Lilium (/ˈlɪliəm/LIL-ee-əm)[3] is agenus ofherbaceousflowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to theNorthern Hemisphere and their range istemperate climates and extends into thesubtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in theircommon names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies. True lilies are known to be highly toxic to cats.[4]
Lilies are tallperennials ranging in height from 1–6 ft (30–180 cm). They form naked or tunicless scaly undergroundbulbs which are their organs ofperennation. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops intorhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species developstolons.[5] Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts outadventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.[6]
Lily, petal
The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne inracemes orumbels at the tip of the stem, with sixtepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear anectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of theanthers. Thefruit is a three-celled capsule.[7]
Stamen of lilium
Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complexgermination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.
Most cool temperate species aredeciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters (Lilium candidum,Lilium catesbaei,Lilium longiflorum) lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.
Taxonomical division insections follows the classical division of Comber,[9] species acceptance follows theWorld Checklist of Selected Plant Families,[10] the taxonomy of sectionPseudolirium is from the Flora of North America,[11] the taxonomy of SectionLiriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007,[12] the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China[13] and the taxonomy of SectionSinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al.[14] as does the taxonomy of SectionArchelirion.[15]
TheSinomartagon are divided in threeparaphyletic groups, while theLeucolirion are divided in two paraphyletic groups.[16]
There are seven sections:
Martagon
Pseudolirium
Liriotypus
Archelirion
Sinomartagon
Leucolirion
Daurolirion
There are 119 species counted in this genus.[17] For a full list of accepted species with their native ranges, seeList of Lilium species.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera includeCardiocrinum,Notholirion, andFritillaria.[21][22][23] Four other genuses,Lirium,Martagon,Martagon andNomocharis are considered tosynonyms by most sources.[17]
The botanic nameLilium is theLatin form and is aLinnaean name. The Latin name is derived from theGreek wordλείριονleírion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by theMadonna lily.[24][25][26] The word was borrowed fromCoptic (dial. Fayyumic)hleri, from standardhreri, fromDemotichrry, fromEgyptianhrṛt "flower".[27]Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean.[citation needed]Ancient Greek:κρῖνον,krīnon, was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.[28]
The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, oftenmontane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland andepiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
The proliferation of deer (e.g.Odocoileus virginianus) in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well.[30] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.[31]
Many species are widely grown in the garden intemperate,sub-tropical andtropical regions.[32] Numerous ornamentalhybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especiallyLilium longiflorum, form importantcut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance,Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (exceptLilium candidum which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn.[33] They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. Asoil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.[34][35]
Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:[43][44][45]
These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' andLilium 'Navona'.[48]
Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61 cm in height and were designed for containers.[49] They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye',[50] 'Tiny Dessert'.[51]
They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, seeLilium 'Stargazer'.)
Aphids may infest plants.Leatherjackets feed on the roots.Larvae of theScarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (Lilium) and fritillaries (Fritillaria).[54] Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North AmericanLilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America.[55] Daylilies (Hemerocallis, not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs,[56] snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.
Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection ofBotrytis elliptica, also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight.[57] Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.[58]
bymicropropagation techniques (which includetissue culture);[59] commercial quantities of lilies are often propagatedin vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.[60]
Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especially those sold as potted plants. Commonly usedchemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, all of which are applied to the foliage to slow the biosynthesis ofgibberellins, a class ofplant hormones responsible for stem growth.[61]
A comparison ofmeioticcrossing-over (recombination) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverseeukaryotes share a common pattern of meiotic crossing-over.[62]Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis.[63][64]
SomeLilium species are toxic tocats. This is known to be so especially forLilium longiflorum, though otherLilium and the unrelatedHemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms with equal lethality.[65][66][67][68] The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to therenal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acutekidney failure.[68] Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat. Due to the high mortality rate, medical care should be sought immediately once it is known a cat came into contact with lilies, ideally before any symptoms develop.[69]
The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup.[citation needed] They may be reconstituted andstir-fried, grated and used to thickensoup, or processed to extract starch.[citation needed] Their texture and taste draw comparisons with thepotato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.[citation needed]
Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat.[79] A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".[78]
Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.[80][81][82]
The lily bulb oryuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine.[c][84] It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional ingredient (具,gu) in thechawan-mushi (savoury egg custard),[85] where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving.[86][87] It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup orsuimono [ja].[88][89]
There is also theyuri-yōkan, one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch withagar dissolved in water and sugar.[94] This was a specialty ofHamada, Shimane,[95] and the shop Kaisei-dō (開盛堂) established in 1885 became famous for it.[96][97] Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote awaka poem about the confection which mentionedhime-yuri "princess lily",[f] one source stated that thehime-yuri (usually taken to meanL. concolor) had to have been used,[96] but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range withFuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production ofyama-yuri (L. auratum).[93][g]
But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900,[98][103] give a top-three list which replaceskooni yuri with thesukashi-yuri (透かし百合, lit. "see-through lily",L. maculatum) named from the gaps between thetepals.[104][105]
There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by thehime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name forL. concolor in most up-to-date literature,[106] it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900.[98] The non-tiger-lilyhimeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.[i]
The flower buds and roots ofLilium columbianum are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples.[107]Coast Salish,Nuu-chah-nulth and most westernWashington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs ofLilium columbianum. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.[108]
In thekanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmentalpharmacopeia Nihon yakkyokuhō (日本薬局方) includes the use of lily bulb (known asbyakugō (ビャクゴウ 百合) in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species:Lilium lancifolium,Lilium brownii,Lilium brownii var.colchesteri,Lilium pumilum[112] The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.[112]
In theVictorianlanguage of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.[115]
Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.[116]
A Rukai lady adorned with Formosan lilies at a function in Taiwan
Lilium formosanum, or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" (Chinese:打碗花) by the elderly members of theHakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on.[117] A different viewpoint proposes that parents discourage kids from picking lilies by informing them of the possible repercussions, like their dinner bowls breaking if they harm the flower. TheindigenousRukai people who call this same speciesbariangalay consider it as a symbol of bravery and perseverance.[118]
In Western Christianity, Madonna lily orLilium candidum has been associated with theVirgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at theAnnunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions ofChrist's resurrection.Lilium longiflorum, the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, andLilium candidum, the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.
^Blasdale cites Bretschneider (1889), but in Bretschneider (1875), "Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West", p. 123, first gives the Chinese name forH. fulva as "kïm châm hōa" as according toJoão de Loureiro, while he himself only recognized its name as "kin huang hua"金黃花 or as[黃花菜];huang-hua ts'ai; 'yellow-flower vegetable' as they were called by Beijing merchants.
^The informant, Pelham L. Warren, consul at Taiwan was presumably providing imports from China (main portHankou) or Japan.
^The termuragoshi [ja] "straining" orthodoxically means using the "uragoshi-ki", traditionally a sieve with a fine mesh of horse-hair instead of metal wire.
^These could refer to essentially the same thing, except for slight difference in texture and appearance. Theyuri-kinton has been described as "ogura an (sweetadzuki bean paste) core surrounded with stipples (soboro) of strained lily bulb and white adzuki (shiroazuki orshiroshōzu).[93] A recipe for lily bulb dumplings orchakin-shibori calls for wrapping adzuki bean paste with lily bulb mashed intopurée, then wrapping it in a cloth and wringing the dumpling into a ball shape.[92]
^Jimyōin Motoaki [ja] b. 1865 was a viscount and poet. So was his son Motonori.
^And as discussed below, this yama-yuri was also called "hime-yuri" in earlier days.[98]
^ab"Lilium".World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived fromthe original on November 14, 2017. RetrievedJune 13, 2014.
^lectotype designated by N. L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 502 (1913)
^Pelkonen, Veli-Pekka; Pirttilä, Anna-Maria (2012)."Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Lilium"(PDF).Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology.6 (Special Issue 2):1–8. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-10-08. Retrieved2016-07-29.
^Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genusLilium". Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86–105.
^Govaerts, R. (ed.)."Lilium".World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Archived from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved2013-02-03.
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^RHS encyclopedia of plants & flowers. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2010. p. 744.ISBN978-1-4053-5423-3.
^Jefferson-Brown, Michael (2008).Lilies. Wisley handbooks. London: Mitchell Beazley. p. 96.ISBN978-1-84533-384-3.
^"AGM Plants – Ornamental"(PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60.Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved2 March 2018.
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^van Tuyl, J.M.; Binoa, R.J.; Vancreij, M.; Vankleinwee, T.; Franken, J.; Bino, R. (1991). "Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecificLilium crosses".Plant Science.74 (1):115–126.Bibcode:1991PlnSc..74..115V.doi:10.1016/0168-9452(91)90262-7.
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^Hall J (1992). "Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum) when ingested by the cat".Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med.6: 121.
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