| "Like a Prayer" | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Single byMadonna | ||||
| from the albumLike a Prayer | ||||
| B-side | "Act of Contrition" | |||
| Released | March 3, 1989 (1989-03-03) | |||
| Recorded | 1988 | |||
| Studio | Johnny Yuma Recording (Burbank,California) | |||
| Genre | ||||
| Length | 5:41 | |||
| Label | ||||
| Composer | Patrick Leonard | |||
| Lyricist | Madonna | |||
| Producers |
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| Madonna singles chronology | ||||
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| Music video | ||||
| "Like a Prayer" onYouTube | ||||
"Like a Prayer" is a song by American singerMadonna from her 1989 fourthstudio album ofthe same name. It was released as the album'slead single on March 3, 1989, bySire Records. Written and produced by both Madonna andPatrick Leonard, the song heralded an artistic and personal approach to songwriting for Madonna, who believed that she needed to cater more to heradult audience.
"Like a Prayer" is apop rock,dance-pop, andgospel song that also incorporates elements offunk. It featuresbackground vocals from achoir and also arockguitar. Thelyrics containliturgical words, but they have been interpreted by some people to have dual meanings of sexualinnuendo andreligion. "Like a Prayer" was acclaimed bymusic critics upon release and was a global commercial success, becoming Madonna's seventh No. 1hit on the USBillboard Hot 100, topping the Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks and also topping thecharts in many other countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Spain and the United Kingdom.Rolling Stone listed "Like a Prayer" among "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
The accompanyingmusic video for "Like a Prayer", directed byMary Lambert, shows Madonna witnessing a white woman being sexually assaulted and subsequently killed by a group of white men. While a black man is arrested for the crime, Madonna hides in a church for safety, seeking strength to go forth as a witness. The video depicts a church andCatholic imagery such asstigmata. It also features theKu Klux Klan'sburning crosses and a dream sequence about kissing a black saint. TheVatican condemned the video, while family and religious groups protested against its broadcast. They boycotted products bysoft drink manufacturerPepsi, who had used the song in their commercial. Pepsi canceled their sponsorship contract with Madonna, but allowed her to retain the $5 million fee.
"Like a Prayer" has been featured on six of Madonna'sconcert tours, most recently onThe Celebration Tour. The song has beencovered by numerous artists. Along with the parent album, "Like a Prayer" was a turning point in Madonna's career, with critics starting to acknowledge her as an artist rather than a merepopstar. "Like a Prayer" was included on Madonna'sgreatest hitscompilation albumsThe Immaculate Collection (1990),Celebration (2009) andFinally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones (2022).
Madonna had not recorded any music throughout most of 1988. Following the critical and commercial failure of back-to-back big-budget films,Shanghai Surprise (1986) andWho's That Girl (1987), she acted in theBroadway production ofSpeed-the-Plow.[1] However, the unfavorable reviews once again caused her discomfort. Her marriage toSean Penn ended, leading to the couple filing for divorce in January 1989.[2] Madonna had also turned 30, the age at which her mother had died, and thus the singer experienced more emotional turmoil.[1][3] Madonna commented in the March 1989 issue ofRolling Stone that herCatholic upbringing struck a feeling of guilt in her all the time:
"Once you're a Catholic, you're always a Catholic—in terms of your feelings of guilt and remorse and whether you've sinned or not. Sometimes I'm wracked with guilt when I needn't be, and that, to me, is left over from my Catholic upbringing. Because in Catholicism you are born a sinner and you are a sinner all of your life. No matter how you try to get away from it, the sin is within you all the time."[4]
Madonna also understood that as she was growing up, so was her core audience. Feeling the need to attempt something different, she wanted the sound ofher new album to dictate what could be popular in the music world.[5] Madonna had certain personal matters on her mind that she thought could be the musical direction of the album. For the title track, the singer chose topics that until then had been personal meditations never shared with the general public. She perused her personal journals and diaries, and began considering options. Madonna recalled, "What was it I wanted to say? I wanted the album to speak to things on my mind. It was a complex time in my life."[6]
"I think there was a point when we realized that it was the title track, and the lead track, and it was going to be a powerhouse. It became obvious that there was something unique about it. And that somehow we made this thing work: with its stopping and starting, and a minimalistic rhythmic thing, and the verses, and these bombastic choruses, and this giant choir comes in. This is ambitious, you know?"
As Madonna considered her alternatives,Patrick Leonard andStephen Bray were experimenting withinstrumentals and musical ideas for her consideration.[6] Both producers wanted to bring their unique style to the project and composed music for the title track. Eventually, Madonna felt that the music presented to her by Leonard was more interesting, and she started to work with him.[6] Once Madonna had conceptualized the way she would interpose her ideas with the music, she wrote "Like a Prayer" in about three hours, and it became the first song developed for the record.[8] Madonna has described "Like a Prayer" as the song of a passionate young girl "so in love withGod that it is almost as though He were the male figure in her life".[9]
Madonna's further inspiration for the song came from the Catholic belief oftransubstantiation.[10] She introducedliturgical words in the song, but changed the context so that thelyrics had dual meaning.[11] In addition to superficialpop lyrics aboutsexuality andreligion on the surface,[11] "Like a Prayer" contained a secondary meaning beneath to provoke reaction from her listeners. Leonard explained that he was not comfortable with the lyrics and the sexualinnuendos present in it. He gave the example of the firstverse for "Like a Prayer" which goes "When you call my name, It's like a little prayer, I'm down on my knees, I wanna take you there". Leonard saw that this could also refer to someone performingfellatio; aghast, he requested that Madonna change the line, but she was adamant about keeping it.[12]
Madonna wanted to havegospel music as part of "Like a Prayer", with virtually no instrumentation, only the sound of anorgan and her singing.[1] She started experimenting using just her vocals, prior to thebridge being composed. After the full song was finalized, Madonna and Leonard decided to record it alongside achoir around September 1988.[1][8] Both of them met withAndraé Crouch and vocalist Roberto Noriega, and signed their choir to providebackground vocals. Crouch scrutinized thelyrics as he wanted to "find out what the intention of the song might be. We're very particular in choosing what we work with, and we liked what we heard".[13] At Jonny Yuma Recording, he got his choir together and explained to them what they needed to do during therecording session. He had listened to thedemo of "Like a Prayer" in his automobile, and directed the choir accordingly. The choir wasrecorded separately, and Leonard wanted it to be added during post-production.[8]
Recording took more time than usual since Madonna and Leonard fought "tooth and nail" in thestudio. According toLucy O'Brien, Madonna wanted to prove that her second chance as arecord producer (following her previous albumTrue Blue) was not a fluke.[14] Leonard started working on thechord changes for the verses and thechorus.[1] He had hired guitaristBruce Gaitsch andbass guitar playerGuy Pratt to work on the song. Pratt had in turn hired some additionaldrummers.[14] On the day of the recording, the drummers canceled, which irritated Madonna, and she started shouting and swearing profusely at Leonard and Pratt.[14] Pratt then hired the EnglishmanChester Kamen, along with AmericansDavid Williams andDann Huff. He commented that the choice was deliberate since he was a fan ofBritish rock music, and wanted that kind of attitude and quirkiness of the musicians in "Like a Prayer", as well as the other songs of the record.[13] Pratt was not fired, but later he realized that Madonna did not forgive him; she would call him late at night for his opinion, and urgently ask him to come to the recording studio, only to be dismissed.[14]
Madonna had her own opinion of how the different musical instruments should be played to achieve the sound that she envisioned.[13] Pratt recalled that after themiddle chorus was recorded, she notified the musicians of some changes in the production. "Jonathan, do less of thehigh-hat in themiddle eight, and more of afill towards the end. Guy, I want duck eggs [semibreves] on the end, and Chester, bring in your guitar on the second verse", she instructed.[13] The team checked the instructions once more, and did a final recording with vocals and one with thestrings. Gaitsch heard Madonna telling Leonard that no further recording was to be done for the song.[13] Leonard then gave the recording to Bill Bottrell for themixing process.[8] But the producer felt that thebongos and theLatin Percussion would sound really mismatched if Crouch's choir was added, so he removed them.[8] For the introduction, Leonard used some guitar recordings byPrince, who had been asked by Madonna to contribute to the song. He recalled in 2014 that no other music by Prince was used on the release, but some effects around the choruses might have been his.[15]Shep Pettibone andBill Bottrellremixed the12-inch versions of the song with more of Prince’s guitar playing featured.
"Like a Prayer" is apop rock,[1]dance-pop, andgospel[16] song that also incorporates elements offunk.[17] According to the sheet music published in Musicnotes.com, the song follows atime signature of common time, and is composed in thekey ofD minor, with a moderatetempo of 120 beats per minute. Madonna'svocal range from the notes ofA3 toF5. "Like a Prayer" starts with a Dm–C/D–Gm/D–Dmchord progression in the intro.[18] The original album version featuresbass guitar by Guy Pratt doubled by an analogueMinimoogbass synthesizer, while the7-inch edit version has a different bass part played byRandy Jackson. "Like a Prayer" was alsoremixed byShep Pettibone for the12-inch single release; a re-edited version of Pettibone's remix is featured on Madonna's firstgreatest hits album,The Immaculate Collection (1990).[19]
The song begins with the sound of aheavy rockguitar that is suddenly cut off after a few seconds, and replaced with thechoir and the sound of anorgan. Madonna sings the opening lines accompanied by lightpercussion, asdrums start during the first verse. The percussion and the choir sound are added interchangeably between the verses and thebridge, until the second chorus. At this point, the guitars startflickering from left to right, accompanied by abassline.[17] Rikky Rooksby, author ofThe Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, commented that "Like a Prayer" was the most complex song that Madonna had ever attempted at that point. He believed that the complexity builds up more after the second chorus, when the choir fully supports Madonna's vocals and she re-utters the opening lines, but this time accompanied by asynthesizer and drumbeats.[19] While singing "Just like a prayer, Your voice can take me there, Just like a muse to me, You are a mystery", anR&B-influenced voice backs Madonna. The song ends with a final repetition of the chorus and the choir graduallyfading out.[19]
J. Randy Taraborrelli noted in his bookMadonna: An Intimate Biography that thelyrics of the song consist of "a series of button-pushing anomalies".[12] With Madonna's inclusion ofdouble entendres in the lyrics, "Like a Prayer" sounded religious to him but has an undertone of sexual tension. This was demonstrated by the use of a gospel choir, whose voice heightens the song's spiritual nature, while the rock guitar sound keeps it dark and mysterious.[12] ForLucy O'Brien, the lyrics describe Madonna receiving avocation from God.[14] Certain portions of the lyrics also alluded toSean Penn and their failed marriage. According to Priya Elan fromNME, the line "Just like a muse to me, You are a mystery" was an example of this, befitting the description of an unattainable lover. This was also evident in theartwork for the 12-inch single, painted by her brother,Christopher Ciccone. It shows the letters "MLVC", standing for Madonna's full name, Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone, with a prominent letter "P" for Penn, detached from the group.[1]
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Following the release of "Like a Prayer" on March 3, 1989,[20] it received widespread acclaim from critics, journalists and academics.[21][22][23]J. Randy Taraborrelli commented that the song "deserved every bit of the curiosity it generated. While being devilishly danceable, the song also shows Madonna's uncanny ability to inspire strong, conflicting emotions during the course of a single song, leaving the listener scratching his head for answers—and craving for more."[24]Stephen Holden fromThe New York Times, while writing about Madonna's re-invention of her image, observed how her sound had changed from the "simple blaringdance-pop to the rich, fully roundedpop of 'Like a Prayer'".[25]Lucy O'Brien felt that the most remarkable aspect of "Like a Prayer" was Madonna's usage ofliturgical words. "There is the surface meaning, forging sexuality with poplyrics that sound so sweet. But underlying that is a rigorous mediation on prayer. In shorter words, 'Like a Prayer' really takes you there", O'Brien concluded.[13] This view was shared by Mary Cross, who wrote in her biography of Madonna that "the song is a mix of the sacred and the profane. There-in lies Madonna's triumph with 'Like a Prayer'. It still soundscatchy and danceable."[26]
From the academic world, positive reviews came from Michael Campbell, author ofPopular Music in America: And the Beat Goes On, who felt that the soothingmelody of the song resemblesSteve Winwood's 1986 single "Higher Love". Campbell noted the song for merging disparate and contradictory musical features in it. He found that the simple melody of "Like a Prayer" offered aneasy listen, but the contrasts in sound,rhythm and texture appealed to different target audiences.[27]Toby Creswell wrote in his book1001 Songs that "'Like a Prayer' is a beautifully crafted devotional song in the guise of perfect pop. God is thedrum machine here."[28] Georges Claude Guilbert, author ofMadonna as Postmodern Myth: How One Star's Self-Construction Rewrites Sex, Gender, Hollywood and the American Dream, noted that there is apolysemy in "Like a Prayer" since Madonna addresses either God or her lover, and in doing so "Madonna achieves the gold-card of attaining her own divinity. Whenever someone calls her name, it alludes to the song."[29]Andrew Greeley compared "Like a Prayer" with the biblicalSong of Songs. Greeley, although focusing more on the accompanyingmusic video, acknowledged the fact that sexual passion may be revelatory, and complimented Madonna for glorifying ideologies of female subjectivity and womanhood in the song.[30]
Positive reviews also came from contemporarymusic critics.Stephen Thomas Erlewine fromAllMusic called the song "haunting" and felt that it displayed a commanding sense of Madonna's songcraft.[31] According toRolling Stone's Gavin Edwards, it sounded glorious and "is the most transgressive—and the most irresistible" song of Madonna's career.[32] Jim Farber fromEntertainment Weekly commented that the "gospel-infused title track demonstrates that [the singer's] writing and performing had been raised to heavenly new heights".[33] In a review for Madonna's firstgreatest hits album,The Immaculate Collection (1990),David Browne of the same publication wrote about the composition, which he felt "added poignancy to its spiritual lyrics".[34] Also fromEntertainment Weekly, Chuck Arnold wrote that "from the moment Madonna sings atop that solemn organ and the hushed tones of achoir, 'Like a Prayer' goes on to achieve a spiritual transcendence that makes this her supreme single [...] balancing the sacred and the secular toecstatic effect, the whole thing takes you there again and again."[35] Sal Cinquemani fromSlant Magazine was impressed with the song's production, complimenting its "church-like" reverence and the religious sentiments.[36] Writing forBillboard, Katie Atkinson ranked it as Madonna's second-greatest song: "One of the main reasons the lyrics work so well is that she could be singing about a monogamous relationship, a powerful sexual connection, a platonic loved one, or even God him (or her) self [...] Life might be a mystery, but the mastery of this song is irrefutable."[37]
In the United States, "Like a Prayer" debuted at number 38 on theBillboard Hot 100, and reached the top of the chart on the issue dated April 22, 1989.[38][39] It stayed at the top for three weeks, before being replaced byBon Jovi's "I'll Be There for You".[40] It also topped theDance Club Play chart,[41] while reaching number three on theAdult Contemporary chart[42] and number 20 on theHot Black Singles chart.[43] "Like a Prayer" was ranked at number 25 on the Hot 100 year-end chart for 1989, and wascertifiedPlatinum by theRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in May 1989, for shipment of one million copies.[44][45] According toNielsen SoundScan, the song has also sold 1.1 milliondigital downloads as of December 2016.[46] In Canada, "Like a Prayer" reached the top of theRPM 100 Singles chart in its ninth week.[47] It was present on the chart for 16 weeks, and ranked as the top-selling single for 1989.[48][49]
In Australia, "Like a Prayer" debuted on theARIA Singles Chart at number three on March 19, 1989. The next week it reached the top of the chart, and stayed there for another four weeks. The single was present for a total of 22 weeks on the chart, and was certified Platinum by theAustralian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for shipment of 70,000 copies.[50][51] It was also the top-selling single for 1989 in Australia.[52] In New Zealand, "Like a Prayer" had a similar run as in Australia, by debuting at number three on theRIANZ Singles Chart, and reaching the top of the chart the next week. The single was present for a total of 13 weeks on the chart.[53] It became Madonna's seventh number-one hit in Japan, and occupied the top position of theOricon Singles Chart for three weeks.[54][55]
In the United Kingdom, "Like a Prayer" entered theUK Singles Chart at number two, before moving to the top the next week, remaining there for three weeks.[56] Madonna became the artist withthe most UK number-one singles of the 1980s, with a total of six number-one hits.[57] "Like a Prayer" became the eleventh best-selling single of 1989 in the United Kingdom, and was certified 2× Platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry (BPI), for shipment of 1,200,000 copies.[58] According to theOfficial Charts Company, the single has sold 850,500 copies there as of April 2019.[59] In Italy, "Like a Prayer" spent nine consecutive weeks at the top of theMusica e dischi chart.[60] AcrossEurope, it reached number one in Belgium, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.[61][62] "Like a Prayer" was Madonna's fifth number-one hit on theEurochart Hot 100, reaching the top on March 25, 1989, and staying at number one for 12 weeks.[54][55] It ranked at number two on the 1989 tabulation for European singles.[63] After theGlee episode "The Power of Madonna" was broadcast, the song again entered the chart at number 47 on May 15, 2010.[64] Globally, "Like a Prayer" went on to sell over five million copies.[65]
After the song's use in the 2024 filmDeadpool & Wolverine, "Like a Prayer" received a sales resurgence; in the United Kingdom, the song peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart,[66] and at number 7 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart.[67]
The highly controversial[68] accompanyingmusic video for "Like a Prayer" was directed byMary Lambert and was filmed in January 1989 atRaleigh Studios inHollywood, California, and at San Pedro Hills inSan Pedro, California.[69] Madonna wanted the video to be more provocative than anything she had done before.[69] She wanted to addressracism by having the video depict a mixed-race couple being killed by theKu Klux Klan, but on further thinking she chose another provocativetheme to maintain the song'sreligious connotations.[69] Madonna would play the song over and over again, and wanted the visuals to display:
[T]his story of a girl who was madly in love with a black man, set in South, with this forbidden interracial love affair. And the guy she's in love with sings in a choir. So she's obsessed with him and goes to the church all the time. And then it turned into a bigger story, which was about racism and bigotry.[8]
Lambert had a different visual aspect of the song on her mind. She felt that it was more aboutecstasy, especially asexual one, and how it related to religious ecstasy.[69] She listened to the song with Madonna a number of times and together decided to include the ecstasy part on the video.[69] A sub-plot about Madonna as ahomicide witness was included, which became the trigger for the sexual and religious ecstasy.[8]Leon Robinson was hired to play the role of a saint; the part was inspired byMartin de Porres, the patron saint of mixed-race people and all those seeking interracial harmony.[69]
The video was filmed over four days, with an extra day allotted for re-shooting some of the scenes. Originally, Lambert had casts taken of Robinson's face, hand, and feet to create the statue of the saint which would be used as a decoration.[70] Robinson only enacted the live scenes. However, during post-production, Lambert found that the statue did not look like Robinson, who was asked to re-shoot the respective scenes.[70] He had to act as the statue and required special make-up for there-takes.[70] Robinson recalled that standing like a statue was difficult since "first of all, I didn't realize how hard it is on the back to stand absolutely tall and straight and not move. Secondly, as a performer you have this nervous energy—and my requirements here were total antithesis of that."[70]
Throughout the video, Madonna wears cross and a cleavage-baringslip dress as outerwear that was symbolic of "wanting to be provocative".[71] The piece was chosen by costume designerMarlene Stewart for its atypical structure, as the dress was made forNatalie Wood to be worn under a costume. Stewart said Madonna's Catholic upbringing was a big influence for the video: "If you follow the tenets of the religion, there is something about showing lingerie, wearing lingerie as outerwear, which is very sinful in some way. She was playing with and pushing that boundary."[72]
The video begins with Madonna witnessing a young white woman being assaulted and murdered by a group of white men, but she is too shocked to protest.[73] A black man walking down the alley also sees the crime and runs to help the dying woman, but the murderers flee just as the police arrive. They mistakenly assume she was murdered by the black man and arrest him. The real murderers give Madonna a threatening look and leave.[73] She flees thecrime scene and escapes to a church for safety. There, she sees a caged statue of a saint who resembles the black man on the street. As the song starts, she utters aprayer in front of the statue which appears to be crying.[73]
Madonna lies down on apew and has a dream in which she is falling through space. Suddenly, a woman, representing power and strength, catches her. She advises Madonna to do what is right and tosses her back up to the heavenly blue sky.[73] Still dreaming, Madonna returns to the statue, which transforms into the black man she had seen earlier. He kisses her forehead and leaves the church as she picks up a knife and accidentally cuts herself, making the sign ofstigmata on her hands. Interspersing scenes show Madonna singing and dancing wildly in front ofburning crosses, kissing scenes between her and the saint, and Madonna being surrounded by a choir inside the church, led by the woman who caught her earlier.[73] Madonna wakes up, goes to the jail and tells the police that she had witnessed the crime and that the black man is innocent; the police release him. The video ends as Madonna dances in front of the burning crosses, and then everybody involved in the story linetake a bow as curtains come down on the set.[73]
"I consider it a challenge to make a commercial that has some sort of artistic value. I like the challenge of merging art and commerce. As far as I'm concerned, making a video is also a commercial. The Pepsi spot is a different and great way to expose the record. Record companies just don't have the money to finance that kind of publicity.
In January 1989, while the music video was still being filmed,Pepsi-Cola announced that they had signed Madonna for aUS$5 million deal to feature her and "Like a Prayer" for the company'stelevision commercial.[75] The deal also included Pepsi sponsoring Madonna'snext world tour.[76] Madonna wanted to use the commercial to launch "Like a Prayer" globally before its actual release—the first time something like this was being done in the music industry. According to the company's advertising head Alan Pottasch, "the global media buy and unprecedented debut of this long awaited single will put Pepsi first and foremost in consumer's [sic] minds".[77] Madonna had initially refused to dance and sing in the commercial, but later accepted after being introduced tochoreographer Vince Paterson.[74]
Pepsi premiered the commercial during the global telecast of the31st Annual Grammy Awards in February 1989.[69][78] A week later, the advertisement was aired duringNBC's sitcomThe Cosby Show, which was one of the most popular shows of that time.[79][80][81] Titled "Make a Wish", the two-minute commercial portrayed Madonna going back in time to her childhood memories.[77] It starts as Madonna watches a video of her childhood birthday party. While reminiscing, she interchanges places with her young self. The young Madonna roams aimlessly around the grown-up Madonna's room, while the latter dances with her childhood friends on the street and inside a bar. The commercial continues as Madonna dances inside a church, surrounded by a choir and her child self discovering her old doll. As both of them are interchanged again, the grown-up Madonna looks towards the TV and says, "Go ahead, make a wish". Both the Madonnas raise theirPepsi cans to each other, and the young Madonna blows out the candles on her birthday cake.[77]
An estimated 250 million people around the world viewed the commercial, which was directed byJoe Pytka. Pepsi-Cola Company spokesman Todd MacKenzie said that the advertisement was planned to be aired simultaneously inEurope,Asia,Australia andNorth America.[77] Bob Garfield from theAdvertising Age observed that from "Turkey to El Salvador to anytown USA, around 500 million eyes [were] glued to the TV screen."[82] Leslie Savan fromThe Village Voice noted that the commercial qualified as a "hymn to the global capabilities of the age of electronic reproductions; it celebrates the pan-cultural ambitions of bothsoda pop andpop star".[83]
The commercial re-aired for the first time in over 30 years at the2023 MTV Video Music Awards. Madonna released a statement, which read, "34 years ago I made a commercial with Pepsi to celebrate the release of my song [...] The commercial was immediately canceled when I refused to change any scenes in the video where I was kissing a black saint or burning crosses. So began my illustrious career as an artist refusing to compromise my artistic integrity [...] artists are here to disturb the peace."[84]
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The day after the Pepsi commercial was released, Madonna released the actual "Like a Prayer" music video onMTV.[85] Christian groups worldwide including theVatican protested against its broadcast[86][87] and called for a global boycott of Pepsi and its subsidiaries, includingKFC,Taco Bell andPizza Hut.[87] While the "Like a Prayer" Pepsi commercial portrayed Madonna as a wholesome all-American girl, the treatment for her actual music video contrasted sharply with its provocative use of religious imagery.[88] Pepsi explained the differences between their advertisement and Madonna's artistic opinions. Ultimately, Pepsi gave in to the protests from hardline Christian groups and cancelled the campaign.[75] According to Taraborrelli, Pepsi was so eager to extricate themselves from the controversy that they allowed Madonna to keep the $5 million advance.[87]
While most TV stations banned the music video,MTV notably continued to air the video on heavy rotation. The controversies leading to her "Like a Prayer" video introduced the concept of free publicity and became a turning point where Madonna was viewed as a shrewd businesswoman who knew how to sell a concept.[87][89] In the meantime,Pope John Paul II involved himself in the matter and encouraged fans to boycott Madonna in Italy. Protests from a small Catholic organization in the country prompted Italian state television networkRAI and Madonna's record companyWEA to not air the video there.[90] The music video was also deemed offensive by the Christian fundamentalistAmerican Family Association (AFA). Madonna stated that "art should be controversial, and that's all there is to it", about the controversy.[25]
The music video received a mostly positive response from critics and journalists.[91] Jamie Portman fromThe Daily Gazette felt that the video could be "vulnerable to charges of being blatantly provocative in its calculated blending of sex and religion".[70] David Rosenthal fromThe Spokesman-Review found it as "visually stunning";[92] however,Edna Gundersen fromUSA Today did not understand the media mayhem behind the video. She pointed out that "Madonna is a good girl in the video. She saves someone. What is the big deal?..."[93] Among music critics, Phil Kloer fromRecord-Journal felt that whether one condemns the video as anti-Christian or racist, "It's condemnable on the face of it because it exploits a symbol of evil [the burning crosses of the Ku Klux Klan] as a fabulous source of light and rake up album sales".[85] Writing for theLos Angeles Times, Chris Willman complimented the music video for its portrayal of a love song, rather than blasphemy. He was more interested in the stigmata presented in the video.[94]
At the1989 MTV Video Music Awards, the video for "Like a Prayer" was nominated in theViewer's Choice andVideo of the Year categories, winning the former.[95] Coincidentally, the award show was sponsored by Pepsi that year, and when Madonna received the award onstage she added, "I would really like to thank Pepsi for causing so much controversy."[96] It also topped video countdowns and critic lists. It was number one on MTV's countdown of "100 Videos That Broke the Rules" in 2005, and for the channel's 25th anniversary, viewers voted it as the "Most Groundbreaking Music Video of All Time".[97][98] In addition, the video was ranked at number 20 onRolling Stone's "The 100 Top Music Videos", and at number two onVH1's 100 Greatest Videos.[99][100]Fuse TV named it one of its "10 Videos That Rocked the World".[101] In a 2011 poll byBillboard, the video for "Like a Prayer" was voted the second-best music video of the 1980s, behind onlyMichael Jackson's "Thriller".[102]
Scholars and academics have offered different interpretations of the music video and its story line. Allen Metz, one of the authors ofThe Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, noted that when Madonna enters the church at the beginning of the clip, the line "I hear you call my name, And it feels like.... Home" is played. The women of ItalianEast Harlem in New York refer to their Church asla casa di momma (Momma's House). In that respect, Metz believed that Madonna alluded herself to be one from Harlem, but also refers herself as divinity returning to the Church.[73] This divine aspect is further explored byNicholas B. Dirks, author ofCulture/power/history, who argued that Madonna falling into a dream is the most important point of the narrative as it signified that "Madonna is really not putting herself in place of the redeemer, but imagining herself as one."[103]
Santiago Fouz-Hernández wrote in his book,Madonna's Drowned Worlds, that the Black woman who catches Madonna when she is falling through heaven in her dream, is a symbol for the divinity, as she helps Madonna throughout the video to come to the correct decision. Fouz-Hernández explained how the physical similarity between Madonna and woman indicated that it was actually Madonna's inner divinity which was rescuing her.[104] When the singer accidentally cuts her hand on the dagger, it was described as receivingstigmata by scholarRobert McQueen Grant, who believed that the scene marked Madonna as having an important role to play in the narrative.[105] This was evident when the crime scene is shown in detail, and an identification is established between Madonna and the victim. Freya Jarman-Ivens, coauthor with Fouz-Hernández, noted that the woman cries out for help when Madonna sings the line "When you call my name, It's like a little prayer". However, Madonna could not do anything thus portraying failure of divinity to save.[104] Jarman-Ivens also noted the look between the gang member and Madonna, which she thought was acomplicity of "White men rape/kill women, white men blame it on Black men; Women are raped/killed for being on the streets at night, Black men are nevertheless thrown in jail."[104]
Other themes noted by Metz include the burning crosses scene, which he felt evoked themurder scene of three civil workers, portrayed in the 1988 American crime drama filmMississippi Burning.[106] He also noted that when Madonna dances with the choir in the church altar, a young Black boy joins her. This was a reference to the only person who had protested against the Ku Klux Klan murders inMississippi Burning, a Black man. For the author, it was symbolic of his protest being transferred in Madonna.[106] Regarding the kissing scene between the saint and Madonna, Carol Benson observed that the "numerous cut-scenes of burning crosses, shocked face of Madonna, bleeding eye of the icon etc" made a point that multiple times in history, black men have been punished for kissing or desiringwhite women.[106] Grant believed this was where the racial equality message of the video came across as most poignant.[105] On the contrary, when the curtain falls and the scene shifts to a smiling Madonna among the burning crosses, professorMaury Dean felt that another explanation was inevitable. Madonna portrays a successful heroine and thus the whole video becomes about female empowerment.[107]
When the music video first aired in Spain, viewers initially believed that Madonna was playing the role of a modern daySaint Mary Magdalen on account of the scenes showing her first falling and then rising.[108]
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The first live performance of "Like a Prayer" was on the 1990Blond Ambition World Tour, with Madonna wearing a dress that looked like a cross between a Mediterranean widow's attire and aclergy's robe. Hundreds of burning candles surrounded her as she knelt down in front of the stage, the backup singers crying the words "Oh my God" several times. Madonna eventually removed a scarf from her head to display a huge crucifix hanging from her neck, and then rose and sang the full song, while her dancers gyrated around her.[109] Two different performances were taped and released on video: theBlond Ambition: Japan Tour 90, taped inYokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990,[110] andBlond Ambition World Tour Live, taped inNice, France, on August 5, 1990.[111] On his review of the latter release,Entertainment Weekly'sTy Burr praised the "gymnastic dance productions in songs such as 'Where's the Party' and 'Like a Prayer'", calling them "astonishing".[112]
In 2003, while doing a set of short promotional performances for her ninth studio albumAmerican Life, Madonna performed an acoustic version of "Like a Prayer", with the choir portion of the song being replaced by guitar sounds.[113] The song was also included in the set list of theRe-Invention World Tour of 2004. Members of the audience were asked to sing along with her, filling in the part of the choir.[114] Madonna was dressed in a blackStella McCartney suit while backup vocalistSiedah Garrett sang the vocals during the intermediate verses; the backdrops displayed a series of Hebrew letters, indicatingthe 72 names of God.[115][116] Jim Farber fromNew York magazine complimented Madonna's vocals during the song.[117] The performance was included on the 2006live album of the tour, titledI'm Going to Tell You a Secret.[118] Madonna sang a similar version of the song during theLive 8benefit concert atHyde Park, London in July 2005. She performed it alongsideBirhan Woldu, an Ethiopian woman who, as a malnourished toddler, had appeared in some of the footage of the1984–85 famine in Ethiopia.[119]
A dance version of the song, mixed with fragments of the dance track "Feels Like Home" byMeck, was performed in the 2008–09Sticky & Sweet Tour as part of therave segment.[120] For the performance, Madonna appeared wearing a breastplate and a short wig.[121] She danced energetically around the whole stage as backup singerNicki Richards provided vocals during the intermediate solo. Screens displayed a message of equality of religions, as symbols and texts from different scriptures flashed by, including messages from theBible,Qur'an,Torah andTalmud.[122] Helen Brown fromThe Daily Telegraph declared the performance as one of the highlights of the tour,[123] while Joey Guerra fromHouston Chronicle compared Madonna rising on a platform with that of a superhero.[124] The performance was included both in the CD and DVD of the live release of the tour, titledSticky & Sweet Tour, filmed inBuenos Aires, Argentina from December 4–7, 2008.[125] In January 2010, Madonna performed an acoustic version of the song live during theHope For Haiti telethon. Jon Caramanica ofThe New York Times commented: "For 20 years, that song has been the symbol of one of the most tumultuous and controversial periods in Madonna's life. But for five minutes tonight, it was pure, put in service of something bigger than the singer."[126]
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The track next appeared on the set list for Madonna'sSuper Bowl XLVI halftime show in 2012, as the closing song. Joined by a choir and singerCeeLo Green, she wore a black robe and sang the song as the stadium was lit with white light.[128] It was also added to the set list forthe MDNA Tour the same year.[129] Performed in an energetic gospel version, Madonna and thirty-six of her back-up singers played the role of a choir and wore long robes, as images of a gothic church andHebrew letters appeared on the backdrops.[130][131] Jim Harrington fromThe Oakland Tribune gave the overall concert a negative review but stated that "It wasn't until the last two songs—"Like a Prayer" and "Celebration"—that the whole deal finally clicked".[129] Timothy Finn fromThe Kansas City Star was particularly impressed with the backing choir, calling it "the best use of one sinceForeigner's 'I Want to Know What Love Is'".[132] The performance of the song at the November 19–20, 2012 shows inMiami, at theAmerican Airlines Arena, were recorded and released in Madonna's fourth live album,MDNA World Tour.[133][134]
On October 27, 2015, during theInglewood stop of herRebel Heart Tour, Madonna sang an acoustic version of "Like a Prayer", asking the crowd to sing along with her.[135] She also performed the song during her concert inStockholm,Sweden, on November 14, 2015, dedicating it to the victims of theParis terrorist attacks.[127] The singer subsequently performed the song in other cities during the Asian and Oceanian legs of the tour; one of the performances inSydney was included as a bonus track on Madonna's fifth live album,Rebel Heart Tour.[136] Madonna next performed the song during an impromptu concert atWashington Square Park in November 2016, as part ofHillary Clinton's presidential campaign.[137] On May 7, 2018, she appeared at theMet Gala and performed the song on theMetropolitan Museum of Art's grand staircase. Dressed in a cloak, she was surrounded by background singers standing as monks and church bells tolling.[138][139][140]
In May 2019, Madonna performed "Like a Prayer" and "Future", a collaboration with rapperQuavo from her fourteenth studio albumMadame X, in Tel Aviv, Israel, during the finals of theEurovision Song Contest 2019.[141] The singer stood atop a high, staircase stage surrounded by hooded dancers in monk-like outfits, and wore an outfit consisting of silver truss with dangling suspenders, thigh boots, a metallic corset, black cape and a black bejeweled eyepatch.[142][143] It received mixed reviews, with much criticism going to the singer's voice; the Netherlands announcerEmma Wortelboer quipped she was "thankful for Madonna's autotune" during the results segment of the competition. One day later, a video of the performance was uploaded to the singer's officialYouTube account, this time her vocals were edited.[144] For theMadame X Tour, she performed it in a "simple" way, with backing from percussion and a choir. For Peter Piatkowski ofPopMatters, the "stripped" nature of the arrangement highlighted the song's composition and structure.[145] In October 2021, while promoting theMadame X documentary film, Madonna made a surprise performance inHarlem singing "Dark Ballet", "Sodade" and "La Isla Bonita" at The Red Rooster, and later walked down the streets singing "Like a Prayer" in front of theSt. Andrew's Episcopal Church.[146]
Duringthe Celebration Tour of 2023–24, the song wasmashed up with Madonna's own "Act of Contrition", and "Unholy" (2022) bySam Smith andKim Petras, performed atop a rotating carousel with crosses depicting achapel, with dancers as half nakedcrucifixes. At the end, her son David Banda dressed as aPrince look-alike and played the guitar solo from "Act of Contrition" while the screens showed the message "I Would Die 4 U".[147][148]
One of the first cover versions of the song was an acoustic version done byfolk singer-songwriterJohn Wesley Harding, for his 1989extended play,God Made Me Do It: The Christmas EP.[149] The 1999 and 2000 compilation albums,Virgin Voices: A Tribute To Madonna, Vol. 1 andVol. 2, included a cover of the track by singerLoleatta Holloway andelectro-industrial bandBigod 20, respectively.[150][151] Another version was recorded in 2002 byHi-NRG/Eurodance groupMad'House, and was included in their albumAbsolutely Mad. It was released as a single and was a commercial success, reaching the top of the charts in Austria, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands, the top ten in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia regions), France, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and the top twenty in Denmark and Sweden. On theBillboard European Hot 100 Singles chart, it reached a peak of number two.[152] A folk music cover of the song byLavender Diamond was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilationThrough the Wilderness.[153]
"Like a Prayer" was featured in an episode of American television series,Glee, called "The Power of Madonna". It was sung at the end of the episode by the fictional choir New Directions, performed by theGlee cast members. The song was released asdigital download to theiTunes Store, and was also included on the soundtrack EP,Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna.[154] The cover version reached number 28 in Australia, number 27 in Canada, number two in Ireland, and number 16 in the United Kingdom.[155] In the United States, the song reached number 27 on theBillboard Hot 100, while debuting and peaking on theHot Digital Songs chart at number ten, with sales of 87,000 copies.[156]
DJsMeck and Dino created amashup of the former's 2007 single, "Feels Like Home", with "Like a Prayer" and released it with the name as "Feels Like a Prayer". The song reached the top ten in Belgium (Flanders region) and the Netherlands, while peaking at number 15 in Belgium (Walloon region).[157] In the United States, "Feels Like a Prayer" reached number seven on theHot Dance Club Songs chart.[157]We Are the Fallen, an American gothic metal band, covered "Like a Prayer" live in 2008. Nick Duerden fromSpin complimented the performance and the track for being "so successfully pulverized that one wondered whether it wasn't written specifically to become the world's greatest heavy rock anthem."[158] In June 2017, Leonard released a piano ballad version of the track, with vocals from singerDana Williams.[7] In the same month, Brazilian singerLuiza Possi covered "Like a Prayer" during the showDomingão do Faustão, in a similar performance to that of Blond Ambition World Tour.[159] She later sang it during theencore of a show in tribute toMichael Jackson, which took place in July.[160]
In 2021,Miley Cyrus covered the song for herPeacocktelevision specialMiley Cyrus Presents Stand by You.[161] In 2022, she performed it again during the Bud Light Super Bowl Music Fest inLos Angeles.[162] The performance was released on her 2022live album,Attention: Miley Live.[163]
According toScreen Rant, "Like a Prayer" is one of the most used Madonna's songs in movies and television.[164] "Like a Prayer" is featured in the filmDeadpool & Wolverine (2024). StarsRyan Reynolds andHugh Jackman, along with directorShawn Levy, received Madonna's permission to use the song, who also offered notes on the scene where it would be used.[165] A digital EP titledDeadpool & Wolverine: Madonna's "Like a Prayer" EP, featuring the soundtrack versions of the song was released on August 9, 2024, two weeks after the release of the film.[166] WrestlerGraeme Stevely, known for his in-ring name Grado, has used the song as his entrance music inInsane Championship Wrestling.[167] On the evening of August 10, 2024,Abi Carter sang the song atHonda Center as part of theDisney Experiences Showcase duringDisney'sD23 fan event. She was joined onstage byDeadpool.[168]
"'Like a Prayer' is a very important song to me. I felt the impact that it was going to make. That song means a lot more to me than 'Like a Virgin'. I wrote it and it's from my heart. It's a very spiritual song. I think I was much more spiritually in touch with the power of words and music by the time I started recording the song and the album."
"Like a Prayer" is considered to be one of the best songs of Madonna's career. In addition to ranking it Madonna's best single, Matthew Jacobs ofHuffPost declared it "among the best pop songs of all time".[23] It was ranked sixth onBlender magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born",[170] while in 2004Rolling Stone included it in their list ofThe 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, at number 300.[171] When the magazine updated the list in 2010, the song dropped to number 306,[172] but in 2021,Rolling Stone moved the song up to number 55.[173] ForNME's "The Greatest Pop Songs In History" list in 2011, the track was placed at number three. Priya Elan from the publication noted it as Madonna's "calling card", bestowing the singer with a "legendary" status.[1] In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their "Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time", byQ magazine. "Like a Prayer" was allocated the number one spot on the list.[174] It was also listed by bothThe Guardian andEntertainment Weekly as Madonna's greatest single.[175][35]Rolling Stone andBillboard also ranked the song number one in their lists of the greatest Madonna songs.[176][177] In 2014,LA Weekly placed the song at rank two on their list of "The 20 Best Pop Songs in History By Female Artists". Art Tavana from the publication opined that "'Like a Prayer' was the moment when Madonna went from being the voice of America's teenagers to the worldwide high priestess of pop."[178] In their ranking of the best songs from the 1980s,Pitchfork listed "Like a Prayer" at number 50.[179] In 2023, celebrating the 65th anniversary of Billboard Hot 100, the stuff of the magazine ranked "Like a Prayer" as the sixth best pop song that appeared in the chart since 1958.[180]
Campbell noted that the popularity and the media mayhem around the song and the video, helped introduce the concept of free publicity. "Like a Prayer"'s impact was more evident on its parent studio album, which shot to the top of the charts once it was released in April 1989. The author further argued that the controversial clip was evidence of the emergence of the "video commodity as a different entity from the song that spawned it".[27] As author Judith Marcus explained in her book,Surviving the Twentieth Century, Madonna used the church to make her own point on victimization. For Marcus the main impact lay in the fact that the clip ultimately portrayed an empowerment message, questioning and "attacking" the Church's male prejudice and continuous female subjugation throughout history.[181]
The song was noted by Campbell for the mix of choir and organ, which according to him paved the way for gospel music to be more mainstream than before.[27] In 1999, theUniversity of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance held a seminar on the different implications and metaphors present in the song; it was headed by professorsMartin Katz,George Shirley andMichael Daugherty. The main topic discussed was the fact that there can be different metaphorical meanings of the song, as the word "like" can be taken in separate contexts.[182]
Taraborrelli commented that "in the end, the events surrounding 'Like a Prayer' only served to enhance Madonna's reputation as a shrewd businesswoman, someone who knows how to sell a concept."[96] Before Madonna's deal with Pepsi, pop stars in general were not given much artistic freedom by sponsors. However, Madonna made it a point to have the commercial be dictated by her.[96] While she said that it was never her intention for Pepsi to get entangled in the controversy of the music video, Taraborrelli also observed that Madonna stayed true to herself. Although the commercial intended to promote Pepsi thesoft drink, she did not bother to hold even a can of the product, leading the author to comment that "Madonna the pop star was going to do it her way, no matter what Madonna the businesswoman had agreed to do".[96] She maintained all along that the Pepsi commercial and the music video were two different commodities and she was right to stand her ground.[96]
|
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Credits adapted from theLike a Prayer album liner notes.[191]
Weekly charts[edit]
| Year-end charts[edit]
Decade-end charts[edit]
|
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| Australia (ARIA)[51] | Platinum | 70,000^ |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[249] | Gold | 45,000‡ |
| France (SNEP)[251] | Silver | 400,000[250] |
| Germany (BVMI)[252] | Gold | 250,000^ |
| Italy (FIMI)[253] since 2009 | Gold | 25,000‡ |
| Japan | — | 31,810[254] |
| New Zealand (RMNZ)[255] | 2× Platinum | 60,000‡ |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE)[256] | Gold | 30,000‡ |
| Sweden (GLF)[257] | Platinum | 50,000^ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[258] | Gold | 25,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI)[58] | 2× Platinum | 1,200,000‡ |
| United States (RIAA)[45] | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000[259] |
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. | ||
'Like A Prayer' is ecstatic, ebullient dance-pop... Madonna imagined 'Like A Prayer' as a gospel song when she started writing it, and it is a gospel song...
The hit song by Madonna received universal acclaim
Critics praised the song
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