. 2.3% of Lima's population identify with other ethnic groups, including Asians. Lima'sAsian community is made up primarily ofChinese (Cantonese) andJapanese descendants, whose ancestors came mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The city has, by far, the largest Chinese diaspora in Latin America.[73]
The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built across the Rímac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima then had a population of around 26,000; blacks made up around 40% and whites made up around 38%.[75] By 1748, the white population totaled 16,000–18,000.[76] In 1861, the number of inhabitants surpassed 100,000 and by 1927, had doubled.[citation needed]
During the early 20th century, thousands of immigrants came to the city, including people of European descent. They organized social clubs and built their own schools. Examples areThe American-Peruvian school, theAlianza Francesa de Lima, the Lycée Franco-Péruvien and the hospital Maison de Sante;Markham College, the British-Peruvian school in Monterrico,Antonio Raymondi District Italian School, the Pestalozzi Swiss School and also, several German-Peruvian schools.
Chinese and a lesser number of Japanese came to Lima and established themselves in theBarrios Altos neighborhood in downtown Lima. Lima residents refer to theirChinatown asBarrio chino orCalle Capon and the city's ubiquitousChifa restaurants – small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurants serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine – can be found by the dozens in this enclave.
In 2014, the National Institute for Statistics and Information (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica) reported that the population in Lima's 49 districts was 9,752,000 people, including the Constitutional Province of Callao. The city and (metropolitan area) represents around 29% of the national population. Of the city's population 48.7% are men and 51.3% are women. The 49 districts in Metropolitan Lima are divided into 5 areas: Cono Norte (North Lima), Lima Este (East Lima), Constitutional Province of Callao, Lima Centro (Central Lima) and Lima Sur (South Lima). The largest areas are Lima Norte with 2,475,432 people and Lima Este with 2,619,814 people, including the largest single district San Juan de Lurigancho, which hosts 1 million people.[52]
Lima is considered a "young" city. According to INEI, by mid 2014 the age distribution in Lima was: 24.3% between 0 and 14, 27.2% between 15 and 29, 22.5% between 30 and 44, 15.4% between 45 and 59 and 10.6% above 60.[52]
Migration to Lima from the rest of Peru is substantial. In 2013, 3,480,000 people reported arriving from other regions. This represents almost 36% of the entire population of Metropolitan Lima. The three regions that supply most of the migrants are Junin, Ancash and Ayacucho. By contrast only 390,000 emigrated from Lima to other regions.[52]
The annual population growth rate is 1.57%. Some of the 43 metropolitan districts are considerably more populous than others. For example, San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres, Ate, Comas, Villa El Salvador and Villa Maria del Triunfo host more than 400,000, while San Luis, San Isidro, Magdalena del Mar, Lince and Barranco have less than 60,000 residents.[52]
A 2005 household survey study shows a socio-economic distribution for households in Lima. It used a monthly family income of 6,000 soles (around US$1,840) or more for socioeconomic level A; between 2,000 soles (US$612) and 6,000 soles (US$1,840) for level B; from 840 soles (US$257) to 2,000 soles (US$612) for level C; from 420 soles (US$128) to 1200 soles (US$368) for level D; and up to 840 soles (US$257) for level E. In Lima, 18% were in level E; 32.3% in level D; 31.7% in level C; 14.6% in level B; and 3.4% in level A. In this sense, 82% of the population lives in households that earn less than 2000 soles (or US$612) monthly. Other salient differences between socioeconomic levels include levels of higher education, car ownership and home size.[77]
In Metropolitan Lima in 2013, the percentage of the population living in households in poverty was 12.8%. The level of poverty is measured by households that are unable to access a basic food and other household goods and services, such as clothing, housing, education, transportation and health. The level of poverty has decreased from 2011 (15.6%) and 2012 (14.5%). Lima Sur is the area in Lima with the highest proportion of poverty (17.7%), followed by Lima Este (14.5%), Lima Norte (14.1%) and Lima Centro (6.2%). In addition 0.2% of the population lives in extreme poverty, meaning that they are unable to access a basic food basket.[52]
Lima is the country's industrial and financial center and one of Latin America's most important financial centers,[78] home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two-thirds of Peru's industrial production[79] and most of itstertiary sector.
The metropolitan area, with around 7,000 factories,[80] is the main location of industry. Products include textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are manufactured and processed.[80] The financial district is inSan Isidro, while much of the industrial activity takes place in the west of the city, extending to the airport inCallao. Lima has the largest export industry in South America and is a regional center for the cargo industry. Industrialization began in the 1930s and by 1950, throughimport substitution policies, manufacturing made up 14% ofGNP. In the late 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in factories located in Lima.[81]The Callaoseaport is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, covering over 47 hectares (120 acres) and shipping 20.7 million metric tons of cargo in 2007.[82] The main export goods are commodities: oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee.
The city is home to a variety of national and transnational company headquarters, many of which are located in modern buildings constructed in different sectors, especially in the San Isidro district, which has become the city's financial center in recent decades. The metropolitan area, with nearly eight thousand factories, is also the country's center of industrial development, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available labor force and the infrastructure of the city's internal roads and highways.
As of 2003[update], Lima generated 53% of GDP.[83] Most foreign companies in Peru settled in Lima.
In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in South America.[84] TheLima Stock Exchange rose 185.24% in 2006[85] and in 2007 by another 168.3%,[86] making it then one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, theLima Stock Exchange was the world's most profitable.[87]
As the main entry point to the country, Lima has developed an important tourism industry, among which itsHistoric Center, its archaeological centers, its nightlife, museums, art galleries,festivities and popular traditions stand out. According to Mastercard's Global Destination Cities Index, in 2014, Lima was the most visited city of Latin America and was the 20th city globally, with 5.11 million visitors.[89] In 2019,[90] Lima is the top destination in South America, with 2.63 million international visitors in 2018 and a growth forecast of 10.00% percent for 2019.
Until the 1970s, the hotel offer was characterized by having the best hotels in the city in thecenter of Lima, however, since the early 1990s to date, these establishments have positioned themselves in other areas such as the central-southern area of the capital as inMiraflores, Barranco,Santiago de Surco,Surquillo andSan Borja; in addition to theSan Isidro district that has the largest hotel building in Peru, the 30-story Westin Libertador.
These fine examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were used to defend the city from attacks bypirates andcorsairs. For this, part of the Walls corresponding to the rear area of the Basilica of San Francisco, very close to theGovernment Palace, was recovered, in which a park was built (called Parque de la Muralla) and in which you can see remains of it.[93] Half an hour from the historic center, in thedistrict of Miraflores you can visit the tourist and entertainment centerLarcomar which is located on thecliffs facing the sea.
The city has two traditional zoological parks: the main and oldest is the Parque de las Leyendas, located in theSan Miguel district, and the other is the Parque Zoológico Huachipa located east of the city in theLurigancho-Chosica district. On the other hand, the offer ofcinemas is wide and has numerous state-of-the-art rooms (4D) that program international film premieres.
Exclusive beaches are visited during the summer months, which are located on thePan-American Highway, to thenorth are the resorts ofSanta Rosa andAncón; Until the 1980s, the latter was the most exclusive in Lima and Peru. Currently, although it maintains its architectural beauty, it is visited by people from all overLima North and theCenter. And to thesouth of the city, the resorts ofPunta Hermosa,Punta Negra,San Bartolo andPucusana. Numerous restaurants, nightclubs, lounges, bars, clubs and hotels have been opened in such places to cater to bathers.
The suburban district ofCieneguilla, thedistrict of Pachacámac and the district ofChosica provide important tourist attractions among locals. Due to its elevation (over 500 masl), the sun shines in Chosica during the winter, being very visited by the residents of Lima to escape the urban fog.[95]
Lima's beaches, located along the northern and southern ends of the city, are heavily visited during the summer. Restaurants, clubs and hotels serve the beachgoers.[98] Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene, including classic theater, cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, dramas, dance performances and theater for children. Lima is home to theMunicipal Theater, Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British theater, Theater of the PUCP Cultural Center and the Yuyachkani Theater.[99]
In the buildings of the historic center you can see over 1,600balconies dating from the Viceroyalty and Republican times.[101] The types of balconies that the city presents are open balconies, flat, box, continuous, among others. These balconies are similar to those in Spain as well asTrujillo, Peru's third largest city. After theIndependence of Peru, a gradual shift towardsNeoclassical andArt Nouveau styles took place. Many of these constructions were influenced by the French architectural style.
Balconies were a common colonial architectural feature in the historic center. In the image thePalacio de Torre Tagle completed in 1735.
In 1940, the census results reflected the city's major urban problems such as sanitation, housing, work, recreation and transportation. During the following years, the Society of Architects, the Institute of Urbanism, the Grupo Espacio, the magazineEl Arquitecto Peruano and the Department of Architecture at the National School of Engineers were created. These entities tried to promote the improvement of urban conditions based on modern principles. Meanwhile, the State promoted the development of collective housing through organizations such as the National Housing Commission (CNV) and the National Office of Planning and Urban Development (ONPU). With the architect Fernando Belaunde as deputy, in 1945 the Housing Plan based on Neighborhood Units was made official.
Known asPeruvian Coast Spanish, Lima's Spanish is characterized by the lack of strong intonations as found in many other Spanish-speaking regions. It is heavily influenced byCastilian Spanish. Throughout the Viceroyalty era, most of the Spanish nobility based in Lima were originally from Castile.[102] Limean Castillian is also characterized by the lack ofvoseo, unlike many otherHispanic American countries. This is becausevoseo was primarily used by Spain's lower socioeconomic classes, a social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era.[citation needed]
Limean Spanish is distinguished by its clarity in comparison to other Latin American accents and has been influenced by immigrant groups including Italians,Andalusians, West Africans, Chinese and Japanese. It also has been influenced byanglicisms as a result ofglobalization, as well as by Andean Spanish andQuechua, due to migration from the Andean highlands.[103]
El Comercio is the largest and oldest newspaper outlet of Peru, headquartered in Lima. It was founded in 1839, by José Manuel Amunátegui y Muñoz and Alejandro Villota. TheNational Library of Peru is located in theSan Borja District. It was founded in 1821, with its original building being located inHistoric Centre of Lima. The new building was built in 2006.
Lima is home to the country's highest concentration of museums, most notably theMuseo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú located inside a viceregal mansion and which presents among its most outstanding attractions a fine collection of gold and silver from ancient Peru, the famous collection of erotic art and the deposits where visitors can appreciate 45,000 archaeological objects duly classified,Lima Art Museum, and the Museo Pedro de Osma. Other museums include theMuseum of Natural History, theMuseum of the Nation, The Sala Museo Oro del Perú Larcomar, the Museum of Italian Art, the Museum of Gold and theLarco Museum. These museums focus on art,pre-Columbian cultures, natural history, science and religion.[104] TheMuseum of Italian Art shows European art.
Both the Larco Museum and Museum of Peruvian Culture are located in the Pueblo Libre district, and are connected by a blue pedestrian line that makes it easy to visit them together. In the Miraflores district you can visit the Museo Oro del Perú in Larcomar, which has a collection of pre-Columbian gold objects. There are also archaeology site museums of Lima, such asPachacamac andHuaca Pucllana. Not only are there museums dedicated to exhibiting the manifestations of Peruvian pre-Hispanic culture, but there are also art, natural history, science, religious and thematic museums. Of note are the Electricity Museum and the Postal and Philatelic Museum of Peru.
TheMuseo de la Nación houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru.
The Museo Pedro de Osma houses artistic objects dating from the 16th to 18th centuries, including paintings, sculptures, altarpieces, silverware, Huamanga stone carvings, furniture and other objects from regions with an ancient Andean artistic tradition.
Larco Museum is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid.
Lima is known as the Gastronomical Capital of the Americas. As a center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, chefs incorporated dishes brought by the conquistadors and waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese and Japanese.[97] Since the second half of the 20th century, international immigrants were joined by internal migrants from rural areas.[105] Lima cuisines includeCreole food,Chifas,Cebicherias andPollerias.[106]
In the 21st century, its restaurants became recognized internationally.[107]
In 2007, the Peruvian Society for Gastronomy was born with the objective of organizing activities to promote Peruvian food and reinforce the Peruvian national identity. The society, called APEGA, gathered chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomical training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers and journalists. They worked with universities, food producers, artisanal fishermen and vendors in food markets.[108] One of their first projects (2008) was to create the largest food festival in Latin America, calledMistura ("mixture" in Portuguese). The fair takes place in September every year. The number of attendees has grown from 30,000 to 600,000 in 2014.[109] The fair congregates restaurants, food producers, bakers, chefs, street vendors and cooking institutes from for ten days to celebrate excellent food.[110]
In 2016, Central was awarded No. 4 (chefsVirgilio Martinez and Pia Leon), Maido was awarded No. 13 (chef Mitsuharu Tsumura) and Astrid & Gaston was awarded No. 30 (chef Diego Muñoz and owned by chef Gaston Acurio).[114] In addition, Central was named No. 1 restaurant in the list of Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 2015. Out of the 50 best restaurants in Latin America, we find: Central #1, Astrid & Gaston #3, Maido #5, La Mar #12, Malabar #20, Fiesta #31, Osso Carnicería y Salumería #34, La Picanteria #36 and Rafael #50.[115] These restaurants fuse ideas from across the country and the world.
Peruvian coffee and chocolate have also won international awards.[107] Lima is the Peruvian city with the greatest variety and where different dishes representing South American cuisine can be found.
Ceviche is Peru's national dish. It is made with salt, garlic, onions, hot Peruvian peppers, and raw fish that is marinated in lime. In northern Peru, one can find black-oyster ceviche, mixed seafood ceviche, crab and lobster ceviche. In the Andes one can also find trout ceviche and chicken ceviche.[116]
According to the2007 Peru Census, 82.83% of Lima residents over the age of twelve declared they wereCatholic, while 10.90% profess theEvangelical religion, 3.15% belong to other religions and 3.13% do not specify any religious affiliation.[128] One of the most prominent Catholic religious manifestations in the capital is the procession of theSeñor de Los Milagros (Lord of Miracles),[129] whose image dating from thecolonial era goes out in procession through the streets of the city in the month of October of each year. TheSeñor de Los Milagros was named Patron of the city by theCabildo of Lima in 1715 and Patron of Peru in 2010.
The city has sports venues forbasketball,golf andvolleyball among others, many within private clubs. A popular sport among Limenos isfronton, aracquet sport similar tosquash invented in Lima. The city is home to seven international-classgolf links.Equestrianism is popular in Lima with private clubs as well as theHipódromo de Monterrico horse racing track. The most popular sport in Lima isfootball with professional club teams operating in the city. TheVilla Deportiva Nacional (VIDENA) is the largest sports complex in Peru, located in the district ofSan Luis.
Lima features numerous stadiums. The largest stadium is theEstadio Monumental "U", which is the largest stadium in Peru and the second largest in South America, with a capacity of 80,093. TheNational Stadium of Peru, also known as the Estadio Nacional, is the country's national stadium. It is multi use, with a running track and field, and holds the Olympic Museum. It is the most used stadium by Peru in national sports. Most of the stadiums in Peru are operated by the Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD). Other stadiums include theEstadio Alejandro Villanueva, and theEstadio Universidad San Marcos. The city also features many arenas, such as theColiseo Amauta andColiseo Eduardo Dibós. TheHipódromo de Monterrico is a horse racing track located in theSantiago de Surco district.
Plaza de toros de Acho; the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldestbullring in the Americas.
The historicPlaza de toros de Acho, located in theRímac District, a few minutes from thePlaza de Armas, holdsbullfights yearly. The season runs from late October to December. It also holds concerts, conventions and small football matches. The bullring is the oldest in the Americas and the second oldest in the world. It has a capacity of 14,000.
Alianza Lima,Sporting Cristal andUniversitario de Deportes are the most football important teams in the country, which is why they are known as theBig Three of Peruvian football. These clubs traditionally compete in thePeruvian Superclásico and theModern Classic, and are the most popular in the country. They, along with the also historicDeportivo Municipal, are currently the four most popular and traditional teams in the Peruvian capital.Club de Regatas Lima is the largest sports club in Peru and the oldest in the America's. They feature in various sports such as football, volleyball, and rowing.Lima Cricket and Football Club was the first football club established in South America.
Lima's largest parks are located on the city's outskirts and are known as Zonal Parks. In the historic center areParque de la Reserva,Parque de la Exposición,El Campo de Marte, University Park,Parque de la Muralla, and Mariscal Castilla Park. The Parque de la Reserva has the largest pool complex in the country and is known as "The Magic Water Circuit."
Other important parks are found throughout the city, such asEl Olivar,Parque Reducto No. 2,Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge,Parque de las Leyendas, Miraflores Boardwalk,Friendship Park, andParque Kennedy, to name a few. The city's streets are laid out as a system of plazas, which serve a similar purpose to roundabouts. In addition to this practical purpose, plazas serve as one of Lima's main green spaces and contain a wide variety of different types of architecture, ranging from monuments, statues, and water fountains.
Lima is made up of thirty-one densely populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the twelve outer districts of the Lima province.
The city'shistoric center is located in theCercado de Lima district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Center"). It is home to most of the vestiges the colonial past, the Presidential Palace (Spanish:Palacio de Gobierno), theMetropolitan Municipality and (Spanish:Consejo municipal metropolitano de Lima),Chinatown and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that cater to the national and international elite.
The upscaleSan Isidro District is the city's financial center. It is home to politicians and celebrities. San Isidro has parks, includingParque El Olivar, which is home toolive trees imported from Spain during the seventeenth century. TheLima Golf Club, a prominentgolf club, is located within the district.
Another upscale district isMiraflores, which has luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has parks and green areas, more than most other districts. Larcomar, a shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. Nightlife, shopping and entertainment center aroundParque Kennedy, a park in the heart of Miraflores.[131]
The most densely populated districts lie in Northern and Southern Lima, where the suburbs of the city begin (Spanish:Cono Norte andCono Sur, respectively) and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid- and late- 20th century looking for a better life and economic opportunity, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with theShining Path during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the case of Cono Norte (now calledLima Norte), shopping malls such as Megaplaza and Royal Plaza were built in theIndependencia district, on the border with theLos Olivos District (the most residential neighborhood in the northern part). Most inhabitants aremiddle orlower middle class.
Barranco, which bordersMiraflores by the Pacific Ocean, is the city's bohemian district, home or once home of writers and intellectuals includingMario Vargas Llosa,Chabuca Granda andAlfredo Bryce Echenique. This district has restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla") and Victorian-style chalets. Along with Miraflores it serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene.
Home to universities, institutions and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of institutions of higher learning on the continent. In Lima is the oldest continuously operating university in the New World,National University of San Marcos, founded in 1551.[132]
The city and has a total of 8,047 elementary and high schools, both public and private, which educate more than one and a half million students. The number of private schools is much greater than public schools (6,242 vs 1,805) while the average size of private schools is 100 for elementary and 130 for high school. Public schools average 400 students in elementary and 500 in high school.[134]
Edificio Ministerio de Educación (Ministry of Education), San Borja
Lima has one of the country's highest levels of enrollment in high school and preschool. 86.1% of high school-age students are in school, vs the national average of 80.7%. In early childhood, the enrollment level in Lima is 84.7%, while the national average is 74.5%. Early childhood enrollment has improved by 12.1% since 2005. In elementary school, the enrollment in Lima is 90.7%, while the national average for this level is 92.9%.[135]
The dropout rate for Lima is lower than the national average, except for elementary school, which is higher. In Lima, the dropout rate in elementary is 1.3% and 5.7% in high school, while the national average is 1.2% in elementary and 8.3% in high school.[135]
In Peru, students grade second and fourth students take a test called "Evaluacion Censal de Estudiantes" (ECE). The test assesses skills in reading comprehension and math. Scores are grouped in three levels: Below level 1 means that students were not able to respond to even the most simple questions; level 1 means the students did not achieve the expected level in skills but could respond to simple questions; and level 2 means they achieved/exceeded the expected skills for their grade level. In 2012, 48.7% of students in Lima achieved level 2 in reading comprehension compared to 45.3% in 2011. In math, only 19.3% students achieved level 2, with 46.4% at level 1 and 34.2% less than level 1. Even though the results for Math are lower than for reading, in both subject areas performance increased in 2012 over 2011. The city performs much better than the national average in both disciplines.[136]
The educational system in Lima is organized under the authority of the "Direccion Regional de Educacion (DRE) de Lima Metropolitana", which is in turn divided into 7 sub-directions or "UGEL" (Unidad de Gestion Educativa Local): UGEL 01 (San Juan de Miraflores, Villa Maria del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, Lurin, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana, Santa Maria and Chilca), UGEL 02 (Rimac, Los Olivos, Independencia, Rimac and San Martin de Porres), UGEL 03 (Cercado, Lince, Breña, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesus Maria, La Victoria and San Isidro), UGEL 04 (Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa and Ancon), UGEL 05 (San Juan de Lurigancho and El Agustino), UGEL 06 (Santa Anita, Lurigancho-Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla and Chaclacayo) and UGEL 07 (San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco and Chorrillos).[135]
The UGELes with highest results on the ECE 2012 are UGEL 07 and 03 in both reading comprehension and math. UGEL 07 had 60.8% students achieving level 2 in reading comprehension and 28.6% students achieving level 2 in Math. UGEL 03 had 58.5% students achieve level 2 in reading comprehension and 24.9% students achieving level 2 in math. The lowest achieving UGELs are UGEL 01, 04 and 05.[136]
23% of men have completed university education in Lima, compared to 20% of women. Additionally, 16.2% of men have completed non-university higher education along with 17% of women. The average years of schooling in the city is 11.1 years (11.4 for men and 10.9 for women).[52]
Lima is served byJorge Chávez International Airport, located inCallao (LIM). It is the country's largest airport hosting the largest number of domestic and international passengers. It serves as the fourth-largest hub in the Latin American air network. The airport is the hub for most Peruvian airlines, such as ATSA Airlines,Star Perú,JetSmart Perú,Sky Airline Peru and the Peruvian flag carrier,LATAM Perú. Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport and runways inSanta María del Mar,San Bartolo andChilca.[137]
Jorge Chávez International Airport has undergone an expansion, with a new terminal being constructed along with an additional runway and multiple commercial areas. These new expansions will consist of the Lima Airport City. The airport is the first airport city of Latin America and will increase the current airport capacity of 30 million to 40 million passengers. The expansion project opened on 1 June 2025.[138]
Lima is a major stop on thePan-American Highway. Because of its location on the country's central coast, Lima is an important junction in Peru's highway system. Three major highways originate in Lima.
TheNorthern Panamerican Highway extends more than 1,330 kilometers (830 mi) to the border with Ecuador connecting the northern districts with many major cities along the northern Peruvian coast.
The Central Highway (Spanish:Carretera Central) connects the eastern districts with cities in central Peru. The highway extends 860 kilometers (530 mi) with its terminus atPucallpa near Brazil.
TheSouthern Panamerican Highway connects the southern districts to the southern coast. The highway extends 1,450 kilometers (900 mi) to the border with Chile.
The city has a single major bus terminal next to the mall Plaza Norte. This bus station connects to national and international destinations. Other bus stations serve private bus companies around the city. In addition, informal bus stations are located in the south, center and north of the city.
Lima's proximity to the port ofCallao allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's major port and one of Latin America's largest. Callao hosts nearly all maritime transport for the metropolitan area. A small port inLurín serves oil tankers due to a nearby refinery. Maritime transport inside Lima city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao.
ThePort of Chancay is currently the largest in South America with it commencing operations on 14 November 2024.
Lima's road network is based mostly on largedivided avenues rather thanfreeways. Lima operates a network of nine freeways – the Via Expresa Paseo de la Republica, Via Expresa Javier Prado, Via Expresa Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Carretera Central, Via Expresa Callao, Autopista Chillon Trapiche and the Autopista Ramiro Priale.[141]
According to a 2012 survey, the majority of the population uses public or collective transportation (75.6%), while 12.3% uses a car, taxi or motorcycle.[135]
The urban transport system is composed of over 300 transit routes[87] that are served by buses, microbuses and combis.
Taxis are mostly informal and unmetered; they are cheap but feature poor driving habits. Fares are agreed upon before the passenger enters the taxi. Taxis vary in size from small four-door compacts to large vans. They account for a large part of the car stock. In many cases they are just a private car with a taxi sticker on the windshield. Additionally, several companies provide on-call taxi service.[142]
TheIntegrated Transport System (SIT), is a bus system developed by the local government to reorganize the current system of routes that has become chaotic. One of the main goals of the SIT is to reduce the number of urban routes, renew the bus fleet currently operating by many private companies and to reduce (and eventually replace) most "combis" from the city.
Colectivos render express service on some major roads. The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on their windshield. Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users. The cost is generally higher than public transport; however, they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops. This service is informal and is illegal.[143] Some people in the periphery use so-called "mototaxis" for short distances.
The Metropolitan Transport System orEl Metropolitano is a new, integrated system, consisting of a network of buses that run in exclusive corridors under the Bus Rapid Transit system (BRT). The goal is to reduce passengers' commute times, protect the environment, provide improved security and overall quality of service. Metropolitano was executed with funds from the City of Lima and financing from theInter-American Development Bank and theWorld Bank. Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate with natural gas, seeking to reduce air pollution.[144] This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The first phase of this project has 33 kilometers (21 mi) of line (north) toChorrillos (south). It began commercial operations on 28 July 2010. Since 2014, Lima Council operates the "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transport system), which comprises buses overAvenida Arequipa.[145] By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counted 244 buses in its central routes and 179 buses in its feeding routes. Weekday use averages 437,148 passengers. Usage increased since 2011 by 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturdays and 33.3% for Sundays.[135]
TheLima Metro is expected to have six lines. As of 2024, there are two lines running and a third under construction. The other lines are in the Ministry of Transportation's investment portfolio for the next 5 years.
Line 1 has twenty six passenger stations, with an average separation of 1.2 kilometers (3,900 ft). It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores, then through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos, to Av.Aviación and then cross the river Rimac to finish, after almost 35 km (22 mi), in the east of the capital inSan Juan de Lurigancho. The system operates 24 trains, each with six wagons. Each wagon has the capacity to transport 233 people. The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis.[135]
Line 2 of the metro has a first stage already working, the expansion of the line it's being delivered in 2026, along with a portion of line 4 that will be connecting the airport to the metro system. Line 3 and expansion of line 4 are now in the pre bid stage to be done in 2025.
Lima has high traffic congestion, especially at peak hours. 1.397 million vehicles were in use by the end of 2012. The region operates 65.3% of the cars in the country.[135]
The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) offered economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts. Recreational bike lanes can be found in 39 districts. The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that more than a million and a half people used the bike lanes in 2012. The bike lanes ran for 71 km (44 mi). They estimate that the use of the bike lanes prevented the emission of 526 tons of carbon dioxide in 2012.[135]
San Borja district was the first to implement a bikeshare program called San Borja en Bici. It supplied 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro). By December 2012, the program had 2,776 subscribers.[146]
Lima suffers the most from air pollution. The microscopic sediment contained within engine exhaust and industrial emissions floats in the air for extended periods of time, either continuing as air pollution or eventually coming to settle as dust upon different urban surfaces. The fine particles are the most dangerous, as if inhaled, are able to damage the humanrespiratory system. The recommended limit of these particles by theWorld Health Organization is 5 tons/km2/month. In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.[135][147]
The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC. In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities ofSEDAPAL was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum. These values increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum. The values are within the recommended limits.[147]
The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about 0.7 kg (2 lb) per day. In 2012, each resident produced 273.36 kg (603 lb) of solid waste. The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate. The rest ends up in informal landfills, rivers, or the ocean. Three municipalities recycle 20% or more of their waste.[52]
Lima has a population of about 10 million people. This equates to one-third of the overall population of the nation. Lima was subjected to a lengthy period of confinement or quarantine that lasted more than four months. However, in May 2020, the process of restoring activities began as part of the national government's economic reactivation strategy.[149][150]
Lima'sgreen recovery is based on bringing services closer to the most vulnerable people, with the goal of creating a green, wealthy, and equitable city for all. The municipality has an aim of implementing sustainable infrastructure to limit the development ofCOVID-19 through the execution of 46 km of rising bike routes.[149][150]
In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes. In addition, 92% of homes connect with sewage systems. 99.6% of homes have grid electric service. Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available for only a few hours a day.[135]
One and a half million inhabitants have no access to drinking water. The water problem mainly affects the outlying areas of the capital. The story of water in Lima is one of inequality. In the most affluent districts, per capita water consumption stands at 350 liters per day. In the poorest neighborhoods, it's between 20 and 70 liters a day.[152][153]
About 1.7 million residents are not connected to the drinking water system and are forced to buy water from tankers, even though it is not always safe to drink. The problem of access to water continues to worsen due to drought, pollution, poor infrastructure, overexploitation by large companies and intensive agriculture.[154]
The perception of security varies by district. For example, San Isidro has the lowest perception of insecurity (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a 2012 survey. The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.[155]
Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been a crime victim. The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%).[52] In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency. The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos. The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo. These districts do not necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity.[155]
While the police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. The quantity of Serenazgos officials and resources varies by district. For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 citizens per official. Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.[52]
The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district. The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%). The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).[155]
The mid-20th century saw the rural population (between 600,000 and 1 million people) taking refuge in Lima, especially during thePeruvian conflict.[156] The new arrivals, often very poor, erected hastily built shacks. Some residents of these shantytown neighborhoods have acquired property titles, but urban planning remains largely non-existent. In response, a number of wealthy neighborhoods built their own security barriers starting in 1985, citing security concerns.[156] By 2019, some segments were up to 3 meters high and includedbarbed wire,[157] having a total length of ten kilometers (6.2 mi).[158][159]
Critics have used the termwall of shame (Spanish:muro de la vergüenza) to refer to the barriers, which are the subject of tension, especially as many inhabitants of the poorer area cross the wall everyday to work in the neighbouring affluent areas, usually as gardeners or domestic workers.[160] The wall was partially demolished in 2023 in a number of places.[161][156][162]
^"El origen del nombre de nuestra capital" [The origin of the name of our capital] (in Spanish). Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. 22 April 2012. Retrieved18 June 2020.
^"Ciudad de Lima".Heráldica Latinoamericana (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved11 February 2015.
^abcdefghij"Una mirada a Lima Metropolitana" [A look at Metropolitan Lima](PDF) (in Spanish). Lima: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. September 2014. Retrieved1 September 2019.
^"Análisis Meteorológico" [Meteorological Analysis] (in Spanish). Ministerio del Ambiente Peru. Retrieved19 August 2021.
^Capel Molina, José J. (1999)."Lima, un clima de desierto litoral"(PDF).Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense (in Spanish).19. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid:25–45.ISSN0211-9803. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 June 2010. Retrieved17 September 2013.
^"Station : 84628 Lima/Callao".Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived fromthe original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved6 November 2016.
^United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Urban Agglomerations 2014Archived 6 September 2015 at theWayback Machine. – note, per the source, "Urban agglomerations included in the chart are those of 1 million inhabitants or more in 2007. An agglomeration contains the population within the contours of contiguous territory inhabited at urban levels of residential density without regard to administrative boundaries."
^Campoamor, Leigh (2019). "Lima's Wall(s) of Shame: In the hills of Lima, a concrete wall divides a poor neighborhood from a wealthy gated community, marking a border defined by centuries of structural neglect".NACLA Report on the Americas.51 (1):29–35.doi:10.1080/10714839.2019.1593686.S2CID167067331.
^"Información de Gobierno".proyectoallas.net (in Spanish). AL-LAs. 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved18 December 2021.
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!["The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy[...]", painting of 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.[30]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aLima_POMA1039v.jpg)
![The unfinished cathedral in the Plaza Mayor, painting of 1680. Museo de América (Madrid).[31]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPlaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg)
![View of Lima and the Tapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by d'Orbigny and Benoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain.[32]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBridge_of_Lima%2c_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%25C3%25A8s_(cropped).jpg)
![Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.[34]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aCalle_de_los_Jud%25C3%25ADos_(Lima)_1866.jpg)
![Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.[34]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aCalles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_(Lima)_1866.jpg)
![Puente de Piedra Bridge, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the Walls of Lima in 1878 by El Viajero Ilustrado. Old Fund of the University of Seville.[35]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aEl_viajero_ilustrado%2c_1878_602092_(3810558891).jpg)
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