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Lilium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of plants
"Lily" and "Lilies" redirect here. For other uses, seeLilium (disambiguation),Lily (disambiguation), andLilies (disambiguation).
For other plants called lilies, seeList of plants known as lily.

Lilium
Lilium candidum
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Order:Liliales
Family:Liliaceae
Subfamily:Lilioideae
Tribe:Lilieae
Genus:Lilium
L.[1]
Type species
Lilium candidum
Species

List of Lilium species

Synonyms[1]
  • LiriumScop., nom. illeg.
  • MartagonWolf
  • Martagon(Rchb.) Opiz, nom. illeg.
  • NomocharisFranch.

Lilium (/ˈlɪliəm/LIL-ee-əm)[3] is agenus ofherbaceousflowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to theNorthern Hemisphere and their range istemperate climates and extends into thesubtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in theircommon names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies. True lilies are known to be highly toxic to cats.[4]

Description

[edit]
Lilium longiflorum flower – 1.stigma, 2.style, 3.anthers, 4. filament, 5.tepal

Lilies are tallperennials ranging in height from 1–6 ft (30–180 cm). They form naked or tunicless scaly undergroundbulbs which are their organs ofperennation. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops intorhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species developstolons.[5] Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts outadventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.[6]

Lily, petal

The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne inracemes orumbels at the tip of the stem, with sixtepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear anectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of theanthers. Thefruit is a three-celled capsule.[7]

Stamen of lilium

Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complexgermination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.

Most cool temperate species aredeciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters (Lilium candidum,Lilium catesbaei,Lilium longiflorum) lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.

Lilium candidum seeds

The basicchromosome number is twelve (n=12).[8]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Taxonomical division insections follows the classical division of Comber,[9] species acceptance follows theWorld Checklist of Selected Plant Families,[10] the taxonomy of sectionPseudolirium is from the Flora of North America,[11] the taxonomy of SectionLiriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007,[12] the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China[13] and the taxonomy of SectionSinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al.[14] as does the taxonomy of SectionArchelirion.[15]

TheSinomartagon are divided in threeparaphyletic groups, while theLeucolirion are divided in two paraphyletic groups.[16]

There are seven sections:

  • Martagon
  • Pseudolirium
  • Liriotypus
  • Archelirion
  • Sinomartagon
  • Leucolirion
  • Daurolirion

There are 119 species counted in this genus.[17] For a full list of accepted species with their native ranges, seeList of Lilium species.

PictureSectionSub SectionBotanical namecommon name
MartagonLilium distichum
MartagonLilium hansonii
MartagonLilium martagonMartagon or Turk's cap lily
MartagonLilium medeoloides
MartagonLilium tsingtauense
Pseudolirium2aLilium bolanderiBolander's Lily
Pseudolirium2aLilium puberulum
Pseudolirium2aLilium kelloggii
Pseudolirium2aLilium rubescens
Pseudolirium2aLilium washingtonianumWashington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily
Pseudolirium2bLilium kelleyanum
Pseudolirium2bLilium maritimum
Pseudolirium2bLilium occidentale
Pseudolirium2bLilium pardalinumPanther or Leopard lily
Pseudolirium2bLilium parryi
Pseudolirium2bLilium parvumSierra tiger lily or Alpine lily
Pseudolirium2cLilium canadenseCanada Lily or Meadow Lily
Pseudolirium2cLilium grayi
Pseudolirium2cLilium iridollae
Pseudolirium2cLilium michiganenseMichigan Lily
Pseudolirium2cLilium michauxiiCarolina Lily
Pseudolirium2cLilium superbumSwamp lily or American tiger lily
Pseudolirium2cLilium pyrophilumSandhills Lily[18]
Pseudolirium2dLilium catesbaei
Pseudolirium2dLilium philadelphicumWood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily
Liriotypus3aLilium candidumMadonna lily
Liriotypus3bLilium albanicum
Liriotypus3bLilium bosniacum (Lilium carniolicum var. bosniacum)
Liriotypus3bLilium chalcedonicum
Liriotypus3bLilium carniolicum
Liriotypus3bLilium ciliatum
Liriotypus3bLilium heldreichii
Liriotypus3bLilium jankae
Liriotypus3bLilium pomponiumTurban lily
Liriotypus3bLilium ponticum
Liriotypus3bLilium pyrenaicum
Liriotypus3cLilium akkusianum
Liriotypus3cLilium kesselringianum
Liriotypus3cLilium monadelphum
Liriotypus3cLilium rhodopeum
Liriotypus3cLilium szovitsianumPolish Lily
Liriotypus3cLilium polyphyllum
Liriotypus3cLilium ledebourii
Liriotypus3dLilium bulbiferumOrange Lily or Fire Lily
Archelirion4aLilium speciosumJapanese lily
Archelirion4bLilium auratumGolden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily
Archelirion4cLilium alexandrae
Lilium japonicum 'Hyuga form' in Mount HokodakeArchelirion4cLilium japonicum
Archelirion4cLilium nobilissimum
Archelirion4dLilium brownii
Archelirion4dLilium rubellum
Archelirion4dLilium platyphyllum
Sinomartagon5aLilium davidii
Sinomartagon5aLilium duchartrei
Sinomartagon5aLilium henryiTiger Lily or Henry's lily
Sinomartagon5aLilium lancifoliumTiger Lily (often known asL. tigrinum)
Sinomartagon5aLilium lankongense
Sinomartagon5aLilium leichtlinii
Sinomartagon5aLilium papilliferum
Sinomartagon5aLilium rosthornii
Sinomartagon5bLilium amabile
Sinomartagon5bLilium callosum
Sinomartagon5bLilium cernuum
Sinomartagon5bLilium concolorMorning Star Lily
Sinomartagon5bLilium fargesii
Sinomartagon5bLilium pumilumCoral Lily, Low Lily, or Siberian Lily
Sinomartagon5bLilium xanthellum
Sinomartagon5cLilium amoenum
Sinomartagon5cLilium arboricola
Sinomartagon5cLilium bakerianum
Sinomartagon5cLilium euxanthum
Sinomartagon5cLilium henrici
Sinomartagon5cLilium lophophorum
Sinomartagon5cLilium mackliniaeSiroi Lily
Sinomartagon5cLilium majoense
Sinomartagon5cLilium nanum
Sinomartagon5cLilium nepalense
Sinomartagon5cLilium oxypetalum
Sinomartagon5cLilium paradoxum
Sinomartagon5cLilium poilanei
Sinomartagon5cLilium primulinum
Sinomartagon5cLilium sempervivoideum
Sinomartagon5cLilium sherriffiae
Sinomartagon5cLilium souliei
Sinomartagon5cLilium stewartianum
Sinomartagon5cLilium taliense
Sinomartagon5cLilium wardii
Sinomartagon5?Lilium brevistylum
Sinomartagon5?Lilium lijiangense
Sinomartagon5?Lilium anhuiense
Sinomartagon5?Lilium eupetes
Sinomartagon5?Lilium habaense
Sinomartagon5?Lilium huidongense
Sinomartagon5?Lilium jinfushanense
Sinomartagon5?Lilium matangense
Sinomartagon5?Lilium medogense
Sinomartagon5?Lilium pinifolium
Sinomartagon5?Lilium pyi
Sinomartagon5?Lilium saccatum
Sinomartagon5?Lilium tianschanicum
Sinomartagon5?Lilium floridum
Leucolirion6aLilium leucanthum
Leucolirion6aLilium regale
Leucolirion6aLilium sargentiae
Leucolirion6aLilium sulphureum
Leucolirion6aLilium wenshanense
Leucolirion6bLilium anhuiense
Leucolirion6bLilium formosanum
Leucolirion6bLilium longiflorumEaster Lily
Leucolirion6bLilium neilgherrense
Leucolirion6bLilium philippinenseBenguet lily[19][20]
Leucolirion6bLilium wallichianum
Leucolirion6bLilium zairii
Leucolirion6bLilium puerense
DaurolirionLilium dauricum
DaurolirionLilium maculatum
DaurolirionLilium pensylvanicum
Lilium eupetes
Lilium armenum
Lilium bosniacum
Lilium columbianum
Lilium debile
Lilium humboldtii
Lilium rockii

Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera includeCardiocrinum,Notholirion, andFritillaria.[21][22][23] Four other genuses,Lirium,Martagon,Martagon andNomocharis are considered tosynonyms by most sources.[17]

Etymology

[edit]

The botanic nameLilium is theLatin form and is aLinnaean name. The Latin name is derived from theGreek wordλείριονleírion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by theMadonna lily.[24][25][26] The word was borrowed fromCoptic (dial. Fayyumic)hleri, from standardhreri, fromDemotichrry, fromEgyptianhrṛt "flower".[27]Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean.[citation needed]Ancient Greek:κρῖνον,krīnon, was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.[28]

The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, includingwater lily,fire lily,lily of the Nile,calla lily,trout lily,kaffir lily,cobra lily,lily of the valley,daylily,ginger lily,Amazon lily,leek lily,Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrewshūshan,shōshan,shōshannā as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" ofSong of Solomon, for instance, may be the honeysuckle.[29]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]
Turk's cap lily growing in theCarinthian Alps

The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, oftenmontane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland andepiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

Ecology

[edit]

Lilies are used as food plants by thelarvae of someLepidoptera species including theDun-bar.

The proliferation of deer (e.g.Odocoileus virginianus) in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well.[30] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.[31]

Cultivation

[edit]

Many species are widely grown in the garden intemperate,sub-tropical andtropical regions.[32] Numerous ornamentalhybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especiallyLilium longiflorum, form importantcut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance,Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (exceptLilium candidum which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn.[33] They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. Asoil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.[34][35]

Awards

[edit]

The following lily species andcultivars currently hold theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):[36][37]

'Golden Splendor'

Classification of garden forms

[edit]

Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:[43][44][45]

Asiatic hybrids (Division I)

[edit]
These are derived from hybrids between species inLiliumsectionSinomartagon.[46][47]
They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, includingLilium amabile,Lilium bulbiferum,Lilium callosum,Lilium cernuum,Lilium concolor,Lilium dauricum,Lilium davidii,Lilium × hollandicum,Lilium lancifolium (syn.Lilium tigrinum),Lilium lankongense,Lilium leichtlinii,Lilium × maculatum,Lilium pumilum,Lilium × scottiae,Lilium wardii andLilium wilsonii.
These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' andLilium 'Navona'.[48]
  • Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61 cm in height and were designed for containers.[49] They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye',[50] 'Tiny Dessert'.[51]

Martagon hybrids (Division II)

[edit]
These are based onLilium dalhansonii,Lilium hansonii,Lilium martagon,Lilium medeoloides, andLilium tsingtauense.
The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)

[edit]
This includes mostly European species:Lilium candidum,Lilium chalcedonicum,Lilium kesselringianum,Lilium monadelphum,Lilium pomponium,Lilium pyrenaicum andLilium × testaceum.

American hybrids (Division IV)

[edit]
These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived fromLilium bolanderi,Lilium × burbankii,Lilium canadense,Lilium columbianum,Lilium grayi,Lilium humboldtii,Lilium kelleyanum,Lilium kelloggii,Lilium maritimum,Lilium michauxii,Lilium michiganense,Lilium occidentale,Lilium × pardaboldtii,Lilium pardalinum,Lilium parryi,Lilium parvum,Lilium philadelphicum,Lilium pitkinense,Lilium superbum,Lilium ollmeri,Lilium washingtonianum, andLilium wigginsii.
Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)

[edit]
These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.
They are most important as plants forcut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (withL. henryi)

[edit]

This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, includingLilium × aurelianense,Lilium brownii,Lilium × centigale,Lilium henryi,Lilium × imperiale,Lilium × kewense,Lilium leucanthum,Lilium regale,Lilium rosthornii,Lilium sargentiae,Lilium sulphureum andLilium × sulphurgale.
The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

Oriental hybrids (Division VII)

[edit]

These are based on hybrids withinLiliumsectionArchelirion,[46][47] specificallyLilium auratum andLilium speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, includingLilium nobilissimum,Lilium rubellum,Lilium alexandrae, andLilium japonicum.
They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, seeLilium 'Stargazer'.)

Other hybrids (Division VIII)

[edit]
Includes all other garden hybrids.

Species (Division IX)

[edit]
All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:[52]

  • Flower aspect:
  • a up-facing
  • b out-facing
  • c down-facing
  • Flower form:
  • a trumpet-shaped
  • b bowl-shaped
  • c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
  • d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.[53]

Pests and diseases

[edit]
Scarlet lily beetles,Oxfordshire, UK

Aphids may infest plants.Leatherjackets feed on the roots.Larvae of theScarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (Lilium) and fritillaries (Fritillaria).[54] Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North AmericanLilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America.[55] Daylilies (Hemerocallis, not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs,[56] snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.

Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection ofBotrytis elliptica, also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight.[57] Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.[58]

Propagation and growth

[edit]

Lilies can be propagated in several ways;

  • by division of the bulbs
  • by growing-onbulbils which areadventitious bulbs formed on the stem
  • by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
  • by seed; there are manyseed germination patterns, which can be complex
  • bymicropropagation techniques (which includetissue culture);[59] commercial quantities of lilies are often propagatedin vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.[60]

Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especially those sold as potted plants. Commonly usedchemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, all of which are applied to the foliage to slow the biosynthesis ofgibberellins, a class ofplant hormones responsible for stem growth.[61]

Research

[edit]

A comparison ofmeioticcrossing-over (recombination) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverseeukaryotes share a common pattern of meiotic crossing-over.[62]Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis.[63][64]

Toxicity

[edit]

SomeLilium species are toxic tocats. This is known to be so especially forLilium longiflorum, though otherLilium and the unrelatedHemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms with equal lethality.[65][66][67][68] The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to therenal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acutekidney failure.[68] Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat. Due to the high mortality rate, medical care should be sought immediately once it is known a cat came into contact with lilies, ideally before any symptoms develop.[69]

Culinary uses

[edit]

Chinese cuisine

[edit]

Lily bulbs arestarchy and edible asroot vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.[70]

Lilium brownii var.viridulum, known as 百合 (pak hop;pinyin:bǎi hé;Cantonese Yale:baak hap;lit. 'hundred united'), is one of the most prominent edible lilies inChina. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in theSan Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry.[70] A landrace called 龍牙百合 (pinyin:lóng yá bǎi hé;lit. 'dragon-tooth lily') mainly cultivated inHunan andJiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.[71]

L. lancifolium (Chinese:卷丹;pinyin:juǎn dān;lit. 'reflexed red') is widely cultivated in China, especially inYixing,Huzhou andLongshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.[71]

L. davidii var.unicolor (Chinese:蘭州百合;lit. 'Lanzhou lily') is mainly cultivated inLanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.[71]

Other edible Chinese lilies includeL. brownii var.brownii,L. davidii var.davidii,L. concolor,L. pensylvanicum,L. distichum,L. martagon var.pilosiusculum,L. pumilum,L. rosthornii andL. speciosum var.gloriosoides.[72] Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.[75]

The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup.[citation needed] They may be reconstituted andstir-fried, grated and used to thickensoup, or processed to extract starch.[citation needed] Their texture and taste draw comparisons with thepotato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.[citation needed]

The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, calledkam cham tsoi (Chinese:金针菜;pinyin:jīnzhēncài;Cantonese Yale:gāmjām choi;lit. 'gold needle vegetable')[76] inChinese cuisine, are actually fromdaylilies,Hemerocallis citrina,[77] or possiblyH. fulva.[a][76] Flowers of theH. graminea andLilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not includeL. bulbiferum.[b][78]

Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat.[79] A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".[78]

Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.[80][81][82]

The parts ofLilium species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs ofLilium lancifolium,Lilium brownii var.viridulum,Lilium pumilum andLilium candidum.[83]

Japanese cuisine

[edit]
Loose scales of lily bulb in adonburi bowl dish

The lily bulb oryuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine.[c][84] It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional ingredient (,gu) in thechawan-mushi (savoury egg custard),[85] where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving.[86][87] It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup orsuimono [ja].[88][89]

The boiled bulb may also bestrained[d] intopurée for use, as in the sweetenedkinton,[90][91] orchakin-shibori.[91][92][e]

Yokan

[edit]

There is also theyuri-yōkan, one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch withagar dissolved in water and sugar.[94] This was a specialty ofHamada, Shimane,[95] and the shop Kaisei-dō (開盛堂) established in 1885 became famous for it.[96][97] Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote awaka poem about the confection which mentionedhime-yuri "princess lily",[f] one source stated that thehime-yuri (usually taken to meanL. concolor) had to have been used,[96] but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range withFuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production ofyama-yuri (L. auratum).[93][g]

Species used

[edit]

Current Japanese governmental sources (c. 2005) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption:[101][102] theoni yuri or tiger lilyLilium lancifolium, thekooni yuriLilium leichtlinii var.maximowiczii,[h] and the gold-banded whiteyama-yuriL. auratum.

But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900,[98][103] give a top-three list which replaceskooni yuri with thesukashi-yuri (透かし百合, lit. "see-through lily",L. maculatum) named from the gaps between thetepals.[104][105]

There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by thehime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name forL. concolor in most up-to-date literature,[106] it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900.[98] The non-tiger-lilyhimeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.[i]

North America

[edit]

The flower buds and roots ofLilium columbianum are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples.[107]Coast Salish,Nuu-chah-nulth and most westernWashington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs ofLilium columbianum. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.[108]

Medicinal uses

[edit]

Traditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following: 野百合Lilium brownii, 百合Lilium brownii var.viridulum, 渥丹Lilium concolor, 毛百合Lilium dauricum, 卷丹Lilium lancifolium, 山丹Lilium pumilum, 南川百合Lilium rosthornii, 药百合Lilium speciosum var.gloriosoides, 淡黄花百合Lilium sulphureum.[109][110]

In Taiwan, governmental publications listLilium lancifolium Thunb.,Lilium brownii var.viridulum Baker,Lilium pumilum DC.[111]

In thekanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmentalpharmacopeia Nihon yakkyokuhō (日本薬局方) includes the use of lily bulb (known asbyakugō (ビャクゴウ 百合) in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species:Lilium lancifolium,Lilium brownii,Lilium brownii var.colchesteri,Lilium pumilum[112] The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.[112]

In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리Lilium lancifolium Thunberg; 당나리Lilium brownii var.viridulun Baker.[113][114]

In culture

[edit]

Symbolism

[edit]

In theVictorianlanguage of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.[115]

Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.[116]

A Rukai lady adorned with Formosan lilies at a function in Taiwan

Lilium formosanum, or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" (Chinese:打碗花) by the elderly members of theHakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on.[117] A different viewpoint proposes that parents discourage kids from picking lilies by informing them of the possible repercussions, like their dinner bowls breaking if they harm the flower. TheindigenousRukai people who call this same speciesbariangalay consider it as a symbol of bravery and perseverance.[118]

In Western Christianity, Madonna lily orLilium candidum has been associated with theVirgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at theAnnunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions ofChrist's resurrection.Lilium longiflorum, the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, andLilium candidum, the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.

Heraldry

[edit]

Lilium bulbiferum has long been recognised as a symbol of theOrange Order inNorthern Ireland.[119]

Lilium mackliniae is the state flower ofManipur.Lilium michauxii, the Carolina lily, is the official state flower ofNorth Carolina.Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebratesLilium parryi.[120]Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem ofSaskatchewan province in Canada, and is on theflag of Saskatchewan.[121][122][123]

Other plants referred to as lilies

[edit]

Lily of the valley,flame lilies,daylilies,water lilies andspider lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genusLilium.

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^Blasdale cites Bretschneider (1889), but in Bretschneider (1875), "Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West", p. 123, first gives the Chinese name forH. fulva as "kïm châm hōa" as according toJoão de Loureiro, while he himself only recognized its name as "kin huang hua"金黃花 or as[黃花菜];huang-hua ts'ai; 'yellow-flower vegetable' as they were called by Beijing merchants.
  2. ^The informant, Pelham L. Warren, consul at Taiwan was presumably providing imports from China (main portHankou) or Japan.
  3. ^"not a common food" (Shizuo Tsuji [ja]).
  4. ^The termuragoshi [ja] "straining" orthodoxically means using the "uragoshi-ki", traditionally a sieve with a fine mesh of horse-hair instead of metal wire.
  5. ^These could refer to essentially the same thing, except for slight difference in texture and appearance. Theyuri-kinton has been described as "ogura an (sweetadzuki bean paste) core surrounded with stipples (soboro) of strained lily bulb and white adzuki (shiroazuki orshiroshōzu).[93] A recipe for lily bulb dumplings orchakin-shibori calls for wrapping adzuki bean paste with lily bulb mashed intopurée, then wrapping it in a cloth and wringing the dumpling into a ball shape.[92]
  6. ^Jimyōin Motoaki [ja] b. 1865 was a viscount and poet. So was his son Motonori.
  7. ^And as discussed below, this yama-yuri was also called "hime-yuri" in earlier days.[98]
  8. ^The kooni yuri (小鬼百合, "lesser ogre lily").
  9. ^That is, not in the top three of this period.[98]

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[edit]
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Bibliography

External links

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